Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with some digestive disorders
Identifieur interne : 000242 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000241; suivant : 000243Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with some digestive disorders
Auteurs : Mohamed A. Youssef ; Maged R. El-Ashker ; Mohamed F. OudaSource :
- Comparative Clinical Pathology [ 1618-5641 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
So far, there has been scarce information about the status of immunoglobulins (Ig) and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in buffaloes showing digestive troubles. The purpose of the present study was to explore the modulation of gene expression of some immune-inflammatory markers in buffaloes suffered from various digestive disorders. For this reason, 50 native breed water buffaloes were studied. Forty of these buffaloes showed various symptoms of digestive disorders and were allocated into 4 groups of equal sizes (group 1: uncategorized stomatitis; group 2: acute traumatic reticuloperitonitis [TRR]; group 3: acute rumen impaction; and group 4: undifferentiated enteritis). Ten apparently healthy buffaloes were randomly selected and considered as a control group. RNA was firstly extracted from the whole blood then a reverse transcription kits was used to convert the RNA to cDNA. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of mRNAs of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IgG, and IgA, while glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) used as an internal reference. The results of real-time PCR revealed a significant (
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2496-1
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7088432
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PMC:7088432Le document en format XML
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Mansoura, 35516 Egypt</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="El Ashker, Maged R" sort="El Ashker, Maged R" uniqKey="El Ashker M" first="Maged R." last="El-Ashker">Maged R. El-Ashker</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ouda, Mohamed F" sort="Ouda, Mohamed F" uniqKey="Ouda M" first="Mohamed F." last="Ouda">Mohamed F. Ouda</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in buffalo (<italic>Bubalus bubalis</italic>
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Mansoura, 35516 Egypt</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="El Ashker, Maged R" sort="El Ashker, Maged R" uniqKey="El Ashker M" first="Maged R." last="El-Ashker">Maged R. El-Ashker</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ouda, Mohamed F" sort="Ouda, Mohamed F" uniqKey="Ouda M" first="Mohamed F." last="Ouda">Mohamed F. Ouda</name>
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<series><title level="j">Comparative Clinical Pathology</title>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">So far, there has been scarce information about the status of immunoglobulins (Ig) and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in buffaloes showing digestive troubles. The purpose of the present study was to explore the modulation of gene expression of some immune-inflammatory markers in buffaloes suffered from various digestive disorders. For this reason, 50 native breed water buffaloes were studied. Forty of these buffaloes showed various symptoms of digestive disorders and were allocated into 4 groups of equal sizes (group 1: uncategorized stomatitis; group 2: acute traumatic reticuloperitonitis [TRR]; group 3: acute rumen impaction; and group 4: undifferentiated enteritis). Ten apparently healthy buffaloes were randomly selected and considered as a control group. RNA was firstly extracted from the whole blood then a reverse transcription kits was used to convert the RNA to cDNA. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of mRNAs of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IgG, and IgA, while glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) used as an internal reference. The results of real-time PCR revealed a significant (<italic>P</italic>
≤ 0.05) upregulation of the gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in blood of diseased buffaloes compared with those of controls<bold>.</bold>
Animals showing acute TRP had peak values of both IL-6 and IL-10; while those exhibiting enteritis and rumen impaction had the highest values of IL-1β and TNF-α, respectively. The results of qPCR also revealed a significant (<italic>P</italic>
≤ 0.05) downregulation of both IgG and IgA gene expression in blood of all diseased buffaloes compared with controls<bold>.</bold>
The lowest values of both genes were recorded in buffaloes showing acute TRP. The results herein suggest that the tested genes could have a pivotal role in the pathophysiologic mechanism of the underlying diseases.</p>
</div>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Comp Clin Path</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Comp Clin Path</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Comparative Clinical Pathology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1618-5641</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1618-565X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Springer London</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7088432</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2496</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00580-017-2496-1</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in buffalo (<italic>Bubalus bubalis</italic>
) with some digestive disorders</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Youssef</surname>
<given-names>Mohamed A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>El-Ashker</surname>
<given-names>Maged R.</given-names>
</name>
<address><phone>+2-050-6329195</phone>
<email>maged_elashker@yahoo.com</email>
<email>maged.elashker1978@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ouda</surname>
<given-names>Mohamed F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000103426662</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10251.37</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution>
<institution>Mansoura University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Mansoura, 35516 Egypt</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>
Animal Health Research Institute-Mansoura Provincial Laboratory, Mansoura, Egypt</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1123</fpage>
<lpage>1128</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© Springer-Verlag London 2017</copyright-statement>
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<abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">So far, there has been scarce information about the status of immunoglobulins (Ig) and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in buffaloes showing digestive troubles. The purpose of the present study was to explore the modulation of gene expression of some immune-inflammatory markers in buffaloes suffered from various digestive disorders. For this reason, 50 native breed water buffaloes were studied. Forty of these buffaloes showed various symptoms of digestive disorders and were allocated into 4 groups of equal sizes (group 1: uncategorized stomatitis; group 2: acute traumatic reticuloperitonitis [TRR]; group 3: acute rumen impaction; and group 4: undifferentiated enteritis). Ten apparently healthy buffaloes were randomly selected and considered as a control group. RNA was firstly extracted from the whole blood then a reverse transcription kits was used to convert the RNA to cDNA. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of mRNAs of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IgG, and IgA, while glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) used as an internal reference. The results of real-time PCR revealed a significant (<italic>P</italic>
≤ 0.05) upregulation of the gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in blood of diseased buffaloes compared with those of controls<bold>.</bold>
Animals showing acute TRP had peak values of both IL-6 and IL-10; while those exhibiting enteritis and rumen impaction had the highest values of IL-1β and TNF-α, respectively. The results of qPCR also revealed a significant (<italic>P</italic>
≤ 0.05) downregulation of both IgG and IgA gene expression in blood of all diseased buffaloes compared with controls<bold>.</bold>
The lowest values of both genes were recorded in buffaloes showing acute TRP. The results herein suggest that the tested genes could have a pivotal role in the pathophysiologic mechanism of the underlying diseases.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Buffaloes</kwd>
<kwd>Digestive disorders</kwd>
<kwd>Gene expression</kwd>
<kwd>Cytokines</kwd>
<kwd>Immunoglobulins</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© Springer-Verlag London Ltd. 2017</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Introduction</title>
<p id="Par2">The water buffalo (<italic>Bubalus bubalis</italic>
) <italic>i</italic>
s an important species of dairy animal, particularly in countries with agriculture-based economies. The interest in water buffalo breeding has been increased significantly over the last two decades. They contribute efficiently in dairy and meat production as well as providing a great source of horns, skin besides the draught work of small farmers (Michelizzi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">2010</xref>
).</p>
<p id="Par3">Disorders of the digestive system provoke a great effect on the general health of affected animals. Besides, the dysfunction of the alimentary tract can impair digestion and increase susceptibility of animals to various digestive and immunometabolic alterations (Radostits et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2007</xref>
; Youssef et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2017</xref>
). Among the few reported systemic consequences of digestive troubles, acute phase response (APR) still receiving a few attention in buffalo species (Youssef et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2017</xref>
). The APR, which is a component of the innate immune response, is initiated when animals are subjected to various internal or external challenges, which release cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (Johnson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1997</xref>
). These pro-inflammatory cytokines induce local and systemic reactions such as pyrexia, leukocytosis, hormonal variations, and muscle protein depletion which stimulate the hepatic release of acute phase proteins (APPs) (Yoshioka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">2002</xref>
).</p>
<p id="Par4">Currently, there has been great interest on the usage of APPs as a marker of animal health or, alternatively, as an indicator of disease severity in veterinary medicine. It has been suggested that APPs could provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information as well as detection and monitoring of diseases in several animal species (Ulutas et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">2011</xref>
). However, Sorensen et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">2006</xref>
) recommended using coupling of two or three APPs to help improve the diagnosis of infection or inflammation.</p>
<p id="Par5">Although there have been several ailments affecting Buffalo species, reports about the digestive disorders and their influence on the immune system received little attention (Ibrahim <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">2012</xref>
; Ghanem et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">2012</xref>
; El-Ashker et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">2012</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">2013</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2014</xref>
; Mohan et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">2015</xref>
; Youssef et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2017</xref>
). Up to now, there have been several studies that described the cytokine profile and the inflammatory response in buffaloes suffering from rumen drinking (El-Ashker et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">2012</xref>
), traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) (El-Ashker et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">2013</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2014</xref>
), or bronchopneumonia (El-Bahr and El-Deeb <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">2013</xref>
). In those literatures, the authors have measured the circulating levels of some inflammatory markers by using ELISA kits. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, there has been little information about gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in buffaloes showing some digestive disorders particularly stomatitis, acute TRP, acute rumen impaction, and enteritis. In addition, the influence of those disorders on the status of immunoglobulin (Ig) has not yet been studied. The objective of the present study was to explore the modulation of the gene expression of some immune-inflammatory markers including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IgG, and IgA in buffaloes demonstrating the aforementioned digestive disorders. Our hypothesis was that these disorders would have significant inflammatory reactions or could alter the immune status of diseased buffaloes.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec2"><title>Materials and methods</title>
<sec id="Sec3"><title>Animal population</title>
<p id="Par6">A total of 50 native breed water buffaloes (<italic>B</italic>
. <italic>bubalis</italic>
), with a range of 3–5 years of age and 350–500 kg body weight (BW), were studied. The studied animals were raised at different farms in Dakahlia governorate in the period between October 2015 and April 2016. Forty of these buffaloes showed various clinical symptoms including decreased appetite, signs of dehydration, teeth grinding, lowered milk yield, weight loss, lacrimation, and grunting with arched back. Some buffaloes exhibited obvious abdominal distention, and voluminous diarrhea, while others demonstrated pyrexia, profuse watery diarrhea and straining. All animals were thoroughly examined and the clinical observations were recorded. Based on the competent case history and the associating clinical findings, the investigated animals were categorized into four groups of equal sizes including uncategorized stomatitis, acute TRP, acute rumen impaction, and undifferentiated enteritis. Ten apparently healthy buffaloes, within the same range of age and BW, were randomly selected from the same farms and were considered as a control group. Animals included in this study had solely digestive disorder with no concurrent diseases and being enrolled with owner’s consent and were given information about the economic impact and the potential clinical consequences of the studied ailments.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec4"><title>Sampling and samples processing</title>
<p id="Par7">Ten milliliters of blood was collected from each animal via jugular vein puncture to a tube containing EDTA for adopting PCR assays. RNA was first extracted from the whole blood using a commercial RiboPure™-Blood Kit supplied by Thermo Scientific, Life Technologies (Cat No: #AM1928) according to the standard technique provided by the suppliers. A reverse transcription kits was used to convert the RNA to complementary DNA (cDNA) using a commercial kit supplied by Thermo Scientific, Fermentas (Cat No: #EP0451) according to the standard technique provided by the suppliers. For very pure samples, the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light was used to measure the conentration of nucleic acids by using the ring structure of purines and pyrimidines. All necessary measurements and calculations were performed by using the Q5000 (UV-Vis spectrophotometer Q5000/USA).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec5"><title>Real-time PCR</title>
<p id="Par8">Real-time PCR with SYBR Green was used to measure expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of target genes in blood, with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as an internal reference. The isolated cDNA was amplified using 2X Maxima SYBR Green/ROX qPCR Master Mix following the manufacturer’s protocol (Thermo Scientific, USA, # K0221) and gene specific primers. The primers used in the amplification are shown in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>
. The web-based tool primer 3 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer/primer3_www.cgi">http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer/primer3_www.cgi</ext-link>
) was used to design these primers based on published buffalo and cattle sequences. To ensure that primer sequence is unique for the template sequence, we checked similarity to other known sequences with BLAST (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi</ext-link>
).<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Forward and reverse primers sequence for the candidate genes</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Gene</th>
<th>Forward primer<break></break>
(<sup>′</sup>
5—<sup>′</sup>
3)</th>
<th>Reverse primer<break></break>
(<sup>′</sup>
5—<sup>′</sup>
3)</th>
<th>Accession number</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td><italic>IL-1β</italic>
</td>
<td>GCTTCAGGCAGGTGGTGTCGG</td>
<td>GCACGGGTGCGTCACACAGA</td>
<td>NM_001290898</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><italic>IL-6</italic>
</td>
<td>CTG CAA TGA GAA AGG AGA TA</td>
<td>GGT AGT CCA GGT ATA TCT GA</td>
<td>NM_001290980.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><italic>IL-10</italic>
</td>
<td>TGCCACAGGCTGAGAACCA</td>
<td>TCTCCCCCAGCGAGTTCA</td>
<td>AB246351</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><italic>TNF-α</italic>
</td>
<td>ACTCATATGCCAATGCCCTCATG</td>
<td>GCAGGCACCACCAGCT</td>
<td>KX029323</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><italic>IgG</italic>
</td>
<td>GCAACGGAGGACTCGGCCAC</td>
<td>CCAGCGTCGGAGGCATCAGC</td>
<td>KC471582</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><italic>IgA</italic>
</td>
<td>GCTTCTTCCCGTCGGCACCC</td>
<td>GGCCACGGTCTTGCTGGCTT</td>
<td>AF109167</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><italic>GAPDH</italic>
</td>
<td>GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC</td>
<td>GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC</td>
<td>DQ882684</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec6"><title>Relative expressions</title>
<p id="Par9">The polymerase chain reaction mixture was carried out in a 25 μl solution which contains the following: 3 μl cDNA template (10–20 ng/ μl), 12.5 μl 2X Maxima SYBR Green/ROX qPCR Master Mix, 1 μl primer forward (10 μM), 1 μl primer reverse (0.1–0.5 μM), and 7.5 μl water, nuclease free. The final reaction mixture was placed in a StepOnePlus real-time thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Life technology, USA) and the PCR program was carried out with the PCR conditions in 40 cycles as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C/10 min, denaturation at 94 °C/15 s, annealing/extension at 57 °C for all genes except IL-10 which adjusted at 62 °C/1 min. At the end of the last cycle, the temperature was increased from 60 to 95 °C to produce a melt curve.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec7"><title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p id="Par10">The house keeping gene (<italic>GAPDH</italic>
) represented as normalize that used to calculate the relative gene expression or fold change in target gene. Therefore, the quantities’ critical thresholds (Ct) of a target gene were normalized with the Ct of <italic>GAPDH</italic>
by using the 2<sup>-∆∆Ct</sup>
method (Livak and Schmittgen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">2001</xref>
) as follows: the control group was used as calibrator, while other groups represented as test groups in both target and reference gene. The threshold cycle numbers (Ct) of target gene were normalized to that of reference (ref.) gene, in both the test groups and the control group by using the following equations: ∆Ct (test) = Ct (target in test groups) − Ct (ref. in test groups ∆Ct (calibrator) = Ct (target in control) − Ct (ref. in control). The ∆Ct of the test genes were normalized to the ∆Ct of the calibrator: ∆∆Ct = ∆Ct (test) − ∆Ct (calibrator). Fold change of relative gene expression was calculated as follows: fold change = (2 <sup>−∆∆Ct</sup>
).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec8"><title>Results</title>
<p id="Par11">The quality and concentration of total RNA revealed the presence of pure RNA with a considerable high concentration that ranged between 900 and 1500 ng/μl. The isolated total RNA was revised transcribed into cDNA which was used as a template for qPCR. The housekeeping gene encoding <italic>GAPDH</italic>
was used throughout the whole real-time PCR experiment as an internal reference for normalization, and the obtained data were expressed as mean ± standard error of means (SEM). The expression level of the target genes in normal buffaloes was considered the baseline. The results of real-time PCR revealed a significant (<italic>P</italic>
≤ 0.05) upregulation of the gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in blood of diseased buffaloes compared with those of controls (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>
). Buffaloes showing acute TRP had peak values of both IL-6 and IL-10 while those exhibiting enteritis and rumen impaction had the highest values of IL-1β and TNF-α, respectively. The results of qPCR also revealed a significant (<italic>P</italic>
≤ 0.05) downregulation of both IgG and IgA gene expression in blood of all diseased buffalo compared with controls<bold>.</bold>
The lowest values of both genes were recorded in buffaloes showing acute TRP (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>
).<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label>
<caption><p>Graphical presentation of real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the expression of IL-1β, <italic>IL-6</italic>
, TNF-α, and IL-10 gene in buffaloes with some digestive disorders compared with clinically healthy controls. <italic>Bars</italic>
labeled with different letters are statistically significant at <italic>P</italic>
< 0.05</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="580_2017_2496_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label>
<caption><p>Graphical presentation of real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the expression of IgG and IgA gene in buffaloes with some digestive disorders compared with clinically healthy controls. <italic>Bars</italic>
labeled with different letters are statistically significant at <italic>P</italic>
< 0.05</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="580_2017_2496_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec9"><title>Discussion</title>
<p id="Par12">The present study set out a preliminary insight into the targeting of gene expression of some acute phase cytokines as well as IgG and IgA in buffaloes showing some digestive disorders. Previous reports have described the cytokine profile, as well as the inflammatory reaction in buffalo showing several clinical entities (Eckersall et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">2001</xref>
; Nazifi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">2008</xref>
; El-Ashker et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">2012</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">2013</xref>
; El-Bahr and El-Deeb <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">2013</xref>
; Youssef et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2017</xref>
). In the current investigation, diseased buffaloes had upregulation of the expression of mRNAs of all tested proinflammatory markers compared with those of controls. This intensive inflammatory reaction was simultaneously associated with a compensatory anti-inflammatory reaction, during which the anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-10, was upregulated. The mechanism for stimulation of APP production has been documented by the proinflammatory cytokines (Baumann and Gauldie <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">1994</xref>
). The authors added that the inflammatory cytokines are the primary inducers of APP gene expression and each type initiates a different pattern of APP. Nearly similar findings concerning such elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in inflammation and infection were previously observed in pigs (Reeth and Nauwynck <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">2000</xref>
) or cattle (Pace et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">1993</xref>
; Horadagoda et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1994</xref>
; Yoo et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1995</xref>
; Morsey et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1999</xref>
; Gruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">2005</xref>
). Similarly, the early and sustained expressions of acute phase cytokines have been reported to elevate in the airways and lung lesions of cattle experimentally infected with <italic>Pasteurella haemolytica</italic>
where TNF-α<bold>,</bold>
IL-1, and IL-8 mRNA were particularly expressed (Malazdrewich et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">2001</xref>
). A statistically significant high serum values of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 have been recorded in adult buffaloes suffering from TRP (El-Ashker et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">2013</xref>
), being higher in non-survived cases than survivors (El-Ashker et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2014</xref>
).</p>
<p id="Par13">The results of the present study also demonstrated downregulation of IgG and IgA gene expression in all diseased buffaloes compared with controls. However, these findings were away from those obtained in previous studies (Fiorentino et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1991</xref>
; Hummelshoj et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">2006</xref>
). In those studies, the authors have suggested that IL-10 could positively affect the production of IgA and IgG and might support the regulation of B and T cell responses. The importance of low Ig and their relationship to the diseases of gastrointestinal origin has also been emphasized in dairy cattle with viral stomatitis (Cowan and Wagner <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>
) or in calves with diarrhea caused by rotavirus, coronavirus, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
F5 and <italic>Eimeria</italic>
species (Balikci and Al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2014</xref>
). Other reports have described the inheritance of maternal immunoglobulin G1 concentration by the bovine neonate (Muggli et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1984</xref>
) or the effects of passive immunity on growth and survival in the dairy heifer (Robinson et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">1988</xref>
). But little is still known about the alterations of the gene expression of Ig in buffaloes with digestive disorders. The obtained findings were nearly similar to those reported recently in calves with diarrhea caused by rotavirus and corona virus and <italic>E</italic>
. <italic>coli</italic>
F5 (Balikci and Al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2014</xref>
). The decreased levels of IgG and IgA indicate a state of immunosuppression. Some authors attributed the reductions of both variables to the binding of Ig to the microorganisms and their toxins to be neutralized thereby preventing the adherence of bacteria and virus to the target tissues (Andrews et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2004</xref>
; Gershwin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2008</xref>
). However, the downregulation of both genes being observed in the present study particularly animals with acute TRP needs further verification.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec10"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p id="Par14">All diseased buffalo demonstrated distinctive inflammatory reaction with particular emphasis to those having acute TRP being associated with peak upregulation of IL-6 and IL-10 while IL-1β and TNF-α were mostly linked and upregulated with buffaloes having enteritis and acute rumen impaction, respectively. The diseased buffaloes were in a state of immunosuppression as indicated by downregulation of IgG and IgA gene expression with particular emphasis to buffaloes demonstrating acute TRP. The tested genes could have a vital role in the pathophysiologic mechanism of the underlying diseases. Further studies are needed to explore the ameliorative value of using supplementary agents to help mitigate the associated inflammatory reactions and help improve the immune status of buffaloes suffering from digestive disorders.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back><notes notes-type="author-contribution"><title>Authors’ contributions</title>
<p>MAY and MRE designed and coordinated the study. They were also responsible for data collection, analyses, and interpretation. MRE was responsible for writing and reviewing of the manuscript and corresponded with the journal. MFO responsible for clinical examinations, participated in samples collection, and took part in writing of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.</p>
</notes>
<notes notes-type="ethics"><title>Compliance with ethical standards</title>
<notes><p>All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.</p>
</notes>
<notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflict of interest</title>
<p id="Par15">None of the authors of this paper have a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.</p>
</notes>
</notes>
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