Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Risk of Asthma, Wheezing and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Identifieur interne : 000418 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000417; suivant : 000419Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Risk of Asthma, Wheezing and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Auteurs : Banafshe Hosseini ; Bronwyn S. Berthon ; Peter Wark ; Lisa G. WoodSource :
- Nutrients [ 2072-6643 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Evidence suggests that reduced intake of fruit and vegetables may play a critical role in the development of asthma and allergies. The present review aimed to summarize the evidence for the association between fruit and vegetable intake, risk of asthma/wheeze and immune responses. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL and EMBASE were searched up to June 2016. Studies that investigated the effects of fruit and vegetable intake on risk of asthma/wheeze and immune responses were considered eligible (
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/nu9040341
PubMed: 28353635
PubMed Central: 5409680
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:5409680Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Risk of Asthma, Wheezing and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Hosseini, Banafshe" sort="Hosseini, Banafshe" uniqKey="Hosseini B" first="Banafshe" last="Hosseini">Banafshe Hosseini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-09-00341">School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>b.hosseini.bh@gmail.com</email> (B.H.);<email>bronwyn.berthon@newcastle.edu.au</email> (B.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341">Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berthon, Bronwyn S" sort="Berthon, Bronwyn S" uniqKey="Berthon B" first="Bronwyn S." last="Berthon">Bronwyn S. Berthon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-09-00341">School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>b.hosseini.bh@gmail.com</email> (B.H.);<email>bronwyn.berthon@newcastle.edu.au</email> (B.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341">Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wark, Peter" sort="Wark, Peter" uniqKey="Wark P" first="Peter" last="Wark">Peter Wark</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341">Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Lisa G" sort="Wood, Lisa G" uniqKey="Wood L" first="Lisa G." last="Wood">Lisa G. Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-09-00341">School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>b.hosseini.bh@gmail.com</email> (B.H.);<email>bronwyn.berthon@newcastle.edu.au</email> (B.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341">Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28353635</idno><idno type="pmc">5409680</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409680</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5409680</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/nu9040341</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000B19</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000B19</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000B19</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000B19</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000418</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000418</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Risk of Asthma, Wheezing and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Hosseini, Banafshe" sort="Hosseini, Banafshe" uniqKey="Hosseini B" first="Banafshe" last="Hosseini">Banafshe Hosseini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-09-00341">School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>b.hosseini.bh@gmail.com</email> (B.H.);<email>bronwyn.berthon@newcastle.edu.au</email> (B.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341">Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berthon, Bronwyn S" sort="Berthon, Bronwyn S" uniqKey="Berthon B" first="Bronwyn S." last="Berthon">Bronwyn S. Berthon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-09-00341">School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>b.hosseini.bh@gmail.com</email> (B.H.);<email>bronwyn.berthon@newcastle.edu.au</email> (B.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341">Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wark, Peter" sort="Wark, Peter" uniqKey="Wark P" first="Peter" last="Wark">Peter Wark</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341">Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Lisa G" sort="Wood, Lisa G" uniqKey="Wood L" first="Lisa G." last="Wood">Lisa G. Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-09-00341">School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>b.hosseini.bh@gmail.com</email> (B.H.);<email>bronwyn.berthon@newcastle.edu.au</email> (B.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341">Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nutrients</title><idno type="eISSN">2072-6643</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Evidence suggests that reduced intake of fruit and vegetables may play a critical role in the development of asthma and allergies. The present review aimed to summarize the evidence for the association between fruit and vegetable intake, risk of asthma/wheeze and immune responses. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL and EMBASE were searched up to June 2016. Studies that investigated the effects of fruit and vegetable intake on risk of asthma/wheeze and immune responses were considered eligible (<italic>n</italic> = 58). Studies used cross-sectional (<italic>n</italic> = 30), cohort (<italic>n</italic> = 13), case-control (<italic>n</italic> = 8) and experimental (<italic>n</italic> = 7) designs. Most of the studies (<italic>n</italic> = 30) reported beneficial associations of fruit and vegetable consumption with risk of asthma and/or respiratory function, while eight studies found no significant relationship. Some studies (<italic>n</italic> = 20) reported mixed results, as they found a negative association between fruit only or vegetable only, and asthma. In addition, the meta-analyses in both adults and children showed inverse associations between fruit intake and risk of prevalent wheeze and asthma severity (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Likewise, vegetable intake was negatively associated with risk of prevalent asthma (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Seven studies examined immune responses in relation to fruit and vegetable intake in asthma, with <italic>n</italic> = 6 showing a protective effect against either systemic or airway inflammation. Fruit and vegetable consumption appears to be protective against asthma.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Okoko, B J" uniqKey="Okoko B">B.J. Okoko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burney, P G" uniqKey="Burney P">P.G. Burney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newson, R B" uniqKey="Newson R">R.B. Newson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potts, J F" uniqKey="Potts J">J.F. Potts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaheen, S O" uniqKey="Shaheen S">S.O. Shaheen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Misso, N L" uniqKey="Misso N">N.L. Misso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks Wildhaber, J" uniqKey="Brooks Wildhaber J">J. Brooks-Wildhaber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, S" uniqKey="Ray S">S. Ray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vally, H" uniqKey="Vally H">H. Vally</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, P J" uniqKey="Thompson P">P.J. Thompson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eder, W" uniqKey="Eder W">W. Eder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ege, M J" uniqKey="Ege M">M.J. Ege</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Mutius, E" uniqKey="Von Mutius E">E. von Mutius</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Masoli, M" uniqKey="Masoli M">M. Masoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fabian, D" uniqKey="Fabian D">D. Fabian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holt, S" uniqKey="Holt S">S. Holt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beasley, R" uniqKey="Beasley R">R. Beasley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Risnes, K R" uniqKey="Risnes K">K.R. Risnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belanger, K" uniqKey="Belanger K">K. Belanger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murk, W" uniqKey="Murk W">W. Murk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bracken, M B" uniqKey="Bracken M">M.B. Bracken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berthon, B S" uniqKey="Berthon B">B.S. Berthon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald Wicks, L K" uniqKey="Macdonald Wicks L">L.K. Macdonald-Wicks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, P G" uniqKey="Gibson P">P.G. Gibson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, L G" uniqKey="Wood L">L.G. Wood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tabak, C" uniqKey="Tabak C">C. Tabak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wijga, A H" uniqKey="Wijga A">A.H. Wijga</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Meer, G" uniqKey="De Meer G">G. de Meer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, N A" uniqKey="Janssen N">N.A. Janssen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunekreef, B" uniqKey="Brunekreef B">B. Brunekreef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smit, H A" uniqKey="Smit H">H.A. Smit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wood, L G" uniqKey="Wood L">L.G. Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, P G" uniqKey="Gibson P">P.G. Gibson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cardinale, F" uniqKey="Cardinale F">F. Cardinale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tesse, R" uniqKey="Tesse R">R. Tesse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fucilli, C" uniqKey="Fucilli C">C. Fucilli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loffredo, M S" uniqKey="Loffredo M">M.S. Loffredo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iacoviello, G" uniqKey="Iacoviello G">G. Iacoviello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chinellato, I" uniqKey="Chinellato I">I. Chinellato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armenio, L" uniqKey="Armenio L">L. Armenio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, W C" uniqKey="Tan W">W.C. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiang, X" uniqKey="Xiang X">X. Xiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qiu, D" uniqKey="Qiu D">D. Qiu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, T P" uniqKey="Ng T">T.P. Ng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, S F" uniqKey="Lam S">S.F. Lam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hegele, R G" uniqKey="Hegele R">R.G. Hegele</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bowler, R P" uniqKey="Bowler R">R.P. Bowler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greene, L S" uniqKey="Greene L">L.S. Greene</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chatzi, L" uniqKey="Chatzi L">L. Chatzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Apostolaki, G" uniqKey="Apostolaki G">G. Apostolaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bibakis, I" uniqKey="Bibakis I">I. Bibakis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skypala, I" uniqKey="Skypala I">I. Skypala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bibaki Liakou, V" uniqKey="Bibaki Liakou V">V. Bibaki-Liakou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tzanakis, N" uniqKey="Tzanakis N">N. Tzanakis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kogevinas, M" uniqKey="Kogevinas M">M. Kogevinas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cullinan, P" uniqKey="Cullinan P">P. Cullinan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tay, H" uniqKey="Tay H">H. Tay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wark, P A" uniqKey="Wark P">P.A. Wark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartlett, N W" uniqKey="Bartlett N">N.W. Bartlett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andreeva Gateva, P A" uniqKey="Andreeva Gateva P">P.A. Andreeva-Gateva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stamenova, E" uniqKey="Stamenova E">E. Stamenova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gatev, T" uniqKey="Gatev T">T. Gatev</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosenlund, H" uniqKey="Rosenlund H">H. Rosenlund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kull, I" uniqKey="Kull I">I. Kull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pershagen, G" uniqKey="Pershagen G">G. Pershagen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolk, A" uniqKey="Wolk A">A. Wolk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wickman, M" uniqKey="Wickman M">M. Wickman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergstrom, A" uniqKey="Bergstrom A">A. Bergstrom</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shaheen, S" uniqKey="Shaheen S">S. Shaheen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sterne, J C" uniqKey="Sterne J">J.C. Sterne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, R" uniqKey="Thompson R">R. Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Songhurst, C" uniqKey="Songhurst C">C. Songhurst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Margetts, B" uniqKey="Margetts B">B. Margetts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burney, P J" uniqKey="Burney P">P.J. Burney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Romieu, I" uniqKey="Romieu I">I. Romieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barraza Villarreal, A" uniqKey="Barraza Villarreal A">A. Barraza-Villarreal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Escamilla Nunez, C" uniqKey="Escamilla Nunez C">C. Escamilla-Nunez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Texcalac Sangrador, J L" uniqKey="Texcalac Sangrador J">J.L. Texcalac-Sangrador</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Cadena, L" uniqKey="Hernandez Cadena L">L. Hernandez-Cadena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Sanchez, D" uniqKey="Diaz Sanchez D">D. Diaz-Sanchez</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Batlle, J" uniqKey="De Batlle J">J. de Batlle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Del Rio Navarro, B E" uniqKey="Del Rio Navarro B">B.E. Del Rio-Navarro</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Protudjer, J L" uniqKey="Protudjer J">J.L. Protudjer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sevenhuysen, G P" uniqKey="Sevenhuysen G">G.P. Sevenhuysen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsey, C D" uniqKey="Ramsey C">C.D. Ramsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kozyrskyj, A L" uniqKey="Kozyrskyj A">A.L. Kozyrskyj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, A B" uniqKey="Becker A">A.B. Becker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Willers, S M" uniqKey="Willers S">S.M. Willers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devereux, G" uniqKey="Devereux G">G. Devereux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, L C" uniqKey="Craig L">L.C. Craig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcneill, G" uniqKey="Mcneill G">G. McNeill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wijga, A H" uniqKey="Wijga A">A.H. Wijga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abou El Magd, W" uniqKey="Abou El Magd W">W. Abou El-Magd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, S W" uniqKey="Turner S">S.W. Turner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Helms, P J" uniqKey="Helms P">P.J. Helms</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seaton, A" uniqKey="Seaton A">A. Seaton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Butland, B K" uniqKey="Butland B">B.K. Butland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strachan, D P" uniqKey="Strachan D">D.P. Strachan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, H R" uniqKey="Anderson H">H.R. Anderson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patel, B D" uniqKey="Patel B">B.D. Patel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Welch, A A" uniqKey="Welch A">A.A. Welch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bingham, S A" uniqKey="Bingham S">S.A. Bingham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luben, R N" uniqKey="Luben R">R.N. Luben</name></author><author><name sortKey="Day, N E" uniqKey="Day N">N.E. Day</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khaw, K T" uniqKey="Khaw K">K.T. Khaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lomas, D A" uniqKey="Lomas D">D.A. Lomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wareham, N J" uniqKey="Wareham N">N.J. Wareham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fogarty, A W" uniqKey="Fogarty A">A.W. Fogarty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antoniak, M" uniqKey="Antoniak M">M. Antoniak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venn, A J" uniqKey="Venn A">A.J. Venn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, L" uniqKey="Davies L">L. Davies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goodwin, A" uniqKey="Goodwin A">A. Goodwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salfield, N" uniqKey="Salfield N">N. Salfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Britton, J R" uniqKey="Britton J">J.R. Britton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, S A" uniqKey="Lewis S">S.A. Lewis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia Larsen, V" uniqKey="Garcia Larsen V">V. Garcia-Larsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bush, A" uniqKey="Bush A">A. Bush</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, R J" uniqKey="Boyle R">R.J. Boyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaheen, S O" uniqKey="Shaheen S">S.O. Shaheen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warner, J O" uniqKey="Warner J">J.O. Warner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Athersuch, T" uniqKey="Athersuch T">T. Athersuch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mudway, I" uniqKey="Mudway I">I. Mudway</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burney, P G J" uniqKey="Burney P">P.G.J. Burney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cook, D G" uniqKey="Cook D">D.G. Cook</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carey, I M" uniqKey="Carey I">I.M. Carey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whincup, P H" uniqKey="Whincup P">P.H. Whincup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papacosta, O" uniqKey="Papacosta O">O. Papacosta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chirico, S" uniqKey="Chirico S">S. Chirico</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruckdorfer, K R" uniqKey="Bruckdorfer K">K.R. Bruckdorfer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, M" uniqKey="Walker M">M. Walker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lewis, S A" uniqKey="Lewis S">S.A. Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antoniak, M" uniqKey="Antoniak M">M. Antoniak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venn, A J" uniqKey="Venn A">A.J. Venn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, L" uniqKey="Davies L">L. Davies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goodwin, A" uniqKey="Goodwin A">A. Goodwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salfield, N" uniqKey="Salfield N">N. Salfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Britton, J" uniqKey="Britton J">J. Britton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fogarty, A W" uniqKey="Fogarty A">A.W. Fogarty</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wood, L G" uniqKey="Wood L">L.G. Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, M L" uniqKey="Garg M">M.L. Garg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powell, H" uniqKey="Powell H">H. Powell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, P G" uniqKey="Gibson P">P.G. Gibson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baines, K J" uniqKey="Baines K">K.J. Baines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, L G" uniqKey="Wood L">L.G. Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, P G" uniqKey="Gibson P">P.G. Gibson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wood, L G" uniqKey="Wood L">L.G. Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, M L" uniqKey="Garg M">M.L. Garg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smart, J M" uniqKey="Smart J">J.M. Smart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, H A" uniqKey="Scott H">H.A. Scott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, D" uniqKey="Barker D">D. Barker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, P G" uniqKey="Gibson P">P.G. Gibson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Woods, R K" uniqKey="Woods R">R.K. Woods</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walters, E H" uniqKey="Walters E">E.H. Walters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raven, J M" uniqKey="Raven J">J.M. Raven</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfe, R" uniqKey="Wolfe R">R. Wolfe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ireland, P D" uniqKey="Ireland P">P.D. Ireland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thien, F C" uniqKey="Thien F">F.C. Thien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abramson, M J" uniqKey="Abramson M">M.J. Abramson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosenkranz, R R" uniqKey="Rosenkranz R">R.R. Rosenkranz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenkranz, S K" uniqKey="Rosenkranz S">S.K. Rosenkranz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neessen, K J" uniqKey="Neessen K">K.J. Neessen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bacopoulou, F" uniqKey="Bacopoulou F">F. Bacopoulou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veltsista, A" uniqKey="Veltsista A">A. Veltsista</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vassi, I" uniqKey="Vassi I">I. Vassi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gika, A" uniqKey="Gika A">A. Gika</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lekea, V" uniqKey="Lekea V">V. Lekea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priftis, K" uniqKey="Priftis K">K. Priftis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakoula, C" uniqKey="Bakoula C">C. Bakoula</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arvaniti, F" uniqKey="Arvaniti F">F. Arvaniti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priftis, K N" uniqKey="Priftis K">K.N. Priftis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papadimitriou, A" uniqKey="Papadimitriou A">A. Papadimitriou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papadopoulos, M" uniqKey="Papadopoulos M">M. Papadopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roma, E" uniqKey="Roma E">E. Roma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kapsokefalou, M" uniqKey="Kapsokefalou M">M. Kapsokefalou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anthracopoulos, M B" uniqKey="Anthracopoulos M">M.B. Anthracopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panagiotakos, D B" uniqKey="Panagiotakos D">D.B. Panagiotakos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alphantonogeorgos, G" uniqKey="Alphantonogeorgos G">G. Alphantonogeorgos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panagiotakos, D B" uniqKey="Panagiotakos D">D.B. Panagiotakos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grigoropoulou, D" uniqKey="Grigoropoulou D">D. Grigoropoulou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yfanti, K" uniqKey="Yfanti K">K. Yfanti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papoutsakis, C" uniqKey="Papoutsakis C">C. Papoutsakis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papadimitriou, A" uniqKey="Papadimitriou A">A. Papadimitriou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anthracopoulos, M B" uniqKey="Anthracopoulos M">M.B. Anthracopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakoula, C" uniqKey="Bakoula C">C. Bakoula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priftis, K N" uniqKey="Priftis K">K.N. Priftis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Papadopoulou, A" uniqKey="Papadopoulou A">A. Papadopoulou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panagiotakos, D B" uniqKey="Panagiotakos D">D.B. Panagiotakos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hatziagorou, E" uniqKey="Hatziagorou E">E. Hatziagorou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antonogeorgos, G" uniqKey="Antonogeorgos G">G. Antonogeorgos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matziou, V N" uniqKey="Matziou V">V.N. Matziou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsanakas, J N" uniqKey="Tsanakas J">J.N. Tsanakas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gratziou, C" uniqKey="Gratziou C">C. Gratziou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsabouri, S" uniqKey="Tsabouri S">S. Tsabouri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priftis, K N" uniqKey="Priftis K">K.N. Priftis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chatzi, L" uniqKey="Chatzi L">L. Chatzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Torrent, M" uniqKey="Torrent M">M. Torrent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Romieu, I" uniqKey="Romieu I">I. Romieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Esteban, R" uniqKey="Garcia Esteban R">R. Garcia-Esteban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrer, C" uniqKey="Ferrer C">C. Ferrer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vioque, J" uniqKey="Vioque J">J. Vioque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kogevinas, M" uniqKey="Kogevinas M">M. Kogevinas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sunyer, J" uniqKey="Sunyer J">J. Sunyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Calatayud Saez, F M" uniqKey="Calatayud Saez F">F.M. Calatayud-Saez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calatayud Moscoso Del Prado, B" uniqKey="Calatayud Moscoso Del Prado B">B. Calatayud Moscoso Del Prado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gallego Fernandez Pacheco, J G" uniqKey="Gallego Fernandez Pacheco J">J.G. Gallego Fernandez-Pacheco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Martin, C" uniqKey="Gonzalez Martin C">C. Gonzalez-Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alguacil Merino, L F" uniqKey="Alguacil Merino L">L.F. Alguacil Merino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia Marcos, L" uniqKey="Garcia Marcos L">L. Garcia-Marcos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Canflanca, I M" uniqKey="Canflanca I">I.M. Canflanca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garrido, J B" uniqKey="Garrido J">J.B. Garrido</name></author><author><name sortKey="Varela, A L" uniqKey="Varela A">A.L. Varela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Hernandez, G" uniqKey="Garcia Hernandez G">G. Garcia-Hernandez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guillen Grima, F" uniqKey="Guillen Grima F">F. Guillen Grima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Diaz, C" uniqKey="Gonzalez Diaz C">C. Gonzalez-Diaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvajal Uruena, I" uniqKey="Carvajal Uruena I">I. Carvajal-Uruena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arnedo Pena, A" uniqKey="Arnedo Pena A">A. Arnedo-Pena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Busquets Monge, R M" uniqKey="Busquets Monge R">R.M. Busquets-Monge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Castro Rodriguez, J A" uniqKey="Castro Rodriguez J">J.A. Castro-Rodriguez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Marcos, L" uniqKey="Garcia Marcos L">L. Garcia-Marcos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alfonseda Rojas, J D" uniqKey="Alfonseda Rojas J">J.D. Alfonseda Rojas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valverde Molina, J" uniqKey="Valverde Molina J">J. Valverde-Molina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Solis, M" uniqKey="Sanchez Solis M">M. Sanchez-Solis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farchi, S" uniqKey="Farchi S">S. Farchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forastiere, F" uniqKey="Forastiere F">F. Forastiere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agabiti, N" uniqKey="Agabiti N">N. Agabiti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corbo, G" uniqKey="Corbo G">G. Corbo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pistelli, R" uniqKey="Pistelli R">R. Pistelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fortes, C" uniqKey="Fortes C">C. Fortes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dell Rco, V" uniqKey="Dell Rco V">V. Dell’Orco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perucci, C A" uniqKey="Perucci C">C.A. Perucci</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="La Vecchia, C" uniqKey="La Vecchia C">C. La Vecchia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Decarli, A" uniqKey="Decarli A">A. Decarli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pagano, R" uniqKey="Pagano R">R. Pagano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Forastiere, F" uniqKey="Forastiere F">F. Forastiere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pistelli, R" uniqKey="Pistelli R">R. Pistelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sestini, P" uniqKey="Sestini P">P. Sestini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fortes, C" uniqKey="Fortes C">C. Fortes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renzoni, E" uniqKey="Renzoni E">E. Renzoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rusconi, F" uniqKey="Rusconi F">F. Rusconi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dell Rco, V" uniqKey="Dell Rco V">V. Dell’Orco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciccone, G" uniqKey="Ciccone G">G. Ciccone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bisanti, L" uniqKey="Bisanti L">L. Bisanti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pastorino, A C" uniqKey="Pastorino A">A.C. Pastorino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rimazza, R D" uniqKey="Rimazza R">R.D. Rimazza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leone, C" uniqKey="Leone C">C. Leone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castro, A P" uniqKey="Castro A">A.P. Castro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sole, D" uniqKey="Sole D">D. Sole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacob, C M" uniqKey="Jacob C">C.M. Jacob</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mendes, A P" uniqKey="Mendes A">A.P. Mendes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prietsch, S O" uniqKey="Prietsch S">S.O. Prietsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franco, O S" uniqKey="Franco O">O.S. Franco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzales, K P" uniqKey="Gonzales K">K.P. Gonzales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fabris, A G" uniqKey="Fabris A">A.G. Fabris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Catharino, A" uniqKey="Catharino A">A. Catharino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gomes De Luna Mde, F" uniqKey="Gomes De Luna Mde F">F. Gomes de Luna Mde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomes De Luna, J R" uniqKey="Gomes De Luna J">J.R. Gomes de Luna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, G B" uniqKey="Fisher G">G.B. Fisher</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Almeida, P C" uniqKey="De Almeida P">P.C. de Almeida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiesa, D" uniqKey="Chiesa D">D. Chiesa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlos Da Silva, M G" uniqKey="Carlos Da Silva M">M.G. Carlos da Silva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Willers, S M" uniqKey="Willers S">S.M. Willers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wijga, A H" uniqKey="Wijga A">A.H. Wijga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunekreef, B" uniqKey="Brunekreef B">B. Brunekreef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerkhof, M" uniqKey="Kerkhof M">M. Kerkhof</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerritsen, J" uniqKey="Gerritsen J">J. Gerritsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoekstra, M O" uniqKey="Hoekstra M">M.O. Hoekstra</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Jongste, J C" uniqKey="De Jongste J">J.C. de Jongste</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smit, H A" uniqKey="Smit H">H.A. Smit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Willers, S M" uniqKey="Willers S">S.M. Willers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wijga, A H" uniqKey="Wijga A">A.H. Wijga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunekreef, B" uniqKey="Brunekreef B">B. Brunekreef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scholtens, S" uniqKey="Scholtens S">S. Scholtens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Postma, D S" uniqKey="Postma D">D.S. Postma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerkhof, M" uniqKey="Kerkhof M">M. Kerkhof</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Jongste, J C" uniqKey="De Jongste J">J.C. de Jongste</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smit, H A" uniqKey="Smit H">H.A. Smit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, Y Y" uniqKey="Han Y">Y.Y. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forno, E" uniqKey="Forno E">E. Forno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brehm, J M" uniqKey="Brehm J">J.M. Brehm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acosta Perez, E" uniqKey="Acosta Perez E">E. Acosta-Perez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez, M" uniqKey="Alvarez M">M. Alvarez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colon Semidey, A" uniqKey="Colon Semidey A">A. Colon-Semidey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rivera Soto, W" uniqKey="Rivera Soto W">W. Rivera-Soto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campos, H" uniqKey="Campos H">H. Campos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Litonjua, A A" uniqKey="Litonjua A">A.A. Litonjua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alcorn, J F" uniqKey="Alcorn J">J.F. Alcorn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gilliland, F D" uniqKey="Gilliland F">F.D. Gilliland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berhane, K T" uniqKey="Berhane K">K.T. Berhane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y F" uniqKey="Li Y">Y.F. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gauderman, W J" uniqKey="Gauderman W">W.J. Gauderman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcconnell, R" uniqKey="Mcconnell R">R. McConnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peters, J" uniqKey="Peters J">J. Peters</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawson, J A" uniqKey="Lawson J">J.A. Lawson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, I" uniqKey="Janssen I">I. Janssen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruner, M W" uniqKey="Bruner M">M.W. Bruner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madani, K" uniqKey="Madani K">K. Madani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pickett, W" uniqKey="Pickett W">W. Pickett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Knekt, P" uniqKey="Knekt P">P. Knekt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumpulainen, J" uniqKey="Kumpulainen J">J. Kumpulainen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jarvinen, R" uniqKey="Jarvinen R">R. Jarvinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rissanen, H" uniqKey="Rissanen H">H. Rissanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heliovaara, M" uniqKey="Heliovaara M">M. Heliovaara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reunanen, A" uniqKey="Reunanen A">A. Reunanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hakulinen, T" uniqKey="Hakulinen T">T. Hakulinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aromaa, A" uniqKey="Aromaa A">A. Aromaa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nwaru, B I" uniqKey="Nwaru B">B.I. Nwaru</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erkkola, M" uniqKey="Erkkola M">M. Erkkola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahonen, S" uniqKey="Ahonen S">S. Ahonen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaila, M" uniqKey="Kaila M">M. Kaila</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kronberg Kippila, C" uniqKey="Kronberg Kippila C">C. Kronberg-Kippila</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ilonen, J" uniqKey="Ilonen J">J. Ilonen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simell, O" uniqKey="Simell O">O. Simell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knip, M" uniqKey="Knip M">M. Knip</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veijola, R" uniqKey="Veijola R">R. Veijola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Virtanen, S M" uniqKey="Virtanen S">S.M. Virtanen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Awasthi, S" uniqKey="Awasthi S">S. Awasthi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalra, E" uniqKey="Kalra E">E. Kalra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, S" uniqKey="Roy S">S. Roy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awasthi, S" uniqKey="Awasthi S">S. Awasthi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agrawal, S" uniqKey="Agrawal S">S. Agrawal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pearce, N" uniqKey="Pearce N">N. Pearce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ebrahim, S" uniqKey="Ebrahim S">S. Ebrahim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miyake, Y" uniqKey="Miyake Y">Y. Miyake</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sasaki, S" uniqKey="Sasaki S">S. Sasaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, K" uniqKey="Tanaka K">K. Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirota, Y" uniqKey="Hirota Y">Y. Hirota</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Takaoka, M" uniqKey="Takaoka M">M. Takaoka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norback, D" uniqKey="Norback D">D. Norback</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Romieu, I" uniqKey="Romieu I">I. Romieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Varraso, R" uniqKey="Varraso R">R. Varraso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Avenel, V" uniqKey="Avenel V">V. Avenel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leynaert, B" uniqKey="Leynaert B">B. Leynaert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kauffmann, F" uniqKey="Kauffmann F">F. Kauffmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clavel Chapelon, F" uniqKey="Clavel Chapelon F">F. Clavel-Chapelon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Uddenfeldt, M" uniqKey="Uddenfeldt M">M. Uddenfeldt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janson, C" uniqKey="Janson C">C. Janson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lampa, E" uniqKey="Lampa E">E. Lampa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leander, M" uniqKey="Leander M">M. Leander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norb Ck, D" uniqKey="Norb Ck D">D. Norbäck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larsson, L" uniqKey="Larsson L">L. Larsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rask Andersen, A" uniqKey="Rask Andersen A">A. Rask-Andersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, S C" uniqKey="Lee S">S.C. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Y H" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y.H. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chuang, S Y" uniqKey="Chuang S">S.Y. Chuang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, S Y" uniqKey="Huang S">S.Y. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, W H" uniqKey="Pan W">W.H. Pan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsai, H J" uniqKey="Tsai H">H.J. Tsai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsai, A C" uniqKey="Tsai A">A.C. Tsai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Priftanji, A V" uniqKey="Priftanji A">A.V. Priftanji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qirko, E" uniqKey="Qirko E">E. Qirko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burr, M L" uniqKey="Burr M">M.L. Burr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Layzell, J C" uniqKey="Layzell J">J.C. Layzell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, K L" uniqKey="Williams K">K.L. Williams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, G W" uniqKey="Wong G">G.W. Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ko, F W" uniqKey="Ko F">F.W. Ko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fok, T F" uniqKey="Fok T">T.F. Fok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, D" uniqKey="Carr D">D. Carr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Mutius, E" uniqKey="Von Mutius E">E. von Mutius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, N S" uniqKey="Zhong N">N.S. Zhong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y Z" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y.Z. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, C K" uniqKey="Lai C">C.K. Lai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia, E" uniqKey="Garcia E">E. Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aristizabal, G" uniqKey="Aristizabal G">G. Aristizabal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, C" uniqKey="Vasquez C">C. Vasquez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Martinez, C E" uniqKey="Rodriguez Martinez C">C.E. Rodriguez-Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarmiento, O L" uniqKey="Sarmiento O">O.L. Sarmiento</name></author><author><name sortKey="Satizabal, C L" uniqKey="Satizabal C">C.L. Satizabal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fitzsimon, N" uniqKey="Fitzsimon N">N. Fitzsimon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fallon, U" uniqKey="Fallon U">U. Fallon</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Mahony, D" uniqKey="O Mahony D">D. O'Mahony</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loftus, B G" uniqKey="Loftus B">B.G. Loftus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bury, G" uniqKey="Bury G">G. Bury</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, A W" uniqKey="Murphy A">A.W. Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelleher, C C" uniqKey="Kelleher C">C.C. Kelleher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nja, F" uniqKey="Nja F">F. Nja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nystad, W" uniqKey="Nystad W">W. Nystad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lodrup Carlsen, K C" uniqKey="Lodrup Carlsen K">K.C. Lodrup Carlsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hetlevik, O" uniqKey="Hetlevik O">O. Hetlevik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlsen, K H" uniqKey="Carlsen K">K.H. Carlsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barros, R" uniqKey="Barros R">R. Barros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moreira, A" uniqKey="Moreira A">A. Moreira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fonseca, J" uniqKey="Fonseca J">J. Fonseca</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Oliveira, J F" uniqKey="De Oliveira J">J.F. de Oliveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delgado, L" uniqKey="Delgado L">L. Delgado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castel Branco, M G" uniqKey="Castel Branco M">M.G. Castel-Branco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haahtela, T" uniqKey="Haahtela T">T. Haahtela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopes, C" uniqKey="Lopes C">C. Lopes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moreira, P" uniqKey="Moreira P">P. Moreira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hijazi, N" uniqKey="Hijazi N">N. Hijazi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abalkhail, B" uniqKey="Abalkhail B">B. Abalkhail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seaton, A" uniqKey="Seaton A">A. Seaton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ng, T P" uniqKey="Ng T">T.P. Ng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niti, M" uniqKey="Niti M">M. Niti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yap, K B" uniqKey="Yap K">K.B. Yap</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, W C" uniqKey="Tan W">W.C. Tan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nagel, G" uniqKey="Nagel G">G. Nagel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weinmayr, G" uniqKey="Weinmayr G">G. Weinmayr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleiner, A" uniqKey="Kleiner A">A. Kleiner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Marcos, L" uniqKey="Garcia Marcos L">L. Garcia-Marcos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strachan, D P" uniqKey="Strachan D">D.P. Strachan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia Larsen, V" uniqKey="Garcia Larsen V">V. Garcia-Larsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arthur, R" uniqKey="Arthur R">R. Arthur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kato, B" uniqKey="Kato B">B. Kato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potts, J F" uniqKey="Potts J">J.F. Potts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burney, P G" uniqKey="Burney P">P.G. Burney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leonardi, S" uniqKey="Leonardi S">S. Leonardi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pecoraro, R" uniqKey="Pecoraro R">R. Pecoraro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Filippelli, M" uniqKey="Filippelli M">M. Filippelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miraglia Del Giudice, M" uniqKey="Miraglia Del Giudice M">M. Miraglia del Giudice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marseglia, G" uniqKey="Marseglia G">G. Marseglia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salpietro, C" uniqKey="Salpietro C">C. Salpietro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arrigo, T" uniqKey="Arrigo T">T. Arrigo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stringari, G" uniqKey="Stringari G">G. Stringari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rico, S" uniqKey="Rico S">S. Rico</name></author><author><name sortKey="La Rosa, M" uniqKey="La Rosa M">M. La Rosa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wood, L G" uniqKey="Wood L">L.G. Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, M L" uniqKey="Garg M">M.L. Garg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simpson, J L" uniqKey="Simpson J">J.L. Simpson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, T A" uniqKey="Mori T">T.A. Mori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Croft, K D" uniqKey="Croft K">K.D. Croft</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wark, P A" uniqKey="Wark P">P.A. Wark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, P G" uniqKey="Gibson P">P.G. Gibson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wood, L G" uniqKey="Wood L">L.G. Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, P G" uniqKey="Gibson P">P.G. Gibson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, M L" uniqKey="Garg M">M.L. Garg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wood, L G" uniqKey="Wood L">L.G. Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, M L" uniqKey="Garg M">M.L. Garg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blake, R J" uniqKey="Blake R">R.J. Blake</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Caraballo, S" uniqKey="Garcia Caraballo S">S. Garcia-Caraballo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, P G" uniqKey="Gibson P">P.G. Gibson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mastrorilli, C" uniqKey="Mastrorilli C">C. Mastrorilli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Posa, D" uniqKey="Posa D">D. Posa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cipriani, F" uniqKey="Cipriani F">F. Cipriani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffarelli, C" uniqKey="Caffarelli C">C. Caffarelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ellwood, P" uniqKey="Ellwood P">P. Ellwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asher, M I" uniqKey="Asher M">M.I. Asher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bjorksten, B" uniqKey="Bjorksten B">B. Bjorksten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burr, M" uniqKey="Burr M">M. Burr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pearce, N" uniqKey="Pearce N">N. Pearce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, C F" uniqKey="Robertson C">C.F. Robertson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bakkeheim, E" uniqKey="Bakkeheim E">E. Bakkeheim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mowinckel, P" uniqKey="Mowinckel P">P. Mowinckel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlsen, K H" uniqKey="Carlsen K">K.H. Carlsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burney, P" uniqKey="Burney P">P. Burney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlsen, K C" uniqKey="Carlsen K">K.C. Carlsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nadeem, A" uniqKey="Nadeem A">A. Nadeem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chhabra, S K" uniqKey="Chhabra S">S.K. Chhabra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masood, A" uniqKey="Masood A">A. Masood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raj, H G" uniqKey="Raj H">H.G. Raj</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iikura, K" uniqKey="Iikura K">K. Iikura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katsunuma, T" uniqKey="Katsunuma T">T. Katsunuma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saika, S" uniqKey="Saika S">S. Saika</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, S" uniqKey="Saito S">S. Saito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ichinohe, S" uniqKey="Ichinohe S">S. Ichinohe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ida, H" uniqKey="Ida H">H. Ida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, H" uniqKey="Saito H">H. Saito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, K" uniqKey="Matsumoto K">K. Matsumoto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lemanske, R F" uniqKey="Lemanske R">R.F. Lemanske</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dick, E C" uniqKey="Dick E">E.C. Dick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swenson, C A" uniqKey="Swenson C">C.A. Swenson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vrtis, R F" uniqKey="Vrtis R">R.F. Vrtis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Busse, W W" uniqKey="Busse W">W.W. Busse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pollard, J" uniqKey="Pollard J">J. Pollard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greenwood, D" uniqKey="Greenwood D">D. Greenwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirk, S" uniqKey="Kirk S">S. Kirk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cade, J" uniqKey="Cade J">J. Cade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bopp, M" uniqKey="Bopp M">M. Bopp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilcox, S" uniqKey="Wilcox S">S. Wilcox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laken, M" uniqKey="Laken M">M. Laken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Butler, K" uniqKey="Butler K">K. Butler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carter, R E" uniqKey="Carter R">R.E. Carter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclorin, L" uniqKey="Mcclorin L">L. McClorin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yancey, A" uniqKey="Yancey A">A. Yancey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nutrients</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nutrients</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nutrients</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nutrients</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2072-6643</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28353635</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5409680</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu9040341</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nutrients-09-00341</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Risk of Asthma, Wheezing and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hosseini</surname><given-names>Banafshe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-09-00341">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-09-00341">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Berthon</surname><given-names>Bronwyn S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-09-00341">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-09-00341">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wark</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-09-00341">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>Lisa G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-09-00341">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-09-00341">2</xref><xref rid="c1-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-nutrients-09-00341"><label>1</label>School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>b.hosseini.bh@gmail.com</email> (B.H.);<email>bronwyn.berthon@newcastle.edu.au</email> (B.S.B.)</aff><aff id="af2-nutrients-09-00341"><label>2</label>Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;<email>Peter.Wark@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-nutrients-09-00341"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>lisa.wood@newcastle.edu.au</email>; Tel.: +61-2-4042-0147; Fax: +61-2-4042-0046</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>341</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Evidence suggests that reduced intake of fruit and vegetables may play a critical role in the development of asthma and allergies. The present review aimed to summarize the evidence for the association between fruit and vegetable intake, risk of asthma/wheeze and immune responses. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL and EMBASE were searched up to June 2016. Studies that investigated the effects of fruit and vegetable intake on risk of asthma/wheeze and immune responses were considered eligible (<italic>n</italic> = 58). Studies used cross-sectional (<italic>n</italic> = 30), cohort (<italic>n</italic> = 13), case-control (<italic>n</italic> = 8) and experimental (<italic>n</italic> = 7) designs. Most of the studies (<italic>n</italic> = 30) reported beneficial associations of fruit and vegetable consumption with risk of asthma and/or respiratory function, while eight studies found no significant relationship. Some studies (<italic>n</italic> = 20) reported mixed results, as they found a negative association between fruit only or vegetable only, and asthma. In addition, the meta-analyses in both adults and children showed inverse associations between fruit intake and risk of prevalent wheeze and asthma severity (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Likewise, vegetable intake was negatively associated with risk of prevalent asthma (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Seven studies examined immune responses in relation to fruit and vegetable intake in asthma, with <italic>n</italic> = 6 showing a protective effect against either systemic or airway inflammation. Fruit and vegetable consumption appears to be protective against asthma.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>fruit</kwd><kwd>vegetable</kwd><kwd>antioxidant</kwd><kwd>asthma</kwd><kwd>wheezing</kwd><kwd>immune response</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Example of search strategy using PubMed for studies investigating the effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on immune responses (including immune responses to virus infection, and inflammation) and clinical outcomes in asthma.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flowchart of studies to include in systematic review of the association between fruit and vegetable intake and asthma.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of the association between fruit intake and risk of prevalent asthma.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of the association between fruit intake and severity of asthma.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of the association between vegetable intake and risk of prevalent asthma.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of the association between vegetable intake and severity of asthma.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f007" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of the association between fruit intake and risk of prevalent wheeze.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f008" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of the association between vegetable intake and risk of prevalent wheeze.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-09-00341-f009" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of the association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of prevalent asthma.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-09-00341-g009"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="nutrients-09-00341-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-09-00341-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Summary of cross-sectional studies on the association between fruit and vegetable intake and asthma.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food Measured</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Population</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age Group (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tool for Asthma Diagnosis</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dietary Assessment Methods</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables Contrasted</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cook et al. [<xref rid="B26-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>], 1997</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2650</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–11</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ <sup>a</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1 time/day vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ fresh fruit, salad, green vegetables consumption: ↑ FEV1, ↔ wheeze</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">La vecchia et al. [<xref rid="B42-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>], 1998</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vegetables</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,693</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥15</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highest (>7 serving/week) vs. lowest (<7 serving/week) tertiles</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ vegetable consumption: ↓ bronchial asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forastiere et al. [<xref rid="B43-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>], 2000</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4104</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire on dietary habits, citrus fruit consumption</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–7 times/week vs. <1 time/week</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ fruit: ↓ any wheeze, ↓ shortness of breath with wheeze</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Priftanji et al. [<xref rid="B62-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>], 2002</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2653</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–44</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire, </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire on dietary habits</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At least once a week</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ taking fruit and vegetables: ↓ possible allergic asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gilliland et al. [<xref rid="B50-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>], 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2566</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11–19</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulmonary function testing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤lowest vs. highest intake decile</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ intakes of all fruit juices: ↓ FEV1 and FVC among boys, ↓ intake of vegetable: ↓ FVC in girls, ↔ other respiratory symptoms</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Woods et al. [<xref rid="B31-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>], 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1601</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–44</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECRHS questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–2 piece of apples, pears and berries/day and 2–4 servings leafy green vegetables and tomatoes/day</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ consumption of apples and pears: ↓ current asthma vegetable intake: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Awasthi et al. [<xref rid="B54-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>], 2004</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3000</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–7 and 13–14 </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Validated questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F: ≥3 times/day V: ≥1 time/week</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intakes of vegetables and fruits: ↓ wheeze</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wong et al. [<xref rid="B63-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>], 2004</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,902</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire, skin-prick test</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire on F & V intakes</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F: more than once daily vs. </td> <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intakes of fruit and vegetables: ↓ wheeze</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lewis et al. [<xref rid="B27-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>], 2005</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,562</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–6</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥21 portions/week vs. 0 portions/week</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits: ↔ wheeze</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nja et al. [<xref rid="B66-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>], 2005</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">502</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–16</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire, skin-prick test</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily intake vs. occasionally</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intakes of fruit and vegetables: ↓ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tabak et al. [<xref rid="B7-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>], 2006</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus and V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">598</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–13</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F: Highest (287 g/day vs. lowest (79 g/day) tertiles; V: Highest (140 g/day vs. lowest (53 g/day) tertiles</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">citrus fruits, vegetables: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardinale et al. [<xref rid="B9-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>], 2007</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Always vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intakes of fruit: ↓ asthma<break></break>↑ intakes of salads: ↓ F<sub>E</sub>NO</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chatzi et al. [<xref rid="B13-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>], 2007</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">690</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7–18</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire, family history of allergic disease</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1 time/day vs. <1 time/day</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intake of grapes, oranges, apples and fresh tomatoes: ↓ wheezing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Garcia-Marcos et al. [<xref rid="B39-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>], 2007</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20,106</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥3 times/week vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intakes of fruit and vegetables: ↓ COA, ↓ CSA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okoko et al. [<xref rid="B1-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>], 2007</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2640</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–10</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1 serving/day vs. <1 serving/month</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intakes of apples: ↓ ever-asthma ↑ intake of bananas and apples: ↓ ever wheeze and current wheeze</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tsai et al. [<xref rid="B61-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>], 2007</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2218</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11–12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATS questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily intake vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Fruit intakes: ↓ wheezing without cold, ↓ asthma, ↑ vegetable consumption: ↑ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barros et al. [<xref rid="B67-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>], 2008</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>16</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma and questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F: <178.4 g/day vs. >304.97 g/day; V: <211.54 g/day vs. >426.63 g/day</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ consumption of fresh fruit: ↓ non-controlled asthma; vegetable intake: ↔; F&V: ↔ exhaled NO</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Castro-Rodriguez et al. [<xref rid="B40-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>], 2008</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1784</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.08</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>3 times/week vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intake of vegetable: ↓ wheezing; fruits intake: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Garcia et al. [<xref rid="B64-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>], 2008</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3256 children and 3829 adolescents</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–7 and 13–14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire on dietary habits</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥3 times/week vs. occasionally</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ fruit consumption: ↓ current asthma symptoms among the 13–14 year age-group</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Takaoka et al. [<xref rid="B57-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>], 2008</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153 females</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean 21</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor -diagnosed asthma, ISSAC/ECRHS questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">almost daily vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intake of fruit: ↓ wheeze<break></break>vegetables: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nagel et al. [<xref rid="B70-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>], 2010</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50,004 <sup>b</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥3 times/week vs. never/occasionally</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ consumption of green vegetables: ↓ wheezers in non-affluent countries only; ↑ fruit intake: ↓ prevalence of current wheeze in affluent and non-affluent countries</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arvaniti et al. [<xref rid="B34-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>], 2011</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">700</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At least once/day</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits and vegetables: ↔ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lawson et al. [<xref rid="B51-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>], 2011</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4726</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11–15</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Validated questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High vs. low consumption</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ vegetable consumption: ↓ current asthma; fruit intake: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosenlund et al. [<xref rid="B17-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>], 2011</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2447</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quartile 4 (7.1 serving/day) vs. quartile 1 (1.8 serving/day)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits and vegetables: ↔; apples/pears, carrots: ↓ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosenkranz et al. [<xref rid="B32-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>], 2012</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156,035</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥45</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire, self-reported information</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quintile 5 vs. 1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ fruit and vegetable intake: ↓ asthma in men </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agrawal et al. [<xref rid="B55-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>], 2013</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156,316</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–49</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily intake vs. occasionally/never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ fruit and vegetable intake: ↓ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ng et al. [<xref rid="B69-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>], 2013</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2478</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥55</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spirometry</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SQFFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once/day</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits and vegetables: ↔ respiratory function</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alphantonogeorgos et al. [<xref rid="B35-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>], 2014</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1125</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KIDMED FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once/day</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intake of one fruit or fruit juice and vegetable: ↓ ever wheezing and current wheezing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papadopoulou et al. [<xref rid="B36-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>], 2014</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2023</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9–10</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SQFFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, vegetables: ↔ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gomes de Luna Mde et al. [<xref rid="B46-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>], 2015</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3015</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13–14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥3 times/week vs. < times/week</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Fruit intake: ↓ asthma; vegetable intakes: ↔</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; COA, current occasional asthma; CSA, current severe asthma; ECRHS, the European community respiratory health survey screening questionnaire; F<sub>E</sub>NO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire, F & V, fruits and vegetables; SQFFQ, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire; ISAAC, international study of asthma and allergies in childhood questionnaire; <sup>b</sup> 29 centres in 20 countries (ISAAC Phase II).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="nutrients-09-00341-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-09-00341-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Summary of case-control studies on the association between fruit and vegetable intake and asthma.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food Measured</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Population</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tool for Asthma Diagnosis</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dietary Assessment Methods</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables Contrasted</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hijazi et al. [<xref rid="B68-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>], 2000</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V <sup>a</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 cases with a history of asthma and wheeze in the last 12 months and 202 controls</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire and skin test</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SQFFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>3 time/day vs. <2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ vegetables intake: ↑ asthma; fruit intake ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shaheen et al. [<xref rid="B18-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>], 2001</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">607 cases and 864 controls</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16–50</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥5 times/week vs. </td> <td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Total fruit and total vegetable consumption: ↑ asthma </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patel et al. [<xref rid="B23-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>], 2006</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">515 cases and 515 controls</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45–75</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physician diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7-day food diaries</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Consumption above the median (F: 132.1 g, V: 96.9 g vs. no consumption)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intake of citrus fruit and total fruit intakes: ↓ asthma; vegetable intake ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pastorino et al. [<xref rid="B44-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>], 2006</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">528</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13–14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire about dietary habits</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weekly or daily vs. never consumption</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ intake of cooked vegetables: ↓ asthma; fruit intake ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romieu et al. [<xref rid="B19-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>], 2009</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158 cases and 50 controls followed for 22 weeks</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physician diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V index = 0 vs. F & V index =4 </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ FVI: ↑ FEV1 and FVC; ↓ IL-8 in nasal lavage, ↓ FeNO level</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mendes et al. [<xref rid="B45-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>], 2011</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 cases with persistent asthma and 67 controls with intermittent asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dietary data collected during the last 30 days</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regular vs. occasional consumption</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ consumption of fruits: ↓ persistent asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protudjer et al. [<xref rid="B20-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>], 2012</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149 cases and 327 controls from a Cohort study</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–10 and 11–14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin-prick test ≥3 mm and asthma symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High vs. low score (>6 times/day vs. Almost never)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ vegetable intake: ↓ allergic asthma, ↓ moderate/severe AHR; fruit intake: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Han et al. [<xref rid="B49-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>], 2015</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">351 cases and 327 controls</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physician-diagnosed asthma and ≥1 episode of wheeze in the previous year</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quartile 4 vs. quartile 1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ consumption of vegetables: ↓ asthma, ↓ serum IL-17F</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire, F & V, fruits and vegetables; ISAAC, international study of asthma and allergies in childhood questionnaire; MDS, Mediterranean diet score; SQFFQ, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="nutrients-09-00341-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-09-00341-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Summary of cohort studies on the association between fruit and vegetable intake and asthma.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food Measured</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Population</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age Group (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Follow-Up (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tool for Asthma Diagnosis</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dietary Assessment Methods</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables Contrasted</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Butland et al. [<xref rid="B22-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>], 1999</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh fruit</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,352</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–33 </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheezing/whistling in the chest in the past doctor diagnosis</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Validated questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1 time/day vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Fresh fruit, salads or raw vegetables consumption: ↓ the frequent wheezing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knekt et al. [<xref rid="B52-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>], 2002</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange, apple, grapefruit, onion, white cabbage, berries, juices</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">382</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–69</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dietary history</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quartile 4 vs. 1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ apple and orange intakes: ↓ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farchi et al. [<xref rid="B41-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>], 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cooked vegetables, salads, tomatoes, fresh fruit, citrus fruit, kiwi</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4104</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>4 times per week vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Consumption of tomatoes, fruits and citrus fruit: ↓ shortness of breath</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romieu et al. [<xref rid="B58-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>], 2006</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68,535 women</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–65</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1 (fruits: >336 vs. ≤145.3 g/day and vegetables: >90 vs. ≤39.3 g/day)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Consumption of tomatoes, carrots, and leafy vegetables: ↓ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fitzsimon et al. [<xref rid="B65-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>], 2007</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">631 mother-child pair</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SQFFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quartile 4 (8.9 serving/day) vs. quartile 1(2.3 serving/day)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Quartile of F & V intake in pregnancy: ↓ asthma in children</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Willers et al. [<xref rid="B21-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>], 2007</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1212 mother-child pair</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At birth</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>4 times/week vs. 0 ↔ 1 time/week</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Maternal apple intake: ↓ ever wheeze, ↓ ever asthma and doctor-confirmed asthma<break></break>vegetables: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chatzi et al. [<xref rid="B37-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>], 2008</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">507 mothers and 468 children</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire on wheeze, whistling and skin-prick test</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily or weekly consumption vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Consumption of vegetables: ↓ persistent wheeze, fruits: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Willers et al. [<xref rid="B47-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>], 2008</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2832 mother-child pairs</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 month–8 year</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire about both mother’s and child’s diet</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily vs. rare intake</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Fruit intake: ↓ wheeze vegetables: ↔; F & V intake: ↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacopoulou et al. [<xref rid="B33-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>], 2009</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2133 children</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From birth</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma and questionnaire about detailed information on asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Validated questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily intake vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Fruit and vegetable intake: ↓ current asthma at 18 years </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Miyake et al. [<xref rid="B56-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>], 2010</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">763 mother-child pair</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16–24 month</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DHQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F: Quartile 4 (290.8 g/day) vs. 1 (49.6 g/day) V: Quartile 4 (288.4 g/day) vs. 1 (90.9 g/day)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V intake: ↔ wheeze</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uddenfeldt et al. [<xref rid="B59-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>], 2010</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8066 females and males</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16, 30–39, 60–69 </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire about frequency of current consumption</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily intake vs. never</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Fruit intake: ↓ asthma incidence </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nwaru et al. [<xref rid="B53-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>], 2011</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food-based antioxidants</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2441 mother-child pair</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quantity of intake in diet</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food-based antioxidants: ↔ asthma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Willers et al. [<xref rid="B48-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>], 2011</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F & V</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4146 children</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–3 and 7–8 </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISAAC questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annual FFQ </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once weekly vs. long-term intake from age 2–8 years</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Fruit intake: ↓ asthma symptoms; cooked ↑ vegetables intake: ↑ asthma</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; DHQ, dietary habit questionnaire; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire, F & V, fruits and vegetables; ISAAC, international study of asthma and allergies in childhood questionnaire, SQFFQ, semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="nutrients-09-00341-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-09-00341-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Summary of experimental studies on the association between fruit and vegetable intakes and asthma.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Population</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age Group (Year)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Notes</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of Treatment</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tool for Asthma Diagnosis</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood et al. [<xref rid="B28-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>], 2008</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 adults</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean age of 52.1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Participants were on the low antioxidant diet for 10 days before the study commenced.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato extract (45 mg lycopene/day) vs. tomato juice (45 mg lycopene/day) vs. placebo</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 7 day with a 10 days wash-out period between each treatment</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma and having current (past 12 months) episodic respiratory symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The LAO diet: ↓ %FEV1 <sup>a</sup> and %FVC, ↑ neutrophils increased both tomato juice and extract: ↓ airway neutrophil influx Neutrophils tomato extract: ↓ sputum neutrophil elastase activity</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Baines et al. [<xref rid="B29-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>], 2009</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 adults diagnosed with stable asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean age of 63</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No control group</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The LAO diet <sup>b</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 days</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma and respiratory symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The LAO diet: ↑ genes involved in the inflammatory and immune responses including the innate immune receptors TLR2, IL1R2, CD93, ANTXR2, the innate immune signalling molecules IRAK2, 3, MAP3K8 and neutrophil proteases.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fogarty et al. [<xref rid="B24-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>], 2009</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention group n = 3233, Placebo group n = 3506</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–6</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The control group received usual diet.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A daily piece of fruit (generally including apples, oranges or pears) adding to their usual diet</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 year</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↔</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood et al. [<xref rid="B30-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>], 2012</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137 adults</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean age of 56</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Participants randomized to the low vs. high antioxidant diet (5 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruit daily) for 14 days before the study commenced.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High antioxidant diet group received placebo, while, low antioxidant diet group received tomato extract (45 mg lycopene/day).</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 weeks</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma and having current (past 12 months) episodic respiratory symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The LAO diet: ↑ exacerbation, ↓ %FEV1 and %FVC</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lee et al. [<xref rid="B60-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>], 2013</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">192</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The control group received placebos</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“fruit and vegetable” capsule <sup>c</sup> + Fish oil capsules+ Probiotic capsules vs. placebo</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 weeks</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The supplement group: ↑ FEV1, FVC and FEV1:FVC ratio, ↓ proportion of children using ICS </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Garcia-Larsen et al. [<xref rid="B25-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>], 2014</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–10</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Participants were randomly allocated to one of four groups. The control group received usual diet.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Having an apple or a banana or an apple + banana in addition to their normal diet</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 month</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Respiratory tests</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groups 2 (adding banana) and 3 (adding banana + apple): ↓ levels of F<sub>E</sub>NO</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calatayud-Saez et al. [<xref rid="B38-nutrients-09-00341" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>], 2016</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 children with childhood asthma criteria for at least 1 year</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No control group</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dietary re-education by a nutritional education programme named “Learning to Eat from the Mediterranean”</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 year</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doctor-diagnosed asthma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ The use of ICS</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> Abbreviation: F<sub>E</sub>NO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LAO, low antioxidant diet; <sup>b</sup> Included no more than one piece of fruit and two serves of vegetables per day and avoidance of tea, coffee, red wine, fruit juices, nuts, seeds, vitamin or mineral supplements and aspirin; <sup>c</sup> Contains 400 mg concentrate derived from grapes, plums, blueberries, raspberries, cranberries, cherries, cowberries, strawberries, artichokes, beets, carrots, broccoli, white cauliflower, kale, celery, and spinach.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Berthon, Bronwyn S" sort="Berthon, Bronwyn S" uniqKey="Berthon B" first="Bronwyn S." last="Berthon">Bronwyn S. Berthon</name><name sortKey="Hosseini, Banafshe" sort="Hosseini, Banafshe" uniqKey="Hosseini B" first="Banafshe" last="Hosseini">Banafshe Hosseini</name><name sortKey="Wark, Peter" sort="Wark, Peter" uniqKey="Wark P" first="Peter" last="Wark">Peter Wark</name><name sortKey="Wood, Lisa G" sort="Wood, Lisa G" uniqKey="Wood L" first="Lisa G." last="Wood">Lisa G. Wood</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/CovidV2/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000418 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000418 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= CovidV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Checkpoint
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:5409680
|texte= Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Risk of Asthma, Wheezing and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:28353635" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CovidV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |