Is Africa prepared for tackling the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Lessons from past outbreaks, ongoing pan-African public health efforts, and implications for the future.
Identifieur interne : 000638 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 000637; suivant : 000639Is Africa prepared for tackling the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Lessons from past outbreaks, ongoing pan-African public health efforts, and implications for the future.
Auteurs : Nathan Kapata [Zambie] ; Chikwe Ihekweazu [Nigeria] ; Francine Ntoumi [Allemagne] ; Tajudeen Raji [Éthiopie] ; Pascalina Chanda-Kapata [Zambie] ; Peter Mwaba [Zambie] ; Victor Mukonka [Zambie] ; Matthew Bates [Royaume-Uni] ; John Tembo [Zambie] ; Victor Corman [Allemagne] ; Sayoki Mfinanga [Tanzanie] ; Danny Asogun [Nigeria] ; Linzy Elton [Royaume-Uni] ; Liã Bárbara Arruda [Royaume-Uni] ; Margaret J. Thomason [Royaume-Uni] ; Leonard Mboera [Tanzanie] ; Alexei Yavlinsky [Royaume-Uni] ; Najmul Haider [Royaume-Uni] ; David Simons [Royaume-Uni] ; Lara Hollmann [Royaume-Uni] ; Swaib A. Lule [Royaume-Uni] ; Francisco Veas [France] ; Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid [Soudan] ; Osman Dar [Royaume-Uni] ; Sarah Edwards [Royaume-Uni] ; Francesco Vairo [Italie] ; Timothy D. Mchugh [Royaume-Uni] ; Christian Drosten [Allemagne] ; Richard Kock [Royaume-Uni] ; Giuseppe Ippolito [Italie] ; Alimuddin Zumla [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases [ 1878-3511 ] ; 2020.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.049
PubMed: 32119980
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Is Africa prepared for tackling the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Lessons from past outbreaks, ongoing pan-African public health efforts, and implications for the future.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kapata, Nathan" sort="Kapata, Nathan" uniqKey="Kapata N" first="Nathan" last="Kapata">Nathan Kapata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Zambia National Public Health Institute, Minsitry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: nkapata@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Zambia National Public Health Institute, Minsitry of Health, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Ihekweazu, Chikwe" sort="Ihekweazu, Chikwe" uniqKey="Ihekweazu C" first="Chikwe" last="Ihekweazu">Chikwe Ihekweazu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria. Electronic address: chikwe.ihekweazu@ncdc.gov.ng.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Jabi, Abuja</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Abuja</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Ntoumi, Francine" sort="Ntoumi, Francine" uniqKey="Ntoumi F" first="Francine" last="Ntoumi">Francine Ntoumi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University Marien NGouabi, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: fntoumi@fcrm-congo.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University Marien NGouabi, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Raji, Tajudeen" sort="Raji, Tajudeen" uniqKey="Raji T" first="Tajudeen" last="Raji">Tajudeen Raji</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Electronic address: TajudeenR@africa-union.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Chanda Kapata, Pascalina" sort="Chanda Kapata, Pascalina" uniqKey="Chanda Kapata P" first="Pascalina" last="Chanda-Kapata">Pascalina Chanda-Kapata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: pascykapata@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Mwaba, Peter" sort="Mwaba, Peter" uniqKey="Mwaba P" first="Peter" last="Mwaba">Peter Mwaba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: pbmwaba2000@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Mukonka, Victor" sort="Mukonka, Victor" uniqKey="Mukonka V" first="Victor" last="Mukonka">Victor Mukonka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: vmukonka@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Bates, Matthew" sort="Bates, Matthew" uniqKey="Bates M" first="Matthew" last="Bates">Matthew Bates</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom. Electronic address: mbates@lincoln.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Tembo, John" sort="Tembo, John" uniqKey="Tembo J" first="John" last="Tembo">John Tembo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>HerpeZ and UNZA-UCLMS Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: john.tembo@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HerpeZ and UNZA-UCLMS Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Corman, Victor" sort="Corman, Victor" uniqKey="Corman V" first="Victor" last="Corman">Victor Corman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: victor.corman@charite.de.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Sayoki" sort="Mfinanga, Sayoki" uniqKey="Mfinanga S" first="Sayoki" last="Mfinanga">Sayoki Mfinanga</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Electronic address: gsmfinanga@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Asogun, Danny" sort="Asogun, Danny" uniqKey="Asogun D" first="Danny" last="Asogun">Danny Asogun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria. Electronic address: asogun2001@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Irrua</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Elton, Linzy" sort="Elton, Linzy" uniqKey="Elton L" first="Linzy" last="Elton">Linzy Elton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: linzy.elton@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Arruda, Lia Barbara" sort="Arruda, Lia Barbara" uniqKey="Arruda L" first="Liã Bárbara" last="Arruda">Liã Bárbara Arruda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: l.arruda@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Thomason, Margaret J" sort="Thomason, Margaret J" uniqKey="Thomason M" first="Margaret J" last="Thomason">Margaret J. Thomason</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.thomason@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Mboera, Leonard" sort="Mboera, Leonard" uniqKey="Mboera L" first="Leonard" last="Mboera">Leonard Mboera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Electronic address: leonard.mboera@sacids.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Morogoro</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Yavlinsky, Alexei" sort="Yavlinsky, Alexei" uniqKey="Yavlinsky A" first="Alexei" last="Yavlinsky">Alexei Yavlinsky</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Health Informatics, Faculty of Pop Health Sciences, UCL, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Haider, Najmul" sort="Haider, Najmul" uniqKey="Haider N" first="Najmul" last="Haider">Najmul Haider</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: nhaider@rvc.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Simons, David" sort="Simons, David" uniqKey="Simons D" first="David" last="Simons">David Simons</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: dsimons19@rvc.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName>
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<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Hollmann, Lara" sort="Hollmann, Lara" uniqKey="Hollmann L" first="Lara" last="Hollmann">Lara Hollmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: LHollmann@chathamhouse.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Lule, Swaib A" sort="Lule, Swaib A" uniqKey="Lule S" first="Swaib A" last="Lule">Swaib A. Lule</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: swaiblule@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Global Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Veas, Francisco" sort="Veas, Francisco" uniqKey="Veas F" first="Francisco" last="Veas">Francisco Veas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, IRD UMR5569, Montpellier, France. Electronic address: francisco.veas@ird.fr.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, IRD UMR5569, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Abdel Hamid, Muzamil Mahdi" sort="Abdel Hamid, Muzamil Mahdi" uniqKey="Abdel Hamid M" first="Muzamil Mahdi" last="Abdel Hamid">Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dept of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Electronic address: mahdi@iend.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dept of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>University of Khartoum</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Dar, Osman" sort="Dar, Osman" uniqKey="Dar O" first="Osman" last="Dar">Osman Dar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Osman.Dar@phe.gov.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Edwards, Sarah" sort="Edwards, Sarah" uniqKey="Edwards S" first="Sarah" last="Edwards">Sarah Edwards</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Ethics and Governance, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sarah.edwards@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ethics and Governance, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Vairo, Francesco" sort="Vairo, Francesco" uniqKey="Vairo F" first="Francesco" last="Vairo">Francesco Vairo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: francesco.vairo@inmi.it.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mchugh, Timothy D" sort="Mchugh, Timothy D" uniqKey="Mchugh T" first="Timothy D" last="Mchugh">Timothy D. Mchugh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: t.mchugh@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: christian.drosten@charite.de.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Kock, Richard" sort="Kock, Richard" uniqKey="Kock R" first="Richard" last="Kock">Richard Kock</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: rkock@rvc.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases - Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.ippolito@inmi.it.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Infectious Diseases - Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.zumla@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Is Africa prepared for tackling the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Lessons from past outbreaks, ongoing pan-African public health efforts, and implications for the future.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kapata, Nathan" sort="Kapata, Nathan" uniqKey="Kapata N" first="Nathan" last="Kapata">Nathan Kapata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Zambia National Public Health Institute, Minsitry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: nkapata@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Zambia National Public Health Institute, Minsitry of Health, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ihekweazu, Chikwe" sort="Ihekweazu, Chikwe" uniqKey="Ihekweazu C" first="Chikwe" last="Ihekweazu">Chikwe Ihekweazu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria. Electronic address: chikwe.ihekweazu@ncdc.gov.ng.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Jabi, Abuja</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Abuja</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ntoumi, Francine" sort="Ntoumi, Francine" uniqKey="Ntoumi F" first="Francine" last="Ntoumi">Francine Ntoumi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University Marien NGouabi, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: fntoumi@fcrm-congo.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University Marien NGouabi, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine/University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raji, Tajudeen" sort="Raji, Tajudeen" uniqKey="Raji T" first="Tajudeen" last="Raji">Tajudeen Raji</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Electronic address: TajudeenR@africa-union.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chanda Kapata, Pascalina" sort="Chanda Kapata, Pascalina" uniqKey="Chanda Kapata P" first="Pascalina" last="Chanda-Kapata">Pascalina Chanda-Kapata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: pascykapata@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mwaba, Peter" sort="Mwaba, Peter" uniqKey="Mwaba P" first="Peter" last="Mwaba">Peter Mwaba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: pbmwaba2000@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mukonka, Victor" sort="Mukonka, Victor" uniqKey="Mukonka V" first="Victor" last="Mukonka">Victor Mukonka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: vmukonka@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bates, Matthew" sort="Bates, Matthew" uniqKey="Bates M" first="Matthew" last="Bates">Matthew Bates</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom. Electronic address: mbates@lincoln.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lincoln</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tembo, John" sort="Tembo, John" uniqKey="Tembo J" first="John" last="Tembo">John Tembo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>HerpeZ and UNZA-UCLMS Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: john.tembo@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HerpeZ and UNZA-UCLMS Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corman, Victor" sort="Corman, Victor" uniqKey="Corman V" first="Victor" last="Corman">Victor Corman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: victor.corman@charite.de.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Sayoki" sort="Mfinanga, Sayoki" uniqKey="Mfinanga S" first="Sayoki" last="Mfinanga">Sayoki Mfinanga</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Electronic address: gsmfinanga@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Asogun, Danny" sort="Asogun, Danny" uniqKey="Asogun D" first="Danny" last="Asogun">Danny Asogun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria. Electronic address: asogun2001@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Irrua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elton, Linzy" sort="Elton, Linzy" uniqKey="Elton L" first="Linzy" last="Elton">Linzy Elton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: linzy.elton@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arruda, Lia Barbara" sort="Arruda, Lia Barbara" uniqKey="Arruda L" first="Liã Bárbara" last="Arruda">Liã Bárbara Arruda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: l.arruda@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomason, Margaret J" sort="Thomason, Margaret J" uniqKey="Thomason M" first="Margaret J" last="Thomason">Margaret J. Thomason</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.thomason@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mboera, Leonard" sort="Mboera, Leonard" uniqKey="Mboera L" first="Leonard" last="Mboera">Leonard Mboera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Electronic address: leonard.mboera@sacids.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Morogoro</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yavlinsky, Alexei" sort="Yavlinsky, Alexei" uniqKey="Yavlinsky A" first="Alexei" last="Yavlinsky">Alexei Yavlinsky</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Health Informatics, Faculty of Pop Health Sciences, UCL, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.yavlinsky@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Health Informatics, Faculty of Pop Health Sciences, UCL, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haider, Najmul" sort="Haider, Najmul" uniqKey="Haider N" first="Najmul" last="Haider">Najmul Haider</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: nhaider@rvc.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simons, David" sort="Simons, David" uniqKey="Simons D" first="David" last="Simons">David Simons</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: dsimons19@rvc.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hollmann, Lara" sort="Hollmann, Lara" uniqKey="Hollmann L" first="Lara" last="Hollmann">Lara Hollmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: LHollmann@chathamhouse.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lule, Swaib A" sort="Lule, Swaib A" uniqKey="Lule S" first="Swaib A" last="Lule">Swaib A. Lule</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: swaiblule@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Global Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Veas, Francisco" sort="Veas, Francisco" uniqKey="Veas F" first="Francisco" last="Veas">Francisco Veas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, IRD UMR5569, Montpellier, France. Electronic address: francisco.veas@ird.fr.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, IRD UMR5569, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abdel Hamid, Muzamil Mahdi" sort="Abdel Hamid, Muzamil Mahdi" uniqKey="Abdel Hamid M" first="Muzamil Mahdi" last="Abdel Hamid">Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dept of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Electronic address: mahdi@iend.org.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dept of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>University of Khartoum</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dar, Osman" sort="Dar, Osman" uniqKey="Dar O" first="Osman" last="Dar">Osman Dar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Osman.Dar@phe.gov.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, Sarah" sort="Edwards, Sarah" uniqKey="Edwards S" first="Sarah" last="Edwards">Sarah Edwards</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Ethics and Governance, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sarah.edwards@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ethics and Governance, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vairo, Francesco" sort="Vairo, Francesco" uniqKey="Vairo F" first="Francesco" last="Vairo">Francesco Vairo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: francesco.vairo@inmi.it.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mchugh, Timothy D" sort="Mchugh, Timothy D" uniqKey="Mchugh T" first="Timothy D" last="Mchugh">Timothy D. Mchugh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: t.mchugh@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: christian.drosten@charite.de.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kock, Richard" sort="Kock, Richard" uniqKey="Kock R" first="Richard" last="Kock">Richard Kock</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: rkock@rvc.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases - Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.ippolito@inmi.it.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Infectious Diseases - Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.zumla@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1878-3511</idno>
<imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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