Anti‐HIV, Anti‐Poxvirus, and Anti‐SARS Activity of a Nontoxic, Acidic Plant Extract from the Trifollium Species Secomet‐V/anti‐Vac Suggests That It Contains a Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral
Identifieur interne : 000391 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000390; suivant : 000392Anti‐HIV, Anti‐Poxvirus, and Anti‐SARS Activity of a Nontoxic, Acidic Plant Extract from the Trifollium Species Secomet‐V/anti‐Vac Suggests That It Contains a Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral
Auteurs : Girish J. Kotwal ; Jennifer N. Kaczmarek ; Steven Leivers ; Yohannes T. Ghebremariam ; Amod P. Kulkarni ; Gabriele Bauer ; Corena De Beer ; Wolfgang Preiser ; Abdu Rahman MohamedSource :
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences [ 0077-8923 ] ; 2005-11.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Acidic plant, Active ingredient, Antiviral, Antiviral activity, Antiviral drugs, Antiviral effects, Assay, Bioactive, Bioactive agent, Bioactive molecules, Cape town, Cell lines, Crude plant, Cutoff filter, Health sciences, Human immunodeficiency virus, Influenza virus, Kotwal, Life cycle, Liquid chromatography, Medical virology, Plaque formation, Significant effect, Toxicity, Trifollium species, Vaccinia, Vaccinia virus, Viral, Viral attachment, Viral infections, Viral infectivity, Viral loads, Virus, Virus noninfectious, Virus particles, West nile virus, York academy.
Abstract
Enveloped animal viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Marburg, and influenza are major public health concerns around the world. The prohibitive cost of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for most HIV‐infected patients in sub‐Saharan Africa and the serious side effects in those who have access to ARV drugs make a compelling case for the study of complementary and alternative therapies. Such therapies should have scientifically proved antiviral activity and minimal toxic effects. A plant extract, Secomet‐V, with an anecdotal indication in humans for promise as an anti‐HIV treatment, was investigated. Using a previously described attenuated vaccinia virus vGK5, we established the antiviral activity of Secomet‐V. Chemical analysis showed that it has an acidic pH, nontoxic traces of iron (<10 ppm), and almost undetectable levels of arsenic (<1.0 ppm). The color varies from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown. The active agent is heat stable at least up to sterilizing temperature of 121°C. The crude plant extract is a mixture of several small molecules separable by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The HIV viral loads were significantly reduced over several months in a few patients monitored after treatment with Secomet‐V. Secomet‐V was also found to have antiviral activity against the SARS virus but not against the West Nile virus. Secomet‐V, therefore, is a broad‐spectrum antiviral, which possibly works by neutralizing viral infectivity, resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.
Url:
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1352.014
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:910558151BB0B6F28C15332032D15371ABD12055Le document en format XML
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Goethe‐Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamed, Abdu Rahman" sort="Mohamed, Abdu Rahman" uniqKey="Mohamed A" first="Abdu Rahman" last="Mohamed">Abdu Rahman Mohamed</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</title><title level="j" type="alt">ANNALS OF NEW YORK ACADEMY SCIENCES</title><idno type="ISSN">0077-8923</idno><idno type="eISSN">1749-6632</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">1056</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="293">293</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="302">302</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">10</biblScope><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2005-11">2005-11</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0077-8923</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0077-8923</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Acidic plant</term><term>Active ingredient</term><term>Antiviral</term><term>Antiviral activity</term><term>Antiviral drugs</term><term>Antiviral effects</term><term>Assay</term><term>Bioactive</term><term>Bioactive agent</term><term>Bioactive molecules</term><term>Cape town</term><term>Cell lines</term><term>Crude plant</term><term>Cutoff filter</term><term>Health sciences</term><term>Human immunodeficiency virus</term><term>Influenza virus</term><term>Kotwal</term><term>Life cycle</term><term>Liquid chromatography</term><term>Medical virology</term><term>Plaque formation</term><term>Significant effect</term><term>Toxicity</term><term>Trifollium species</term><term>Vaccinia</term><term>Vaccinia virus</term><term>Viral</term><term>Viral attachment</term><term>Viral infections</term><term>Viral infectivity</term><term>Viral loads</term><term>Virus</term><term>Virus noninfectious</term><term>Virus particles</term><term>West nile virus</term><term>York academy</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Enveloped animal viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Marburg, and influenza are major public health concerns around the world. The prohibitive cost of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for most HIV‐infected patients in sub‐Saharan Africa and the serious side effects in those who have access to ARV drugs make a compelling case for the study of complementary and alternative therapies. Such therapies should have scientifically proved antiviral activity and minimal toxic effects. A plant extract, Secomet‐V, with an anecdotal indication in humans for promise as an anti‐HIV treatment, was investigated. Using a previously described attenuated vaccinia virus vGK5, we established the antiviral activity of Secomet‐V. Chemical analysis showed that it has an acidic pH, nontoxic traces of iron (<10 ppm), and almost undetectable levels of arsenic (<1.0 ppm). The color varies from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown. The active agent is heat stable at least up to sterilizing temperature of 121°C. The crude plant extract is a mixture of several small molecules separable by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The HIV viral loads were significantly reduced over several months in a few patients monitored after treatment with Secomet‐V. Secomet‐V was also found to have antiviral activity against the SARS virus but not against the West Nile virus. Secomet‐V, therefore, is a broad‐spectrum antiviral, which possibly works by neutralizing viral infectivity, resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>antiviral</json:string><json:string>viral</json:string><json:string>vaccinia</json:string><json:string>kotwal</json:string><json:string>cape town</json:string><json:string>toxicity</json:string><json:string>bioactive</json:string><json:string>york academy</json:string><json:string>antiviral activity</json:string><json:string>vaccinia virus</json:string><json:string>medical virology</json:string><json:string>virus particles</json:string><json:string>assay</json:string><json:string>life cycle</json:string><json:string>active ingredient</json:string><json:string>viral loads</json:string><json:string>west nile virus</json:string><json:string>bioactive agent</json:string><json:string>influenza virus</json:string><json:string>antiviral drugs</json:string><json:string>liquid chromatography</json:string><json:string>viral infections</json:string><json:string>antiviral effects</json:string><json:string>human immunodeficiency virus</json:string><json:string>health sciences</json:string><json:string>acidic plant</json:string><json:string>plaque formation</json:string><json:string>cutoff filter</json:string><json:string>crude plant</json:string><json:string>virus noninfectious</json:string><json:string>viral attachment</json:string><json:string>cell lines</json:string><json:string>bioactive molecules</json:string><json:string>trifollium species</json:string><json:string>viral infectivity</json:string><json:string>significant effect</json:string><json:string>virus</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>GIRISH J. KOTWAL</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string><json:string>E-mail: gjkotw01@yahoo.com</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>JENNIFER N. KACZMAREK</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>STEVEN LEIVERS</name><affiliations><json:string>Quantum House, Technopark, Stellenbosch, 6090, Uniedal, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>YOHANNES T. GHEBREMARIAM</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>AMOD P. KULKARNI</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>GABRIELE BAUER</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Medical Virology, NHLS, Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>CORENA DE BEER</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Medical Virology, J.W. Goethe‐Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>WOLFGANG PREISER</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Medical Virology, J.W. Goethe‐Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>ABDU RAHMAN MOHAMED</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>anti‐HIV</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>anti‐poxvirus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Secomet‐V</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>anti‐SARS</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>broad‐spectrum antiviral</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>acidic plant extract</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>nontoxic</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>enveloped viruses</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>NYAS293</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-9JZBVTVZ-L</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Enveloped animal viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Marburg, and influenza are major public health concerns around the world. The prohibitive cost of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for most HIV‐infected patients in sub‐Saharan Africa and the serious side effects in those who have access to ARV drugs make a compelling case for the study of complementary and alternative therapies. Such therapies should have scientifically proved antiviral activity and minimal toxic effects. A plant extract, Secomet‐V, with an anecdotal indication in humans for promise as an anti‐HIV treatment, was investigated. Using a previously described attenuated vaccinia virus vGK5, we established the antiviral activity of Secomet‐V. Chemical analysis showed that it has an acidic pH, nontoxic traces of iron (>10 ppm), and almost undetectable levels of arsenic (>1.0 ppm). The color varies from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown. The active agent is heat stable at least up to sterilizing temperature of 121°C. The crude plant extract is a mixture of several small molecules separable by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The HIV viral loads were significantly reduced over several months in a few patients monitored after treatment with Secomet‐V. Secomet‐V was also found to have antiviral activity against the SARS virus but not against the West Nile virus. Secomet‐V, therefore, is a broad‐spectrum antiviral, which possibly works by neutralizing viral infectivity, resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.517</score><pdfWordCount>2709</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>16514</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>595 x 842 pts (A4)</pdfPageSize><pdfWordsPerPage>246</pdfWordsPerPage><pdfText>true</pdfText><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>234</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1579</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>8</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Anti‐HIV, Anti‐Poxvirus, and Anti‐SARS Activity of a Nontoxic, Acidic Plant Extract from the Trifollium Species Secomet‐V/anti‐Vac Suggests That It Contains a Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral</title><pmid><json:string>16387696</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0077-8923</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1749-6632</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>NYAS</json:string></publisherId><volume>1056</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>293</first><last>302</last><total>10</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2005</json:string><json:string>2004</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>South Africa and Senior Entrance Fellowship and International Students</json:string><json:string>University of Cape Town, South Africa</json:string><json:string>University of Cape Town</json:string><json:string>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical Properties</json:string><json:string>Western Cape Police Department, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string><json:string>Virologic, Inc.</json:string><json:string>Poliomyelitis Research Foundation</json:string><json:string>South Africa ABSTRACT</json:string><json:string>Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Cape Town Police Department</json:string><json:string>National Formulary, USA</json:string><json:string>Division of Medical Virology</json:string><json:string>PRF</json:string><json:string>Senior International</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>J. 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Antiviral</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2005-11"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Anti‐HIV, Anti‐Poxvirus, and Anti‐SARS Activity of a Nontoxic, Acidic Plant Extract from the Trifollium Species Secomet‐V/anti‐Vac Suggests That It Contains a Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">GIRISH J.</forename><surname>KOTWAL</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Division of Medical Virology</orgName><orgName type="institution">Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine</orgName><orgName type="department">Faculty of Health Sciences</orgName><orgName type="institution">University of Cape Town</orgName><address><addrLine>Observatory</addrLine><addrLine>Cape Town, South Africa</addrLine><country key="ZA" xml:lang="en">SOUTH AFRICA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">JENNIFER N.</forename><surname>KACZMAREK</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Division of Medical Virology</orgName><orgName type="institution">Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine</orgName><orgName type="department">Faculty of Health Sciences</orgName><orgName type="institution">University of Cape Town</orgName><address><addrLine>Observatory</addrLine><addrLine>Cape Town, South Africa</addrLine><country key="ZA" xml:lang="en">SOUTH AFRICA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">STEVEN</forename><surname>LEIVERS</surname></persName><affiliation><address><addrLine>Quantum House</addrLine><addrLine>Technopark, Stellenbosch, 6090, Uniedal, South Africa</addrLine><country key="ZA" xml:lang="en">SOUTH AFRICA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">YOHANNES T.</forename><surname>GHEBREMARIAM</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Division of Medical Virology</orgName><orgName type="institution">Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine</orgName><orgName type="department">Faculty of Health Sciences</orgName><orgName type="institution">University of Cape Town</orgName><address><addrLine>Observatory</addrLine><addrLine>Cape Town, South Africa</addrLine><country key="ZA" xml:lang="en">SOUTH AFRICA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">AMOD P.</forename><surname>KULKARNI</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Division of Medical Virology</orgName><orgName type="institution">Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine</orgName><orgName type="department">Faculty of Health Sciences</orgName><orgName type="institution">University of Cape Town</orgName><address><addrLine>Observatory</addrLine><addrLine>Cape Town, South Africa</addrLine><country key="ZA" xml:lang="en">SOUTH AFRICA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">GABRIELE</forename><surname>BAUER</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Department of Medical Virology</orgName><address><addrLine>NHLS</addrLine><addrLine>Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa</addrLine><country key="ZA" xml:lang="en">SOUTH AFRICA</country></address></affiliation></author><author 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Goethe‐Universitat</orgName><address><addrLine>Frankfurt am Main</addrLine><addrLine>Germany</addrLine><country key="DE" xml:lang="en">GERMANY</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">WOLFGANG</forename><surname>PREISER</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">Institute of Medical Virology</orgName><orgName type="institution">J.W. 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Chemical analysis showed that it has an acidic pH, nontoxic traces of iron (<10 ppm), and almost undetectable levels of arsenic (<1.0 ppm). The color varies from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown. The active agent is heat stable at least up to sterilizing temperature of 121°C. The crude plant extract is a mixture of several small molecules separable by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The HIV viral loads were significantly reduced over several months in a few patients monitored after treatment with Secomet‐V. Secomet‐V was also found to have antiviral activity against the SARS virus but not against the West Nile virus. Secomet‐V, therefore, is a broad‐spectrum antiviral, which possibly works by neutralizing viral infectivity, resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="k1">anti‐HIV</term><term xml:id="k2">anti‐poxvirus</term><term xml:id="k3">Secomet‐V</term><term xml:id="k4">anti‐SARS</term><term xml:id="k5">broad‐spectrum antiviral</term><term xml:id="k6">acidic plant extract</term><term xml:id="k7">nontoxic</term><term xml:id="k8">enveloped viruses</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Article: Part V. 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Antiviral, Antimicrobial Live Vaccine and Plant Vaccines</title></titleGroup><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2006-01-22"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2006-01-22"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.6 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-04-21"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-19"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-14"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="293">293</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="302">302</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Address for correspondence: Girish J. Kotwal, Division of Medical Virology, IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. Voice: +27‐21‐406‐6676; fax: +27‐21‐406‐6018; E‐mail: <email>gjkotw01@yahoo.com</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:NYAS.NYAS293.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="4"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="9"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="22"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Anti‐HIV, Anti‐Poxvirus, and Anti‐SARS Activity of a Nontoxic, Acidic Plant Extract from the <i>Trifollium</i> Species Secomet‐V/anti‐Vac Suggests That It Contains a Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>GIRISH J.</givenNames><familyName>KOTWAL</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>JENNIFER N.</givenNames><familyName>KACZMAREK</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a4"><personName><givenNames>STEVEN</givenNames><familyName>LEIVERS</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>YOHANNES T.</givenNames><familyName>GHEBREMARIAM</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>AMOD P.</givenNames><familyName>KULKARNI</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr6" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>GABRIELE</givenNames><familyName>BAUER</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr7" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>CORENA</givenNames><familyNamePrefix>DE</familyNamePrefix><familyName>BEER</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr8" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>WOLFGANG</givenNames><familyName>PREISER</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr9" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>ABDU RAHMAN</givenNames><familyName>MOHAMED</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="ZA"><unparsedAffiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="ZA"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Medical Virology, NHLS, Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="DE"><unparsedAffiliation>Institute of Medical Virology, J.W. Goethe‐Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a4" countryCode="ZA"><unparsedAffiliation>Quantum House, Technopark, Stellenbosch, 6090, Uniedal, South Africa</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">anti‐HIV</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">anti‐poxvirus</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">Secomet‐V</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">anti‐SARS</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">broad‐spectrum antiviral</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">acidic plant extract</keyword><keyword xml:id="k7">nontoxic</keyword><keyword xml:id="k8">enveloped viruses</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><p>Enveloped animal viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Marburg, and influenza are major public health concerns around the world. The prohibitive cost of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for most HIV‐infected patients in sub‐Saharan Africa and the serious side effects in those who have access to ARV drugs make a compelling case for the study of complementary and alternative therapies. Such therapies should have scientifically proved antiviral activity and minimal toxic effects. A plant extract, Secomet‐V, with an anecdotal indication in humans for promise as an anti‐HIV treatment, was investigated. Using a previously described attenuated vaccinia virus vGK5, we established the antiviral activity of Secomet‐V. Chemical analysis showed that it has an acidic pH, nontoxic traces of iron (<10 ppm), and almost undetectable levels of arsenic (<1.0 ppm). The color varies from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown. The active agent is heat stable at least up to sterilizing temperature of 121°C. The crude plant extract is a mixture of several small molecules separable by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The HIV viral loads were significantly reduced over several months in a few patients monitored after treatment with Secomet‐V. Secomet‐V was also found to have antiviral activity against the SARS virus but not against the West Nile virus. Secomet‐V, therefore, is a broad‐spectrum antiviral, which possibly works by neutralizing viral infectivity, resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Anti‐HIV, Anti‐Poxvirus, and Anti‐SARS Activity of a Nontoxic, Acidic Plant Extract from the Trifollium Species Secomet‐V/anti‐Vac Suggests That It Contains a Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Anti‐HIV, Anti‐Poxvirus, and Anti‐SARS Activity of a Nontoxic, Acidic Plant Extract from the Trifollium Species Secomet‐V/anti‐Vac Suggests That It Contains a Novel Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GIRISH J.</namePart><namePart type="family">KOTWAL</namePart><affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: gjkotw01@yahoo.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JENNIFER N.</namePart><namePart type="family">KACZMAREK</namePart><affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">STEVEN</namePart><namePart type="family">LEIVERS</namePart><affiliation>Quantum House, Technopark, Stellenbosch, 6090, Uniedal, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">YOHANNES T.</namePart><namePart type="family">GHEBREMARIAM</namePart><affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AMOD P.</namePart><namePart type="family">KULKARNI</namePart><affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GABRIELE</namePart><namePart type="family">BAUER</namePart><affiliation>Department of Medical Virology, NHLS, Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CORENA</namePart><namePart type="family">DE BEER</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Medical Virology, J.W. Goethe‐Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">WOLFGANG</namePart><namePart type="family">PREISER</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Medical Virology, J.W. Goethe‐Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ABDU RAHMAN</namePart><namePart type="family">MOHAMED</namePart><affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2005-11</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">4</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent><extent unit="formulas">0</extent><extent unit="references">9</extent><extent unit="linksCrossRef">22</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Enveloped animal viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Marburg, and influenza are major public health concerns around the world. The prohibitive cost of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for most HIV‐infected patients in sub‐Saharan Africa and the serious side effects in those who have access to ARV drugs make a compelling case for the study of complementary and alternative therapies. Such therapies should have scientifically proved antiviral activity and minimal toxic effects. A plant extract, Secomet‐V, with an anecdotal indication in humans for promise as an anti‐HIV treatment, was investigated. Using a previously described attenuated vaccinia virus vGK5, we established the antiviral activity of Secomet‐V. Chemical analysis showed that it has an acidic pH, nontoxic traces of iron (<10 ppm), and almost undetectable levels of arsenic (<1.0 ppm). The color varies from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown. The active agent is heat stable at least up to sterilizing temperature of 121°C. The crude plant extract is a mixture of several small molecules separable by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The HIV viral loads were significantly reduced over several months in a few patients monitored after treatment with Secomet‐V. Secomet‐V was also found to have antiviral activity against the SARS virus but not against the West Nile virus. Secomet‐V, therefore, is a broad‐spectrum antiviral, which possibly works by neutralizing viral infectivity, resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>anti‐HIV</topic><topic>anti‐poxvirus</topic><topic>Secomet‐V</topic><topic>anti‐SARS</topic><topic>broad‐spectrum antiviral</topic><topic>acidic plant extract</topic><topic>nontoxic</topic><topic>enveloped viruses</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0077-8923</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1749-6632</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">NYAS</identifier><part><date>2005</date><detail type="title"><title>Natural Products and Molecular Therapy</title></detail><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>1056</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>293</start><end>302</end><total>10</total></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="cit1"><titleInfo><title>HIV treatment and eradication in South Africa</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kotwal</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kotwal, G.J. 2004. 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