Advances in the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19.
Identifieur interne : 001499 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 001498; suivant : 001500Advances in the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19.
Auteurs : Jingkang Sun ; Yuting Chen ; Xiude Fan ; Xiaoyun Wang ; Qunying Han ; Zhengwen LiuSource :
- Postgraduate medicine [ 1941-9260 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Betacoronavirus (drug effects), Betacoronavirus (metabolism), COVID-19 (MeSH), Chloroquine (pharmacology), Chloroquine (therapeutic use), Coronavirus 229E, Human (drug effects), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Cytokines (drug effects), Cytokines (metabolism), Glycosylation (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacology), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Immunity, Innate (MeSH), In Vitro Techniques (MeSH), Long QT Syndrome (chemically induced), Lymphocyte Activation (drug effects), MAP Kinase Signaling System (MeSH), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (drug effects), Pandemics (MeSH), Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (drug effects), Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (metabolism), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Reactive Oxygen Species (MeSH), SARS Virus (drug effects), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Signal Transduction (MeSH), T-Lymphocytes (MeSH), Toll-Like Receptors (drug effects), Toll-Like Receptors (metabolism), Treatment Outcome (MeSH), Virus Internalization (drug effects).
- MESH :
- chemical , drug effects : Cytokines, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Toll-Like Receptors.
- chemical , metabolism : Cytokines, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Toll-Like Receptors.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antiviral Agents, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antiviral Agents, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical : Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Reactive Oxygen Species.
- chemically induced : Long QT Syndrome.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus 229E, Human, Lymphocyte Activation, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, SARS Virus, Virus Internalization.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- metabolism : Betacoronavirus.
- COVID-19, Glycosylation, Humans, Immunity, Innate, In Vitro Techniques, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Signal Transduction, T-Lymphocytes, Treatment Outcome.
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading worldwide. Antiviral therapy is the most important treatment for COVID-19. Among the drugs under investigation, anti-malarials, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are being repurposed as treatment for COVID-19. CQ/HCQ were shown to prevent receptor recognition by coronaviruses, inhibit endosome acidification, which interferes with membrane fusion, and exhibit immunomodulatory activity. These multiple mechanisms may work together to exert a therapeutic effect on COVID-19. A number of in vitro studies revealed inhibitory effects of CQ/HCQ on various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 although conflicting results exist. Several clinical studies showed that CQ/HCQ alone or in combination with a macrolide may alleviate the clinical symptoms of COVID-19, promote viral conversion, and delay disease progression, with less serious adverse effects. However, recent studies indicated that the use of CQ/HCQ, alone or in combination with a macrolide, did not show any favorable effect on patients with COVID-19. Adverse effects, including prolonged QT interval after taking CQ/HCQ, may develop in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, current data are not sufficient enough to support the use of CQ/HCQ as therapies for COVID-19 and increasing caution should be taken about the application of CQ/HCQ in COVID-19 before conclusive findings are obtained by well-designed, multi-center, randomized, controlled studies.
DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1778982
PubMed: 32496926
PubMed Central: PMC7441788
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32496926Le document en format XML
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sort="Fan, Xiude" uniqKey="Fan X" first="Xiude" last="Fan">Xiude Fan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xiaoyun" sort="Wang, Xiaoyun" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xiaoyun" last="Wang">Xiaoyun Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Qunying" sort="Han, Qunying" uniqKey="Han Q" first="Qunying" last="Han">Qunying Han</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Zhengwen" sort="Liu, Zhengwen" uniqKey="Liu Z" first="Zhengwen" last="Liu">Zhengwen Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32496926</idno><idno type="pmid">32496926</idno><idno type="doi">10.1080/00325481.2020.1778982</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7441788</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001499</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001499</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Advances in the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19.</title><author><name sortKey="Sun, Jingkang" sort="Sun, Jingkang" uniqKey="Sun J" first="Jingkang" last="Sun">Jingkang Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Xi'an Medical University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yuting" sort="Chen, Yuting" uniqKey="Chen Y" first="Yuting" last="Chen">Yuting Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Xi'an Medical University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, Xiude" sort="Fan, Xiude" uniqKey="Fan X" first="Xiude" last="Fan">Xiude Fan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xiaoyun" sort="Wang, Xiaoyun" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xiaoyun" last="Wang">Xiaoyun Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Qunying" sort="Han, Qunying" uniqKey="Han Q" first="Qunying" last="Han">Qunying Han</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Zhengwen" sort="Liu, Zhengwen" uniqKey="Liu Z" first="Zhengwen" last="Liu">Zhengwen Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Postgraduate medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1941-9260</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (metabolism)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Chloroquine (pharmacology)</term><term>Chloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Coronavirus 229E, Human (drug effects)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Cytokines (drug effects)</term><term>Cytokines (metabolism)</term><term>Glycosylation (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacology)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Immunity, Innate (MeSH)</term><term>In Vitro Techniques (MeSH)</term><term>Long QT Syndrome (chemically induced)</term><term>Lymphocyte Activation (drug effects)</term><term>MAP Kinase Signaling System (MeSH)</term><term>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (drug effects)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (drug effects)</term><term>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (metabolism)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>Reactive Oxygen Species (MeSH)</term><term>SARS Virus (drug effects)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Signal Transduction (MeSH)</term><term>T-Lymphocytes (MeSH)</term><term>Toll-Like Receptors (drug effects)</term><term>Toll-Like Receptors (metabolism)</term><term>Treatment Outcome (MeSH)</term><term>Virus Internalization (drug effects)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Cytokines</term><term>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</term><term>Toll-Like Receptors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Cytokines</term><term>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</term><term>Toll-Like Receptors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2</term><term>Reactive Oxygen Species</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemically induced" xml:lang="en"><term>Long QT Syndrome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Coronavirus 229E, Human</term><term>Lymphocyte Activation</term><term>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</term><term>SARS Virus</term><term>Virus Internalization</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term><term>Glycosylation</term><term>Humans</term><term>Immunity, Innate</term><term>In Vitro Techniques</term><term>MAP Kinase Signaling System</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Signal Transduction</term><term>T-Lymphocytes</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading worldwide. Antiviral therapy is the most important treatment for COVID-19. Among the drugs under investigation, anti-malarials, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are being repurposed as treatment for COVID-19. CQ/HCQ were shown to prevent receptor recognition by coronaviruses, inhibit endosome acidification, which interferes with membrane fusion, and exhibit immunomodulatory activity. These multiple mechanisms may work together to exert a therapeutic effect on COVID-19. A number of <i>in vitro</i> studies revealed inhibitory effects of CQ/HCQ on various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 although conflicting results exist. Several clinical studies showed that CQ/HCQ alone or in combination with a macrolide may alleviate the clinical symptoms of COVID-19, promote viral conversion, and delay disease progression, with less serious adverse effects. However, recent studies indicated that the use of CQ/HCQ, alone or in combination with a macrolide, did not show any favorable effect on patients with COVID-19. Adverse effects, including prolonged QT interval after taking CQ/HCQ, may develop in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, current data are not sufficient enough to support the use of CQ/HCQ as therapies for COVID-19 and increasing caution should be taken about the application of CQ/HCQ in COVID-19 before conclusive findings are obtained by well-designed, multi-center, randomized, controlled studies.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32496926</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>07</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1941-9260</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>132</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Sep</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Postgraduate medicine</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Postgrad Med</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Advances in the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>604-613</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1080/00325481.2020.1778982</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading worldwide. Antiviral therapy is the most important treatment for COVID-19. Among the drugs under investigation, anti-malarials, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are being repurposed as treatment for COVID-19. CQ/HCQ were shown to prevent receptor recognition by coronaviruses, inhibit endosome acidification, which interferes with membrane fusion, and exhibit immunomodulatory activity. These multiple mechanisms may work together to exert a therapeutic effect on COVID-19. A number of <i>in vitro</i> studies revealed inhibitory effects of CQ/HCQ on various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 although conflicting results exist. Several clinical studies showed that CQ/HCQ alone or in combination with a macrolide may alleviate the clinical symptoms of COVID-19, promote viral conversion, and delay disease progression, with less serious adverse effects. However, recent studies indicated that the use of CQ/HCQ, alone or in combination with a macrolide, did not show any favorable effect on patients with COVID-19. Adverse effects, including prolonged QT interval after taking CQ/HCQ, may develop in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, current data are not sufficient enough to support the use of CQ/HCQ as therapies for COVID-19 and increasing caution should be taken about the application of CQ/HCQ in COVID-19 before conclusive findings are obtained by well-designed, multi-center, randomized, controlled studies.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sun</LastName><ForeName>JingKang</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-1527</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Xi'an Medical University , Xi'an, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>YuTing</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0448-4711</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Xi'an Medical University , Xi'an, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fan</LastName><ForeName>XiuDe</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>XiaoYun</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Han</LastName><ForeName>QunYing</ForeName><Initials>Q</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>ZhengWen</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>21</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Postgrad Med</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0401147</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0032-5481</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D016207">Cytokines</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D017382">Reactive Oxygen Species</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D051193">Toll-Like Receptors</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>886U3H6UFF</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002738">Chloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.4.15.1</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007703">Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.4.17.23</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C000705307">ACE2 protein, human</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.4.17.23</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000085962">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000085962" MajorTopicYN="N">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002738" MajorTopicYN="N">Chloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D028941" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus 229E, Human</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016207" MajorTopicYN="N">Cytokines</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006031" MajorTopicYN="N">Glycosylation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007113" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunity, Innate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D066298" MajorTopicYN="N">In Vitro Techniques</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008133" MajorTopicYN="N">Long QT Syndrome</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000139" MajorTopicYN="N">chemically induced</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008213" MajorTopicYN="N">Lymphocyte Activation</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020935" MajorTopicYN="N">MAP Kinase Signaling System</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D065207" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007703" MajorTopicYN="N">Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017382" MajorTopicYN="N">Reactive Oxygen Species</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D045473" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS Virus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015398" MajorTopicYN="N">Signal Transduction</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013601" MajorTopicYN="N">T-Lymphocytes</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D051193" MajorTopicYN="N">Toll-Like Receptors</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053586" MajorTopicYN="N">Virus Internalization</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">antiviral</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">chloroquine</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">hydroxychloroquine</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">sars-CoV-2</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32496926</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1080/00325481.2020.1778982</ArticleId><ArticleId 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