Insights into antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine affecting the new SARS-CoV-2.
Identifieur interne : 000D50 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000D49; suivant : 000D51Insights into antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine affecting the new SARS-CoV-2.
Auteurs : Katya Uzunova ; Elena Filipova ; Velichka Pavlova ; Toni VekovSource :
- Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie [ 1950-6007 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adenosine Monophosphate (analogs & derivatives), Adenosine Monophosphate (pharmacology), Alanine (analogs & derivatives), Alanine (pharmacology), Animals (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Betacoronavirus (drug effects), Betacoronavirus (isolation & purification), COVID-19 (MeSH), Chloroquine (pharmacology), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Drug Combinations (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacology), Lopinavir (pharmacology), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (virology), Ritonavir (pharmacology), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , analogs & derivatives : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine.
- chemical , pharmacology : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine, Antiviral Agents, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir, Ritonavir.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- isolation & purification : Betacoronavirus.
- virology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Animals, COVID-19, Drug Combinations, Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia with an unusual outbreak in Wuhan, China, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is currently no licensed antiviral treatment available to prevent human CoV infection. The widespread clinical use and existing knowledge on antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of previous epidemic diseases, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), may be helpful in the combat with novel SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recent clinical evidence didn't confirm the beneficial role of lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 patients and their use was reassessed. We provide an overview of the current evidence into the mechanisms of action of these available drugs which are repurposed for treatment of the new virus. Available data identifies remdesivir as an adenosine analogue that can target the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and block viral RNA synthesis. It has been a promising antiviral drug against a wide array of RNA viruses. 3CLpro is a major CoV protease that cleaves the large replicase polyproteins during viral replication and can be targeted by the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir but the clinical effects are controversial. Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine could impair the replication of SARSCoV-2 by multiple mechanisms and their immunomodulatory properties could ameliorate clinical manifestations that are mediated by immune reactions of the host although its beneficial effects are under question and need to be proven at the clinical level. Existing in vitro and in vivo evidence delineate the molecular mechanisms of these drugs in CoV-infected cells. Numerous studies demonstrated the ability of remdesivir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication but future research would be needed to understand the exact mode of action of lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and to use this knowledge in the treatment of the current COVID-19.
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110668
PubMed: 32861965
PubMed Central: PMC7444940
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32861965Le document en format XML
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Electronic address: k.uzunova.hq@tchaikapharma.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filipova, Elena" sort="Filipova, Elena" uniqKey="Filipova E" first="Elena" last="Filipova">Elena Filipova</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tchaikapharma High Quality Medicines Inc., Science Department, 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172, Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: e.filipova.hq@tchaikapharma.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavlova, Velichka" sort="Pavlova, Velichka" uniqKey="Pavlova V" first="Velichka" last="Pavlova">Velichka Pavlova</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tchaikapharma High Quality Medicines Inc., Science Department, 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172, Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: v.pavlova.hq@tchaikapharma.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vekov, Toni" sort="Vekov, Toni" uniqKey="Vekov T" first="Toni" last="Vekov">Toni Vekov</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical University, Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy, 1 Sv. Kliment Ohriski Str., 5800, Pleven, Bulgaria. Electronic address: t.vekov.mu.pleven@abv.bg.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie</title><idno type="eISSN">1950-6007</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate (analogs & derivatives)</term><term>Adenosine Monophosphate (pharmacology)</term><term>Alanine (analogs & derivatives)</term><term>Alanine (pharmacology)</term><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (isolation & purification)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Chloroquine (pharmacology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term><term>Drug Combinations (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacology)</term><term>Lopinavir (pharmacology)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (virology)</term><term>Ritonavir (pharmacology)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analogs & derivatives" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate</term><term>Alanine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate</term><term>Alanine</term><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Drug Combinations</term><term>Humans</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia with an unusual outbreak in Wuhan, China, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is currently no licensed antiviral treatment available to prevent human CoV infection. The widespread clinical use and existing knowledge on antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of previous epidemic diseases, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), may be helpful in the combat with novel SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recent clinical evidence didn't confirm the beneficial role of lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 patients and their use was reassessed. We provide an overview of the current evidence into the mechanisms of action of these available drugs which are repurposed for treatment of the new virus. Available data identifies remdesivir as an adenosine analogue that can target the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and block viral RNA synthesis. It has been a promising antiviral drug against a wide array of RNA viruses. 3CLpro is a major CoV protease that cleaves the large replicase polyproteins during viral replication and can be targeted by the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir but the clinical effects are controversial. Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine could impair the replication of SARSCoV-2 by multiple mechanisms and their immunomodulatory properties could ameliorate clinical manifestations that are mediated by immune reactions of the host although its beneficial effects are under question and need to be proven at the clinical level. Existing in vitro and in vivo evidence delineate the molecular mechanisms of these drugs in CoV-infected cells. Numerous studies demonstrated the ability of remdesivir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication but future research would be needed to understand the exact mode of action of lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and to use this knowledge in the treatment of the current COVID-19.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32861965</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>09</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1950-6007</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>131</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Nov</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Biomed Pharmacother</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Insights into antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine affecting the new SARS-CoV-2.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>110668</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0753-3322(20)30861-1</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110668</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia with an unusual outbreak in Wuhan, China, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is currently no licensed antiviral treatment available to prevent human CoV infection. The widespread clinical use and existing knowledge on antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of previous epidemic diseases, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), may be helpful in the combat with novel SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recent clinical evidence didn't confirm the beneficial role of lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 patients and their use was reassessed. We provide an overview of the current evidence into the mechanisms of action of these available drugs which are repurposed for treatment of the new virus. Available data identifies remdesivir as an adenosine analogue that can target the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and block viral RNA synthesis. It has been a promising antiviral drug against a wide array of RNA viruses. 3CLpro is a major CoV protease that cleaves the large replicase polyproteins during viral replication and can be targeted by the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir but the clinical effects are controversial. Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine could impair the replication of SARSCoV-2 by multiple mechanisms and their immunomodulatory properties could ameliorate clinical manifestations that are mediated by immune reactions of the host although its beneficial effects are under question and need to be proven at the clinical level. Existing in vitro and in vivo evidence delineate the molecular mechanisms of these drugs in CoV-infected cells. Numerous studies demonstrated the ability of remdesivir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication but future research would be needed to understand the exact mode of action of lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and to use this knowledge in the treatment of the current COVID-19.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Uzunova</LastName><ForeName>Katya</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tchaikapharma High Quality Medicines Inc., Science Department, 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172, Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: k.uzunova.hq@tchaikapharma.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Filipova</LastName><ForeName>Elena</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tchaikapharma High Quality Medicines Inc., Science Department, 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172, Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: e.filipova.hq@tchaikapharma.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pavlova</LastName><ForeName>Velichka</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tchaikapharma High Quality Medicines Inc., Science Department, 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172, Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: v.pavlova.hq@tchaikapharma.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vekov</LastName><ForeName>Toni</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical University, Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy, 1 Sv. Kliment Ohriski Str., 5800, Pleven, Bulgaria. Electronic address: t.vekov.mu.pleven@abv.bg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>24</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>France</Country><MedlineTA>Biomed Pharmacother</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8213295</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0753-3322</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D004338">Drug Combinations</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C558899">lopinavir-ritonavir drug combination</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>2494G1JF75</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D061466">Lopinavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3QKI37EEHE</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C000606551">remdesivir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>415SHH325A</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000249">Adenosine Monophosphate</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>886U3H6UFF</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002738">Chloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>O3J8G9O825</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019438">Ritonavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>OF5P57N2ZX</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000409">Alanine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000249" MajorTopicYN="N">Adenosine Monophosphate</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000031" MajorTopicYN="N">analogs & derivatives</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000409" MajorTopicYN="N">Alanine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000031" MajorTopicYN="N">analogs & derivatives</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002738" MajorTopicYN="N">Chloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004338" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Combinations</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D061466" MajorTopicYN="N">Lopinavir</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019438" MajorTopicYN="N">Ritonavir</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword 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