Interferon β-1b in treatment of severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial.
Identifieur interne : 000D49 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000D48; suivant : 000D50Interferon β-1b in treatment of severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial.
Auteurs : Hamid Rahmani ; Effat Davoudi-Monfared ; Anahid Nourian ; Hossein Khalili ; Nooshin Hajizadeh ; Narjes Zarei Jalalabadi ; Mohammad Reza Fazeli ; Monireh Ghazaeian ; Mir Saeed YekaninejadSource :
- International immunopharmacology [ 1878-1705 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage), Antiviral Agents (adverse effects), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (immunology), Drug Administration Schedule (MeSH), Drug Therapy, Combination (MeSH), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Injections, Subcutaneous (MeSH), Interferon beta-1b (administration & dosage), Interferon beta-1b (adverse effects), Interferon beta-1b (therapeutic use), Kaplan-Meier Estimate (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Methylprednisolone (administration & dosage), Methylprednisolone (therapeutic use), Middle Aged (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (immunology), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Severity of Illness Index (MeSH), Treatment Outcome (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Antiviral Agents, Interferon beta-1b, Methylprednisolone.
- chemical , adverse effects : Antiviral Agents, Interferon beta-1b.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antiviral Agents, Interferon beta-1b, Methylprednisolone.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- immunology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Aged, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Drug Administration Schedule, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Injections, Subcutaneous, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome.
Abstract
In this study, efficacy and safety of interferon (IFN) β-1b in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 were evaluated. Among an open-label, randomized clinical trial, adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe COVID-19 were randomly assigned (1:1) to the IFN group or the control group. Patients in the IFN group received IFN β-1b (250 mcg subcutaneously every other day for two consecutive weeks) along with the national protocol medications while in the control group, patients received only the national protocol medications (lopinavir/ritonavir or atazanavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine for 7-10 days). The primary outcome of the study was time to clinical improvement. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital complications and 28-daymortality. Between April 20 and May 20, 2020, 80 patients were enrolled and finally 33 patients in each group completed the study. Time to clinical improvment in the IFN group was significantly shorter than the control group ([9(6-10) vs. 11(9-15) days respectively, p = 0.002, HR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.33-3.39]). At day 14, the percentage of discharged patients was 78.79% and 54.55% in the IFN and control groups respectively (OR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.05-9.11, p = 0.03). ICU admission rate in the control group was significantly higher than the IFN group (66.66% vs. 42.42%, p = 0.04). The duration of hospitalization and ICU stay were not significantly different between the groups All-cause 28-day mortality was 6.06% and 18.18% in the IFN and control groups respectively (p = 0.12). IFN β-1b was effective in shortening the time to clinical improvement without serious adverse events in patients with severe COVID-19. Furthermore, admission in ICU and need for invasive mechanical ventilation decreased following administration of IFN β-1b. Although 28-day mortality was lower in the IFN group, further randomized clinical trials with large sample size are needed for exact estimation of survival benefit of IFN β-1b.
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106903
PubMed: 32862111
PubMed Central: PMC7445008
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32862111Le document en format XML
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Electronic address: khalilih@tums.ac.ir.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajizadeh, Nooshin" sort="Hajizadeh, Nooshin" uniqKey="Hajizadeh N" first="Nooshin" last="Hajizadeh">Nooshin Hajizadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Shohadaye Gomnam Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jalalabadi, Narjes Zarei" sort="Jalalabadi, Narjes Zarei" uniqKey="Jalalabadi N" first="Narjes Zarei" last="Jalalabadi">Narjes Zarei Jalalabadi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fazeli, Mohammad Reza" sort="Fazeli, Mohammad Reza" uniqKey="Fazeli M" first="Mohammad Reza" last="Fazeli">Mohammad Reza Fazeli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghazaeian, Monireh" sort="Ghazaeian, Monireh" uniqKey="Ghazaeian M" first="Monireh" last="Ghazaeian">Monireh Ghazaeian</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran Univesity of Medical Sciences, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yekaninejad, Mir Saeed" sort="Yekaninejad, Mir Saeed" uniqKey="Yekaninejad M" first="Mir Saeed" last="Yekaninejad">Mir Saeed Yekaninejad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32862111</idno><idno type="pmid">32862111</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106903</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7445008</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000D49</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000D49</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Interferon β-1b in treatment of severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial.</title><author><name sortKey="Rahmani, Hamid" sort="Rahmani, Hamid" uniqKey="Rahmani H" first="Hamid" last="Rahmani">Hamid Rahmani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacotherapy, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davoudi Monfared, Effat" sort="Davoudi Monfared, Effat" uniqKey="Davoudi Monfared E" first="Effat" last="Davoudi-Monfared">Effat Davoudi-Monfared</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacotherapy, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nourian, Anahid" sort="Nourian, Anahid" uniqKey="Nourian A" first="Anahid" last="Nourian">Anahid Nourian</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacotherapy, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalili, Hossein" sort="Khalili, Hossein" uniqKey="Khalili H" first="Hossein" last="Khalili">Hossein Khalili</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacotherapy, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: khalilih@tums.ac.ir.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajizadeh, Nooshin" sort="Hajizadeh, Nooshin" uniqKey="Hajizadeh N" first="Nooshin" last="Hajizadeh">Nooshin Hajizadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Shohadaye Gomnam Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jalalabadi, Narjes Zarei" sort="Jalalabadi, Narjes Zarei" uniqKey="Jalalabadi N" first="Narjes Zarei" last="Jalalabadi">Narjes Zarei Jalalabadi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fazeli, Mohammad Reza" sort="Fazeli, Mohammad Reza" uniqKey="Fazeli M" first="Mohammad Reza" last="Fazeli">Mohammad Reza Fazeli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghazaeian, Monireh" sort="Ghazaeian, Monireh" uniqKey="Ghazaeian M" first="Monireh" last="Ghazaeian">Monireh Ghazaeian</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran Univesity of Medical Sciences, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yekaninejad, Mir Saeed" sort="Yekaninejad, Mir Saeed" uniqKey="Yekaninejad M" first="Mir Saeed" last="Yekaninejad">Mir Saeed Yekaninejad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International immunopharmacology</title><idno type="eISSN">1878-1705</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (adverse effects)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (immunology)</term><term>Drug Administration Schedule (MeSH)</term><term>Drug Therapy, Combination (MeSH)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Injections, Subcutaneous (MeSH)</term><term>Interferon beta-1b (administration & dosage)</term><term>Interferon beta-1b (adverse effects)</term><term>Interferon beta-1b (therapeutic use)</term><term>Kaplan-Meier Estimate (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Methylprednisolone (administration & dosage)</term><term>Methylprednisolone (therapeutic use)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (immunology)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Severity of Illness Index (MeSH)</term><term>Treatment Outcome (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Interferon beta-1b</term><term>Methylprednisolone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Interferon beta-1b</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Interferon beta-1b</term><term>Methylprednisolone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Drug Administration Schedule</term><term>Drug Therapy, Combination</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Injections, Subcutaneous</term><term>Kaplan-Meier Estimate</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Severity of Illness Index</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In this study, efficacy and safety of interferon (IFN) β-1b in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 were evaluated. Among an open-label, randomized clinical trial, adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe COVID-19 were randomly assigned (1:1) to the IFN group or the control group. Patients in the IFN group received IFN β-1b (250 mcg subcutaneously every other day for two consecutive weeks) along with the national protocol medications while in the control group, patients received only the national protocol medications (lopinavir/ritonavir or atazanavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine for 7-10 days). The primary outcome of the study was time to clinical improvement. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital complications and 28-daymortality. Between April 20 and May 20, 2020, 80 patients were enrolled and finally 33 patients in each group completed the study. Time to clinical improvment in the IFN group was significantly shorter than the control group ([9(6-10) vs. 11(9-15) days respectively, p = 0.002, HR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.33-3.39]). At day 14, the percentage of discharged patients was 78.79% and 54.55% in the IFN and control groups respectively (OR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.05-9.11, p = 0.03). ICU admission rate in the control group was significantly higher than the IFN group (66.66% vs. 42.42%, p = 0.04). The duration of hospitalization and ICU stay were not significantly different between the groups All-cause 28-day mortality was 6.06% and 18.18% in the IFN and control groups respectively (p = 0.12). IFN β-1b was effective in shortening the time to clinical improvement without serious adverse events in patients with severe COVID-19. Furthermore, admission in ICU and need for invasive mechanical ventilation decreased following administration of IFN β-1b. Although 28-day mortality was lower in the IFN group, further randomized clinical trials with large sample size are needed for exact estimation of survival benefit of IFN β-1b.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32862111</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>23</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1878-1705</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>88</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Nov</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>International immunopharmacology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Int Immunopharmacol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Interferon β-1b in treatment of severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>106903</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1567-5769(20)32330-4</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106903</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>In this study, efficacy and safety of interferon (IFN) β-1b in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 were evaluated. Among an open-label, randomized clinical trial, adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe COVID-19 were randomly assigned (1:1) to the IFN group or the control group. Patients in the IFN group received IFN β-1b (250 mcg subcutaneously every other day for two consecutive weeks) along with the national protocol medications while in the control group, patients received only the national protocol medications (lopinavir/ritonavir or atazanavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine for 7-10 days). The primary outcome of the study was time to clinical improvement. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital complications and 28-daymortality. Between April 20 and May 20, 2020, 80 patients were enrolled and finally 33 patients in each group completed the study. Time to clinical improvment in the IFN group was significantly shorter than the control group ([9(6-10) vs. 11(9-15) days respectively, p = 0.002, HR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.33-3.39]). At day 14, the percentage of discharged patients was 78.79% and 54.55% in the IFN and control groups respectively (OR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.05-9.11, p = 0.03). ICU admission rate in the control group was significantly higher than the IFN group (66.66% vs. 42.42%, p = 0.04). The duration of hospitalization and ICU stay were not significantly different between the groups All-cause 28-day mortality was 6.06% and 18.18% in the IFN and control groups respectively (p = 0.12). IFN β-1b was effective in shortening the time to clinical improvement without serious adverse events in patients with severe COVID-19. Furthermore, admission in ICU and need for invasive mechanical ventilation decreased following administration of IFN β-1b. Although 28-day mortality was lower in the IFN group, further randomized clinical trials with large sample size are needed for exact estimation of survival benefit of IFN β-1b.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rahmani</LastName><ForeName>Hamid</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacotherapy, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Davoudi-Monfared</LastName><ForeName>Effat</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacotherapy, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nourian</LastName><ForeName>Anahid</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacotherapy, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khalili</LastName><ForeName>Hossein</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacotherapy, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: khalilih@tums.ac.ir.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hajizadeh</LastName><ForeName>Nooshin</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Shohadaye Gomnam Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jalalabadi</LastName><ForeName>Narjes Zarei</ForeName><Initials>NZ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fazeli</LastName><ForeName>Mohammad Reza</ForeName><Initials>MR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ghazaeian</LastName><ForeName>Monireh</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran Univesity of Medical Sciences, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yekaninejad</LastName><ForeName>Mir Saeed</ForeName><Initials>MS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016449">Randomized Controlled Trial</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>24</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Int Immunopharmacol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100965259</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1567-5769</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>145155-23-3</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000068576">Interferon beta-1b</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>X4W7ZR7023</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008775">Methylprednisolone</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="N">administration & dosage</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004334" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Administration Schedule</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004359" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Therapy, Combination</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007279" MajorTopicYN="N">Injections, Subcutaneous</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000068576" MajorTopicYN="N">Interferon beta-1b</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="N">administration & dosage</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053208" MajorTopicYN="N">Kaplan-Meier Estimate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008775" MajorTopicYN="N">Methylprednisolone</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="N">administration & dosage</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012720" MajorTopicYN="N">Severity of Illness Index</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Interferon β</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Iran</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-COV-2</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>09</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>31</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>31</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32862111</ArticleId><ArticleId 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