COVID-19 Outcomes Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case-control Study.
Identifieur interne : 000C83 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000C82; suivant : 000C84COVID-19 Outcomes Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case-control Study.
Auteurs : Pratima Sharma ; Vincent Chen ; Christopher M. Fung ; Jonathan P. Troost ; Vaiibhav N. Patel ; Michael Combs ; Silas Norman ; Puneet Garg ; Monica Colvin ; Keith Aaronson ; Christopher J. Sonnenday ; Jonathan L. Golob ; Emily C. Somers ; Mona M. DoshiSource :
- Transplantation [ 1534-6080 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged (MeSH), COVID-19 (drug therapy), COVID-19 (mortality), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Organ Transplantation (mortality), Renal Replacement Therapy (MeSH), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Transplant Recipients (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Hydroxychloroquine.
- drug therapy : COVID-19.
- mortality : COVID-19, Organ Transplantation.
- Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Renal Replacement Therapy, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, Transplant Recipients.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are considered to be "vulnerable" to COVID-19 infection due to immunosuppression. To date, there are no studies that compared the disease severity of COVID-19 in SOT recipients with nontransplant patients.
METHODS
In this case-control study, we compared the outcomes of COVID-19 between SOT recipients and their matched nontransplant controls. The cases were all adult SOT recipients (N = 41) from our academic health center who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 10, 2020 and May 15, 2020 using positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV2. The controls (N = 121) were matched on age (±5 y), race, and admission status (hospital or outpatient). The primary outcome was death and secondary outcomes were severe disease, intubation and renal replacement therapy (RRT).
RESULTS
Median age of SOT recipients (9 heart, 3 lung, 16 kidney, 8 liver, and 5 dual organ) was 60 y, 80% were male and 67% were Black. Severe disease adjusted risk of death was similar in both the groups (hazard ratio = 0.84 [0.32-2.20]). Severity of COVID-19 and intubation were similar, but the RRT use was higher in SOT (odds ratio = 5.32 [1.26, 22.42]) compared to non-SOT COVID-19 patients. Among SOT recipients, COVID-19-related treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was associated with 10-fold higher hazard of death compared to without HCQ (hazard ratio = 10.62 [1.24-91.09]).
CONCLUSIONS
Although African Americans constituted one-tenth of all SOT in our center, they represented two-thirds of COVID-19 cases. Despite high RRT use in SOT recipients, the severe disease and short-term death were similar in both groups. HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19 among SOT recipients was associated with high mortality and therefore, its role as a treatment modality requires further scrutiny.
DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003447
PubMed: 32890139
PubMed Central: PMC7853506
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32890139Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">COVID-19 Outcomes Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case-control Study.</title><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Pratima" sort="Sharma, Pratima" uniqKey="Sharma P" first="Pratima" last="Sharma">Pratima Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Vincent" sort="Chen, Vincent" uniqKey="Chen V" first="Vincent" last="Chen">Vincent Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fung, Christopher M" sort="Fung, Christopher M" uniqKey="Fung C" first="Christopher M" last="Fung">Christopher M. Fung</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Troost, Jonathan P" sort="Troost, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Troost J" first="Jonathan P" last="Troost">Jonathan P. Troost</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Vaiibhav N" sort="Patel, Vaiibhav N" uniqKey="Patel V" first="Vaiibhav N" last="Patel">Vaiibhav N. Patel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Combs, Michael" sort="Combs, Michael" uniqKey="Combs M" first="Michael" last="Combs">Michael Combs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norman, Silas" sort="Norman, Silas" uniqKey="Norman S" first="Silas" last="Norman">Silas Norman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, Puneet" sort="Garg, Puneet" uniqKey="Garg P" first="Puneet" last="Garg">Puneet Garg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Colvin, Monica" sort="Colvin, Monica" uniqKey="Colvin M" first="Monica" last="Colvin">Monica Colvin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aaronson, Keith" sort="Aaronson, Keith" uniqKey="Aaronson K" first="Keith" last="Aaronson">Keith Aaronson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonnenday, Christopher J" sort="Sonnenday, Christopher J" uniqKey="Sonnenday C" first="Christopher J" last="Sonnenday">Christopher J. Sonnenday</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Surgery, School of Public Health, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golob, Jonathan L" sort="Golob, Jonathan L" uniqKey="Golob J" first="Jonathan L" last="Golob">Jonathan L. Golob</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somers, Emily C" sort="Somers, Emily C" uniqKey="Somers E" first="Emily C" last="Somers">Emily C. Somers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doshi, Mona M" sort="Doshi, Mona M" uniqKey="Doshi M" first="Mona M" last="Doshi">Mona M. Doshi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32890139</idno><idno type="pmid">32890139</idno><idno type="doi">10.1097/TP.0000000000003447</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7853506</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000C83</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000C83</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">COVID-19 Outcomes Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case-control Study.</title><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Pratima" sort="Sharma, Pratima" uniqKey="Sharma P" first="Pratima" last="Sharma">Pratima Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Vincent" sort="Chen, Vincent" uniqKey="Chen V" first="Vincent" last="Chen">Vincent Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fung, Christopher M" sort="Fung, Christopher M" uniqKey="Fung C" first="Christopher M" last="Fung">Christopher M. Fung</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Troost, Jonathan P" sort="Troost, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Troost J" first="Jonathan P" last="Troost">Jonathan P. Troost</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Vaiibhav N" sort="Patel, Vaiibhav N" uniqKey="Patel V" first="Vaiibhav N" last="Patel">Vaiibhav N. Patel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Combs, Michael" sort="Combs, Michael" uniqKey="Combs M" first="Michael" last="Combs">Michael Combs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norman, Silas" sort="Norman, Silas" uniqKey="Norman S" first="Silas" last="Norman">Silas Norman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, Puneet" sort="Garg, Puneet" uniqKey="Garg P" first="Puneet" last="Garg">Puneet Garg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Colvin, Monica" sort="Colvin, Monica" uniqKey="Colvin M" first="Monica" last="Colvin">Monica Colvin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aaronson, Keith" sort="Aaronson, Keith" uniqKey="Aaronson K" first="Keith" last="Aaronson">Keith Aaronson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonnenday, Christopher J" sort="Sonnenday, Christopher J" uniqKey="Sonnenday C" first="Christopher J" last="Sonnenday">Christopher J. Sonnenday</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Surgery, School of Public Health, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golob, Jonathan L" sort="Golob, Jonathan L" uniqKey="Golob J" first="Jonathan L" last="Golob">Jonathan L. Golob</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somers, Emily C" sort="Somers, Emily C" uniqKey="Somers E" first="Emily C" last="Somers">Emily C. Somers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doshi, Mona M" sort="Doshi, Mona M" uniqKey="Doshi M" first="Mona M" last="Doshi">Mona M. Doshi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Transplantation</title><idno type="eISSN">1534-6080</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (drug therapy)</term><term>COVID-19 (mortality)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Organ Transplantation (mortality)</term><term>Renal Replacement Therapy (MeSH)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Transplant Recipients (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term><term>Organ Transplantation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Renal Replacement Therapy</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Transplant Recipients</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are considered to be "vulnerable" to COVID-19 infection due to immunosuppression. To date, there are no studies that compared the disease severity of COVID-19 in SOT recipients with nontransplant patients.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>In this case-control study, we compared the outcomes of COVID-19 between SOT recipients and their matched nontransplant controls. The cases were all adult SOT recipients (N = 41) from our academic health center who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 10, 2020 and May 15, 2020 using positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV2. The controls (N = 121) were matched on age (±5 y), race, and admission status (hospital or outpatient). The primary outcome was death and secondary outcomes were severe disease, intubation and renal replacement therapy (RRT).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Median age of SOT recipients (9 heart, 3 lung, 16 kidney, 8 liver, and 5 dual organ) was 60 y, 80% were male and 67% were Black. Severe disease adjusted risk of death was similar in both the groups (hazard ratio = 0.84 [0.32-2.20]). Severity of COVID-19 and intubation were similar, but the RRT use was higher in SOT (odds ratio = 5.32 [1.26, 22.42]) compared to non-SOT COVID-19 patients. Among SOT recipients, COVID-19-related treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was associated with 10-fold higher hazard of death compared to without HCQ (hazard ratio = 10.62 [1.24-91.09]).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Although African Americans constituted one-tenth of all SOT in our center, they represented two-thirds of COVID-19 cases. Despite high RRT use in SOT recipients, the severe disease and short-term death were similar in both groups. HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19 among SOT recipients was associated with high mortality and therefore, its role as a treatment modality requires further scrutiny.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32890139</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>06</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>06</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1534-6080</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>105</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Transplantation</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Transplantation</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>COVID-19 Outcomes Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case-control Study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>128-137</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1097/TP.0000000000003447</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are considered to be "vulnerable" to COVID-19 infection due to immunosuppression. To date, there are no studies that compared the disease severity of COVID-19 in SOT recipients with nontransplant patients.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">In this case-control study, we compared the outcomes of COVID-19 between SOT recipients and their matched nontransplant controls. The cases were all adult SOT recipients (N = 41) from our academic health center who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 10, 2020 and May 15, 2020 using positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV2. The controls (N = 121) were matched on age (±5 y), race, and admission status (hospital or outpatient). The primary outcome was death and secondary outcomes were severe disease, intubation and renal replacement therapy (RRT).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">Median age of SOT recipients (9 heart, 3 lung, 16 kidney, 8 liver, and 5 dual organ) was 60 y, 80% were male and 67% were Black. Severe disease adjusted risk of death was similar in both the groups (hazard ratio = 0.84 [0.32-2.20]). Severity of COVID-19 and intubation were similar, but the RRT use was higher in SOT (odds ratio = 5.32 [1.26, 22.42]) compared to non-SOT COVID-19 patients. Among SOT recipients, COVID-19-related treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was associated with 10-fold higher hazard of death compared to without HCQ (hazard ratio = 10.62 [1.24-91.09]).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">Although African Americans constituted one-tenth of all SOT in our center, they represented two-thirds of COVID-19 cases. Despite high RRT use in SOT recipients, the severe disease and short-term death were similar in both groups. HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19 among SOT recipients was associated with high mortality and therefore, its role as a treatment modality requires further scrutiny.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sharma</LastName><ForeName>Pratima</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Vincent</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fung</LastName><ForeName>Christopher M</ForeName><Initials>CM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Troost</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan P</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Patel</LastName><ForeName>Vaiibhav N</ForeName><Initials>VN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Combs</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Norman</LastName><ForeName>Silas</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Garg</LastName><ForeName>Puneet</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Colvin</LastName><ForeName>Monica</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aaronson</LastName><ForeName>Keith</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sonnenday</LastName><ForeName>Christopher J</ForeName><Initials>CJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, School of Public Health, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Golob</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan L</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Somers</LastName><ForeName>Emily C</ForeName><Initials>EC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Doshi</LastName><ForeName>Mona M</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>T32 HL007749</GrantID><Acronym>HL</Acronym><Agency>NHLBI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>KL2 TR002241</GrantID><Acronym>TR</Acronym><Agency>NCATS NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01IP000974</GrantID><Acronym>ACL</Acronym><Agency>ACL HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>K12 HL133304</GrantID><Acronym>HL</Acronym><Agency>NHLBI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>UL1 TR002240</GrantID><Acronym>TR</Acronym><Agency>NCATS NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01 IP000974</GrantID><Acronym>IP</Acronym><Agency>NCIRD CDC HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Transplantation</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0132144</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0041-1337</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="Y">mortality</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016377" MajorTopicYN="N">Organ Transplantation</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="Y">mortality</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017582" MajorTopicYN="N">Renal Replacement Therapy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D066027" MajorTopicYN="N">Transplant Recipients</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pmc-release"><Year>2022</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>17</Hour><Minute>6</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32890139</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">00007890-202101000-00022</ArticleId><ArticleId 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