Antimalarial drugs inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2: An in vitro evaluation.
Identifieur interne : 000C42 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000C41; suivant : 000C43Antimalarial drugs inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2: An in vitro evaluation.
Auteurs : Mathieu Gendrot ; Julien Andreani ; Manon Boxberger ; Priscilla Jardot ; Isabelle Fonta ; Marion Le Bideau ; Isabelle Duflot ; Joel Mosnier ; Clara Rolland ; Hervé Bogreau ; Sébastien Hutter ; Bernard La Scola ; Bruno PradinesSource :
- Travel medicine and infectious disease [ 1873-0442 ]
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , pharmacology : Antimalarials.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus, Cell Survival, Virus Replication.
- Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, SARS-CoV-2, Vero Cells.
Abstract
In December 2019, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. African countries see slower dynamic of COVID-19 cases and deaths. One of the assumptions that may explain this later emergence in Africa, and more particularly in malaria endemic areas, would be the use of antimalarial drugs. We investigated the in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 of several antimalarial drugs. Chloroquine (EC50 = 2.1 μM and EC90 = 3.8 μM), hydroxychloroquine (EC50 = 1.5 μM and EC90 = 3.0 μM), ferroquine (EC50 = 1.5 μM and EC90 = 2.4 μM), desethylamodiaquine (EC50 = 0.52 μM and EC90 = 1.9 μM), mefloquine (EC50 = 1.8 μM and EC90 = 8.1 μM), pyronaridine (EC50 = 0.72 μM and EC90 = 0.75 μM) and quinine (EC50 = 10.7 μM and EC90 = 38.8 μM) showed in vitro antiviral effective activity with IC50 and IC90 compatible with drug oral uptake at doses commonly administered in malaria treatment. The ratio Clung/EC90 ranged from 5 to 59. Lumefantrine, piperaquine and dihydroartemisinin had IC50 and IC90 too high to be compatible with expected plasma concentrations (ratio Cmax/EC90 < 0.05). Based on our results, we would expect that countries which commonly use artesunate-amodiaquine or artesunate-mefloquine report fewer cases and deaths than those using artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. It could be necessary now to compare the antimalarial use and the dynamics of COVID-19 country by country to confirm this hypothesis.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101873
PubMed: 32916297
PubMed Central: PMC7477610
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32916297Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Antimalarial drugs inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2: An in vitro evaluation.</title><author><name sortKey="Gendrot, Mathieu" sort="Gendrot, Mathieu" uniqKey="Gendrot M" first="Mathieu" last="Gendrot">Mathieu Gendrot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andreani, Julien" sort="Andreani, Julien" uniqKey="Andreani J" first="Julien" last="Andreani">Julien Andreani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boxberger, Manon" sort="Boxberger, Manon" uniqKey="Boxberger M" first="Manon" last="Boxberger">Manon Boxberger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jardot, Priscilla" sort="Jardot, Priscilla" uniqKey="Jardot P" first="Priscilla" last="Jardot">Priscilla Jardot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonta, Isabelle" sort="Fonta, Isabelle" uniqKey="Fonta I" first="Isabelle" last="Fonta">Isabelle Fonta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Bideau, Marion" sort="Le Bideau, Marion" uniqKey="Le Bideau M" first="Marion" last="Le Bideau">Marion Le Bideau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duflot, Isabelle" sort="Duflot, Isabelle" uniqKey="Duflot I" first="Isabelle" last="Duflot">Isabelle Duflot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mosnier, Joel" sort="Mosnier, Joel" uniqKey="Mosnier J" first="Joel" last="Mosnier">Joel Mosnier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rolland, Clara" sort="Rolland, Clara" uniqKey="Rolland C" first="Clara" last="Rolland">Clara Rolland</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bogreau, Herve" sort="Bogreau, Herve" uniqKey="Bogreau H" first="Hervé" last="Bogreau">Hervé Bogreau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutter, Sebastien" sort="Hutter, Sebastien" uniqKey="Hutter S" first="Sébastien" last="Hutter">Sébastien Hutter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.pradines@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pradines, Bruno" sort="Pradines, Bruno" uniqKey="Pradines B" first="Bruno" last="Pradines">Bruno Pradines</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bernard.la-scola@univ-amu.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020 Sep - Oct</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32916297</idno><idno type="pmid">32916297</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101873</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7477610</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000C42</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000C42</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Antimalarial drugs inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2: An in vitro evaluation.</title><author><name sortKey="Gendrot, Mathieu" sort="Gendrot, Mathieu" uniqKey="Gendrot M" first="Mathieu" last="Gendrot">Mathieu Gendrot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andreani, Julien" sort="Andreani, Julien" uniqKey="Andreani J" first="Julien" last="Andreani">Julien Andreani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boxberger, Manon" sort="Boxberger, Manon" uniqKey="Boxberger M" first="Manon" last="Boxberger">Manon Boxberger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jardot, Priscilla" sort="Jardot, Priscilla" uniqKey="Jardot P" first="Priscilla" last="Jardot">Priscilla Jardot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonta, Isabelle" sort="Fonta, Isabelle" uniqKey="Fonta I" first="Isabelle" last="Fonta">Isabelle Fonta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Bideau, Marion" sort="Le Bideau, Marion" uniqKey="Le Bideau M" first="Marion" last="Le Bideau">Marion Le Bideau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duflot, Isabelle" sort="Duflot, Isabelle" uniqKey="Duflot I" first="Isabelle" last="Duflot">Isabelle Duflot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mosnier, Joel" sort="Mosnier, Joel" uniqKey="Mosnier J" first="Joel" last="Mosnier">Joel Mosnier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rolland, Clara" sort="Rolland, Clara" uniqKey="Rolland C" first="Clara" last="Rolland">Clara Rolland</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bogreau, Herve" sort="Bogreau, Herve" uniqKey="Bogreau H" first="Hervé" last="Bogreau">Hervé Bogreau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutter, Sebastien" sort="Hutter, Sebastien" uniqKey="Hutter S" first="Sébastien" last="Hutter">Sébastien Hutter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.pradines@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pradines, Bruno" sort="Pradines, Bruno" uniqKey="Pradines B" first="Bruno" last="Pradines">Bruno Pradines</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bernard.la-scola@univ-amu.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Travel medicine and infectious disease</title><idno type="eISSN">1873-0442</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>Antimalarials (pharmacology)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term><term>Cell Survival (drug effects)</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Vero Cells (MeSH)</term><term>Virus Replication (drug effects)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Cell Survival</term><term>Virus Replication</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Vero Cells</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In December 2019, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. African countries see slower dynamic of COVID-19 cases and deaths. One of the assumptions that may explain this later emergence in Africa, and more particularly in malaria endemic areas, would be the use of antimalarial drugs. We investigated the in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 of several antimalarial drugs. Chloroquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 2.1 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 3.8 μM), hydroxychloroquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 1.5 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 3.0 μM), ferroquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 1.5 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 2.4 μM), desethylamodiaquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.52 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 1.9 μM), mefloquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 1.8 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 8.1 μM), pyronaridine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.72 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 0.75 μM) and quinine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 10.7 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 38.8 μM) showed in vitro antiviral effective activity with IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>90</sub> compatible with drug oral uptake at doses commonly administered in malaria treatment. The ratio C<sub>lung</sub>/EC<sub>90</sub> ranged from 5 to 59. Lumefantrine, piperaquine and dihydroartemisinin had IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>90</sub> too high to be compatible with expected plasma concentrations (ratio C<sub>max</sub>/EC<sub>90</sub> < 0.05). Based on our results, we would expect that countries which commonly use artesunate-amodiaquine or artesunate-mefloquine report fewer cases and deaths than those using artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. It could be necessary now to compare the antimalarial use and the dynamics of COVID-19 country by country to confirm this hypothesis.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32916297</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1873-0442</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>37</Volume><PubDate><MedlineDate>2020 Sep - Oct</MedlineDate></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Travel medicine and infectious disease</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Travel Med Infect Dis</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Antimalarial drugs inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2: An in vitro evaluation.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>101873</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1477-8939(20)30369-0</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101873</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>In December 2019, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. African countries see slower dynamic of COVID-19 cases and deaths. One of the assumptions that may explain this later emergence in Africa, and more particularly in malaria endemic areas, would be the use of antimalarial drugs. We investigated the in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 of several antimalarial drugs. Chloroquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 2.1 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 3.8 μM), hydroxychloroquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 1.5 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 3.0 μM), ferroquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 1.5 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 2.4 μM), desethylamodiaquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.52 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 1.9 μM), mefloquine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 1.8 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 8.1 μM), pyronaridine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.72 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 0.75 μM) and quinine (EC<sub>50</sub> = 10.7 μM and EC<sub>90</sub> = 38.8 μM) showed in vitro antiviral effective activity with IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>90</sub> compatible with drug oral uptake at doses commonly administered in malaria treatment. The ratio C<sub>lung</sub>/EC<sub>90</sub> ranged from 5 to 59. Lumefantrine, piperaquine and dihydroartemisinin had IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>90</sub> too high to be compatible with expected plasma concentrations (ratio C<sub>max</sub>/EC<sub>90</sub> < 0.05). Based on our results, we would expect that countries which commonly use artesunate-amodiaquine or artesunate-mefloquine report fewer cases and deaths than those using artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. It could be necessary now to compare the antimalarial use and the dynamics of COVID-19 country by country to confirm this hypothesis.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gendrot</LastName><ForeName>Mathieu</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Andreani</LastName><ForeName>Julien</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boxberger</LastName><ForeName>Manon</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jardot</LastName><ForeName>Priscilla</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fonta</LastName><ForeName>Isabelle</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Le Bideau</LastName><ForeName>Marion</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duflot</LastName><ForeName>Isabelle</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mosnier</LastName><ForeName>Joel</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rolland</LastName><ForeName>Clara</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bogreau</LastName><ForeName>Hervé</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hutter</LastName><ForeName>Sébastien</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>La Scola</LastName><ForeName>Bernard</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.pradines@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pradines</LastName><ForeName>Bruno</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence Du Paludisme, Marseille, France. 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