Antidiabetic Properties of Curcumin I: Evidence from In Vitro Studies
Identifieur interne : 000A81 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000A80; suivant : 000A82Antidiabetic Properties of Curcumin I: Evidence from In Vitro Studies
Auteurs : Danja J. Den Hartogh [Canada] ; Alessandra Gabriel ; Evangelia Tsiani [Canada]Source :
- Nutrients [ 2072-6643 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Current preventative and treatment strategies for T2DM and insulin resistance lack in efficacy resulting in the need for new approaches to prevent and manage/treat the disease better. In recent years, epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in fruits and vegetables have beneficial health effects including protection against insulin resistance and T2DM. Curcumin, a polyphenol found in turmeric, and curcuminoids have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic properties. The current review (I of II) summarizes the existing in vitro studies examining the antidiabetic effects of curcumin, while a second (II of II) review summarizes evidence from existing in vivo animal studies and clinical trials focusing on curcumin’s antidiabetic properties.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/nu12010118
PubMed: 31906278
PubMed Central: 7019345
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Antidiabetic Properties of Curcumin I: Evidence from In Vitro Studies</title><author><name sortKey="Den Hartogh, Danja J" sort="Den Hartogh, Danja J" uniqKey="Den Hartogh D" first="Danja J." last="Den Hartogh">Danja J. Den Hartogh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-12-00118">Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;<email>dd11qv@brocku.ca</email> (D.J.D.H.);<email>ag15kh@brocku.ca</email> (A.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-12-00118">Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gabriel, Alessandra" sort="Gabriel, Alessandra" uniqKey="Gabriel A" first="Alessandra" last="Gabriel">Alessandra Gabriel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-12-00118">Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;<email>dd11qv@brocku.ca</email> (D.J.D.H.);<email>ag15kh@brocku.ca</email> (A.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsiani, Evangelia" sort="Tsiani, Evangelia" uniqKey="Tsiani E" first="Evangelia" last="Tsiani">Evangelia Tsiani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-12-00118">Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;<email>dd11qv@brocku.ca</email> (D.J.D.H.);<email>ag15kh@brocku.ca</email> (A.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-12-00118">Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31906278</idno><idno type="pmc">7019345</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7019345</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7019345</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/nu12010118</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A81</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A81</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A81</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A81</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Antidiabetic Properties of Curcumin I: Evidence from In Vitro Studies</title><author><name sortKey="Den Hartogh, Danja J" sort="Den Hartogh, Danja J" uniqKey="Den Hartogh D" first="Danja J." last="Den Hartogh">Danja J. Den Hartogh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-12-00118">Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;<email>dd11qv@brocku.ca</email> (D.J.D.H.);<email>ag15kh@brocku.ca</email> (A.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-12-00118">Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gabriel, Alessandra" sort="Gabriel, Alessandra" uniqKey="Gabriel A" first="Alessandra" last="Gabriel">Alessandra Gabriel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-12-00118">Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;<email>dd11qv@brocku.ca</email> (D.J.D.H.);<email>ag15kh@brocku.ca</email> (A.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsiani, Evangelia" sort="Tsiani, Evangelia" uniqKey="Tsiani E" first="Evangelia" last="Tsiani">Evangelia Tsiani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-12-00118">Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;<email>dd11qv@brocku.ca</email> (D.J.D.H.);<email>ag15kh@brocku.ca</email> (A.G.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-12-00118">Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nutrients</title><idno type="eISSN">2072-6643</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Current preventative and treatment strategies for T2DM and insulin resistance lack in efficacy resulting in the need for new approaches to prevent and manage/treat the disease better. In recent years, epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in fruits and vegetables have beneficial health effects including protection against insulin resistance and T2DM. Curcumin, a polyphenol found in turmeric, and curcuminoids have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic properties. The current review (I of II) summarizes the existing in vitro studies examining the antidiabetic effects of curcumin, while a second (II of II) review summarizes evidence from existing in vivo animal studies and clinical trials focusing on curcumin’s antidiabetic properties. </p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Petersen, M C" uniqKey="Petersen M">M.C. Petersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shulman, G I" uniqKey="Shulman G">G.I. Shulman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sweet, I R" uniqKey="Sweet I">I.R. Sweet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, D L" uniqKey="Cook D">D.L. Cook</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dejulio, E" uniqKey="Dejulio E">E. DeJulio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wallen, A R" uniqKey="Wallen A">A.R. Wallen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khalil, G" uniqKey="Khalil G">G. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nutrients</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nutrients</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nutrients</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nutrients</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2072-6643</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31906278</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7019345</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu12010118</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nutrients-12-00118</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Antidiabetic Properties of Curcumin I: Evidence from In Vitro Studies</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Den Hartogh</surname><given-names>Danja J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-12-00118">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-12-00118">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gabriel</surname><given-names>Alessandra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-12-00118">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4218-5851</contrib-id><name><surname>Tsiani</surname><given-names>Evangelia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-12-00118">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-12-00118">2</xref><xref rid="c1-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-nutrients-12-00118"><label>1</label>Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;<email>dd11qv@brocku.ca</email> (D.J.D.H.);<email>ag15kh@brocku.ca</email> (A.G.)</aff><aff id="af2-nutrients-12-00118"><label>2</label>Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-nutrients-12-00118"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>ltsiani@brocku.ca</email> or <email>etsiani@brocku.ca</email>; Tel.: +1-905-688-5550 (ext. 3881)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>118</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Current preventative and treatment strategies for T2DM and insulin resistance lack in efficacy resulting in the need for new approaches to prevent and manage/treat the disease better. In recent years, epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in fruits and vegetables have beneficial health effects including protection against insulin resistance and T2DM. Curcumin, a polyphenol found in turmeric, and curcuminoids have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic properties. The current review (I of II) summarizes the existing in vitro studies examining the antidiabetic effects of curcumin, while a second (II of II) review summarizes evidence from existing in vivo animal studies and clinical trials focusing on curcumin’s antidiabetic properties. </p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>diabetes</kwd><kwd>curcumin</kwd><kwd>curcuminoids</kwd><kwd>skeletal muscle</kwd><kwd>adipose</kwd><kwd>liver</kwd><kwd>pancreas</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="nutrients-12-00118-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Chemical structure of curcumin and curcuminoids found in turmeric.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-12-00118-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-12-00118-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Cellular effects of curcumin on muscle and fat cellular signaling molecules. The figure was created based on the data of the studies [<xref rid="B40-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>,<xref rid="B41-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="B43-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B44-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B45-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="B46-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="B57-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>,<xref rid="B67-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>,<xref rid="B73-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>,<xref rid="B97-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>,<xref rid="B98-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>,<xref rid="B101-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>,<xref rid="B102-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]. AKT: protein kinase B; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor- α; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; PGC-1: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1; FFAs: free fatty acids.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-12-00118-g002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="nutrients-12-00118-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-12-00118-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Effects of curcumin: in vitro adipocyte studies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin Concentration/Duration</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effect</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 14 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↑ Glucose elevation levels<break></break>↑ PPAR-γ activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 14 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↑ Glucose elevation levels<break></break>↑ PPAR-γ activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Raw 264.7 macrophages and 3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Macrophage migration<break></break>↓ MCP-1<break></break>↓ TNF-α<break></break>↓ NO</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 20 min and 62 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ TNFα-activated NF-κB signaling<break></break>↓ IκB degradation<break></break>↓ NF-κB nuclear transition<break></break>↓ TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA<break></break>↓ COX-2 mRNA<break></break>↓ IL-6 and PGE<sub>2</sub> secretion</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipogenesis<break></break>↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ Apoptosis<break></break>↑ Phospho-AMPK)<break></break>↑ Phospho-ACC<break></break>↓ GPAT-1 mRNA<break></break>↑ CPT-1 mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Glucose uptake<break></break>↓ TNF-α mRNA<break></break>↓ IL-6 mRNA<break></break>↓ NF-κBp65 protein<break></break>↓ Phospho-JNK<break></break>↓ Phospho-ERK<break></break>↓ Phospho-p38</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–50 µM; 8 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↑ Phospho-AMPK<break></break>↓ PPARγ activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–25 µM; 48 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ Phospho-JNK<break></break>↓ Phospho-ERK<break></break>↓ Phospho-p38<break></break>↑ β-catenin nuclear translocation<break></break>↓ CK1α, GSK-3β and Axin mRNA<break></break>↓ AP2 mRNA<break></break>↓ Wnt10b, Fz2 and LRP5 mRNA<break></break>↑ c-Myc and cyclin D1 mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabbit subcutaneous adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Cholesterol efflux<break></break>↑ PPARγ, LXRα and ABCA1 mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes and human primary preadipocytes </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–30 µM; 6 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ Lipid accumulation<break></break>↓ C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, PPARγ, leptin, adiponectin and resistin mRNA<break></break>↓ MCE<break></break>↓ S to G2/M phase transition<break></break>↓ Cyclin A and CDK2 protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B49-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 48 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ Lipid accumulation<break></break>↓ Fatty acid synthase<break></break>↓ Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA<break></break>↓ PPARγ and CD36 mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B50-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes and preadipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 48 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, PPARγ, leptin, adiponectin and resistin mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Lipolysis<break></break>↓ Phospho-ERK1/2<break></break>↓ Phospho-perilipin<break></break>↑ Perilipin<break></break>↓ Hormone-sensitive lipase translocation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 and 50 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ LPS-induced leptin levels<break></break>↓ LPS-induced IL-6 secretion</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 µM; 10 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ PPARγ2 mRNA<break></break>↓ C/EBPα mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Oxidative stress <break></break>↓ ROS production</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary rat adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 45 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Cell injury<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↓ HIF1α mRNA<break></break>↓ Lactate release<break></break>↓ Glycerol release<break></break>↓ Lipid peroxidation<break></break>↓ Protein oxidation<break></break>↑ SOD and CAT activities<break></break>↓ TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ<break></break>↑ Mito biogenesis<break></break>↑ Mito membrane potential<break></break>↓ Mito superoxide production<break></break>↓ Transition pore permeability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 48 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Lipid accumulation<break></break>↓ PPARγ, aP2 and C/EBPα mRNA<break></break>↑ CPT-1, MCAD and VLCAD mRNA<break></break>↑ ACOX and thiolase mRNA<break></break>↑ PPARα reporter mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–100 µM; 24–72 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Cell viability<break></break>↑ Apoptosis<break></break>↑ Bax<break></break>↓ Bcl-2<break></break>↑ Cytochrome c release<break></break>↑ PARP cleavage</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B59-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–50 µM; 0–24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Glucose uptake<break></break>↓ Akt protein<break></break>↓ Glucose transporter (GLUT4) plasma membrane expression<break></break>↓ Trypsin-like peptidase activities<break></break>↓ p62 protein<break></break>↑ LC3-II protein<break></break>↑ LC3-II/LC3-I ratio</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µg/mL; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Lipolysis<break></break>↓ Lipid accumulation<break></break>↑ Free fatty acid levels<break></break>↑ Glycerol levels<break></break>↑ Adipose triglyceride lipase mRNA<break></break>↑ Hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA<break></break>↓ Leptin levels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 8 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipogenesis<break></break>↓ Lipogenesis<break></break>↓ Protein levels associated with lipolysis<break></break>↓ Protein levels associated with fatty acid β-oxidation<break></break>↓ Protein levels associated with energy expenditure<break></break>↓ ALDH2, ATP5B and PRDX5<break></break>↑ ACCA2, ACO2, ATP5H, CS, DLD, GLUD1, HADHA, HSPD1, Hsp10, HSPE1 and VDAC1<break></break>↓ ANXA2 and HSP90 protein<break></break>↑ ATP5B, HSL, CA3 and MDH protein<break></break>↑ Ucp1, Ucp2 and Ucp3 mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 72 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ Ubiquitin proteasome activity<break></break>↓ Skp2 protein accumulation<break></break>↑ p27 protein accumulation<break></break>↑ G1 arrest<break></break>↓ p27 mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B63-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 µM; 30 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Lipid accumulation<break></break>↓ MCE<break></break>↓ C/EBPα and PPARγ protein<break></break>↑ Cell cycle arrest<break></break>↓ Cyclin A, cyclin B and p21 protein<break></break>↓ Phospho-ERK<break></break>↓ Phospho-JNK<break></break>↓ Phospho-p38</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 and primary adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 6 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Brown fat phenotype<break></break>↑ Mitochondrial biogenesis<break></break>↑ Mitochondrial density<break></break>↑ PGC-1α, PPARγ, PRDM16 and Ucp1 protein<break></break>↑ PGC-1α mRNA<break></break>↑ Mito CPT1 protein<break></break>↑ Cytochrome c protein<break></break>↑ Phospho-AMPK<break></break>↑ AMPK</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B65-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Glucose metabolism<break></break>↑ Lipid metabolism<break></break>↓ Glycerol release<break></break>↑ Glucose uptake<break></break>↑ PPARγ and C/EBPα mRNA<break></break>↑ PPARγ and C/EBPα protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Glucose uptake<break></break>↑ Insulin sensitivity<break></break>↓ Leptin levels<break></break>↑ Adiponectin levels<break></break>↓ Resistin mRNA<break></break>↓ MCP-1 levels<break></break>↓ TLR-4 mRNA<break></break>↓ NF-kB p65 nuclear fraction<break></break>↓ Phospho-JNK1/2<break></break>↓ Phospho-IRS-1(S)<break></break>↑ IRS-2 protein<break></break>↓ GLUT1 mRNA and protein<break></break>↑ GLUT4 mRNA and protein<break></break>↓ MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF protein<break></break>↓ Angpt4 protein level</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3T3-L1 adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 7 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ Lipid content accumulation<break></break>↓ C/EBPα, αP2, SREBP1c and PPARγ mRNA<break></break>↓ FAS protein<break></break>↑ UCP1 and PGC-1α protein<break></break>↑ Oxygen consumption rate<break></break>↑ Cell cycle arrest<break></break>↓ Cyclin D1, cyclin D3, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary and mouse brown adipocyte cell (mBAC) adipocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 µM; 10 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ WAT inflammation<break></break>↑ UCP1, PPARα and PGC-1α mRNA (<italic>primary</italic>)<break></break>↑ UCP1, PPARα, PPARγ and PGC-1α mRNA (<italic>mBAC</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human bone marrow MSCs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 10 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Adipocyte differentiation<break></break>↓ Lipid content accumulation<break></break>↓ PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4 and KLF15 mRNA and protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="nutrients-12-00118-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-12-00118-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Effects of curcumin: in vitro hepatocyte studies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin Concentration/Duration</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effect</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatic stellate cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 µM; 2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Cell proliferation<break></break>↑ Apoptosis<break></break>↓ α1(I) collagen, α-SMA and fibronectin mRNA<break></break>↑ p21 and p27 protein<break></break>↑ Caspase-3 activity<break></break>↓ Bcl-2 mRNA<break></break>↑ NF-κB activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary mice isolated hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 µM; 120 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Hepatic glycogenolysis<break></break>↓ Hepatic gluconeogenesis<break></break>↓ G6Pase activity<break></break>↓ PEPCK activity<break></break>↑ Phospho-AMPK</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H4IIE rat hepatoma and Hep3B human hepatoma cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–50 µM; 30 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Hepatic gluconeogenesis<break></break>↓ PEPCK activity<break></break>↓ G6Pase activity<break></break>↑ AMPK activation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatic stellate cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–30 µM; 1 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ HSC activation<break></break>↑ HSC apoptosis<break></break>↓ PDGF-βR and EGFR<break></break>↓ α-SMA and α-II-collagen<break></break>↑ PPARγ<break></break>↓ Bcl-2<break></break>↑ Bax<break></break>↓ ROS levels<break></break>↑ GSH protein<break></break>↑ GSH/GSSG ratio <break></break>↑ GCL activity<break></break>↓ Phospho-InsR, -ERK1/2, -JNK, -PI3K and -Akt </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isolated rat hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 and 10 µM; 30 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 µM<break></break>↓ Lipid peroxidation<break></break>↓ Cytochrome c translocation<break></break>10 µM<break></break>↑ Oxidative stress<break></break>↑ Hepatocytoxicity<break></break>↑ Necrosis<break></break>↑ Apoptosis<break></break>↑ Glutathione depletion<break></break>↑ Caspase-3 activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rat HSCs and immortalized human hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 1 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Glucose levels<break></break>↓ GLUT4 membrane translocation<break></break>↑ Glucokinase activity<break></break>↑ Glucose-6-phosphate levels<break></break>↓ Phospho-IRS-1<break></break>↓ Phospho-PI3K<break></break>↓ Phospho-Akt</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh7 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 48 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ PON1 transactivation<break></break>↑ PON1 mRNA and protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B77-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L02 hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Oxidative stress<break></break>↓ Insulin resistance<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↓ Glutathione depletion<break></break>↓ MDA levels<break></break>↓ LDH activity<break></break>↓ AST activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary rat hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 12 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Lipo-apoptosis<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↓ ATP depletion<break></break>↓ PEPCK levels<break></break>↓ G6Pase levels<break></break>↑ Mitochondrial DNA<break></break>↑ PGC1α, NRF1 and Tfam mRNA<break></break>↑ MMP<break></break>↓ NF-kB p65 mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AML-12 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 µM; 2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Insulin response<break></break>↑ Phospho-PKB<break></break>↓ ROS levels<break></break>↓ MDA levels<break></break>↓ Phospho-JNK<break></break>↓ Phospho-p38</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary rat hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Lipid formation<break></break>↑ APOBEC-1 mRNA and protein<break></break>↑ ApoB mRNA editing<break></break>↓ Apo-B lipid formation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 µM; 2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Cholesterol cell content<break></break>↓ Endosome/lysosome size and localization<break></break>↑ Cholesterol β-hexosaminidase enzyme level<break></break>↑ Lysosomal β-hexosaminidase enzyme level<break></break>↑ Flotillin-2-positive granules<break></break>↑ CD63-positive granules</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Hypolipidemic activity<break></break>↑ LDL uptake<break></break>↑ LDL receptor expression<break></break>↑ LDL receptor activity<break></break>↓ PCSK9 mRNA and protein<break></break>↓ PCSK9 promoter activity<break></break>↓ HNF-1α mRNA and protein<break></break>↓ HNF-1α nuclear promoter</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L02 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 and 5 µM; 2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Oxidative stress<break></break>↑ Cell viability<break></break>↓ DNA-fragments <break></break>↓ Micronuclei formation<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↑ SOD activity<break></break>↑ GSH levels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B84-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary mice hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 µM; 6 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Glucose production<break></break>↑ FGF21 protein<break></break>↑ Phospho-Akt</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L02 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 µM; 2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ QCT-induced inflammatory response<break></break>↓ QCT-induced oxidative stress<break></break>↓ Mitochondrial dysfunction<break></break>↓ Apoptosis<break></break>↓ iNOS activity<break></break>↓ NO production<break></break>↓ NF-κB mRNA<break></break>↑ Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Hepatic steatosis<break></break>↑ Leptin resistance<break></break>↓ Lipid deposition<break></break>↓ SREBP-1c, SCD-1 and CD36 mRNA<break></break>↑ ACC, ACOX1, CPT-1 and PPARα mRNA<break></break>↑ Phospho-AMPK<break></break>↑ Phospho-ACC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary mouse hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 µM; 4 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Lipogenesis<break></break>↑ ChREBP activation<break></break>↑ ChREBP mRNA<break></break>↑ Lpk, Fas, Acc1, Scd1 and Me1 mRNA<break></break>↑ ChREBP-LUC activity<break></break>↓ Oct-1-ChREBP binding</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2 and primary mouse hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 µM; 6 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Fgf21 resistance<break></break>↑ Fgf21 activity<break></break>↑ Fgf21 mRNA<break></break>↑ PPARα mRNA<break></break>↑ Fgf21-LUC activity<break></break>↑ PPARα-Fgf21 binding</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 µM; 5 days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Insulin resistance<break></break>↑ Glucose consumption<break></break>↓ Oxidative stress<break></break>↑ Phospho-IR<break></break>↑ Phospho-Akt<break></break>↓ MDA levels<break></break>↓ IL-6 levels<break></break>↓ TNF-α levels<break></break>↓ Phospho-JNK and p38<break></break>↓ Phospho-IKKβ and IκB-α</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B90-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human LX-2 HSCs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Fibrotic myofibroblastic phenotype<break></break>↑ Lipocyte phenotype<break></break>↑ Lipid droplet abundance<break></break>↑ Lipid metabolism<break></break>↑ Triglyceride content<break></break>↑ Nrf2 protein and nuclear translocation<break></break>↑ C/EBPα, PPARγ, RXRα and RXRβ protein<break></break>↓ PPARα protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary mice hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Palmitate-induced steatosis <break></break>↑ CYP7A and CYP3A protein<break></break>↓ SREBP-1c protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B92-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2 cells and primary mice hepatocytes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 30 and 120 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Glucose production<break></break>↓ Mitochondrial complex I activity<break></break>↓ cAMP accumulation<break></break>↑ PDE4B induction<break></break>↑ Phospho-AMPK<break></break>↓ Acetyl CoA accumulation<break></break>↓ PDK4 mRNA<break></break>↓ PDH activity<break></break>↓ PC protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B93-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BRL-3A and HepG2 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 µM; 8 and 12 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Fructose-induced inflammation<break></break>↓ NLRP3 inflammasome activity<break></break>↑ miR-200a level<break></break>↓ NLRP3 and ASC protein<break></break>↓ Caspase-1 and IL-1β protein<break></break>↓ TXNIP protein<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↓ H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Lipotoxicity<break></break>↓ Lipid vacuole accumulation<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↓ SREBP-1, PPAR-γ2 and PARP levels<break></break>↓ Cleaved caspase 3 levels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B95-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 1 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Palmitate-induced inflammatory injury<break></break>↓ Palmitate-induced fibrosis<break></break>↓ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and COX-2 mRNA<break></break>↓ ICAM, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 mRNA↓ α-SMA, COL-1, COL-4 and TGF-β mRNA<break></break>↓ α-SMA protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B96-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="nutrients-12-00118-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-12-00118-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Effects of curcumin: in vitro muscle cell studies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin Concentration/Duration</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effect</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C2C12 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 µM; 1 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Glucose uptake<break></break>↑ GLUT4 translocation<break></break>↑ Phospho-AMPK<break></break>↑ Phospho-ACC<break></break>↑ Insulin-induced phospho-Akt</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B97-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C2C12 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Glucose uptake<break></break>↓ Phospho-IRS-1<break></break>↓ Phospho-ACC<break></break>↑ Phospho-Akt<break></break>↑ Phospho-ERK1/2<break></break>↑ Phospho-p38</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C2 murine myoblasts</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Apoptosis<break></break>↓ Cell viability<break></break>↑ PARP fragmentation<break></break>↑ Phospho-JNK</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C2C12 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Protein degradation<break></break>↓ Chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity<break></break>↑ Protein synthesis<break></break>↑ Myotube diameter</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C2C12 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 µM; 1 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Inflammation<break></break>↓ IL-6 mRNA and levels<break></break>↓ TNF-α mRNA and levels<break></break>↓ Phospho-IKKα-IKKβ<break></break>↓ Phospho-JNK<break></break>↓ ROS production</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B101-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L6myc skeletal muscle cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 µM; 16 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ GLUT4 translocation<break></break>↑ Phospho-Akt<break></break>↑ Phospho-GSK-3β<break></break>↓ TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 levels<break></break>↑ IL-10 levels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="nutrients-12-00118-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-12-00118-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Effects of curcumin: in vitro pancreatic cell studies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin Concentration/Duration</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effect</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sprague–Dawley rat pancreatic islets</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 30 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Insulin release<break></break>↑ Volume-regulated anion channel opening<break></break>↑ Depolarization<break></break>↑ Electrical activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B103-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIN6 cells and BALB/c mouse pancreatic islets</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Pancreatic cell death<break></break>↑ HO-1 mRNA and promoter<break></break>↑ GCLM mRNA<break></break>↑ NQO1 mRNA<break></break>↑ Nrf2 nuclear translocation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B104-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C57/BL6J mice pancreatic islets</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Islet viability<break></break>↑ Insulin secretion<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↓ MDA levels<break></break>↑ SOD levels<break></break>↓ Peroxynitrite levels<break></break>↓ NO levels<break></break>↓ Activated PARP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swiss albino mice pancreatic cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Islet recovery<break></break>↑ Glucose responsiveness<break></break>↑ Insulin secretion<break></break>↑ Morphology<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↑ Hsp70 level<break></break>↑ HO-1 level</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C57/BL6J mice pancreatic islets</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Islet death and dysfunction<break></break>↑ Insulin mRNA and level<break></break>↓ ROS production<break></break>↓ NF-κB translocation<break></break>↓ Phospho-IκBα</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human isolated islets</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Insulin secretion<break></break>↑ HO-1<break></break>↑ NQO1<break></break>↑ GCLM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B108-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rat pancreatic cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mM; 4 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Insulin secretion<break></break>↑ HO-1 mRNA and activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B109-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β-Min6 and HP62 β-cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 pM; 2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Insulin secretion<break></break>↑ cAMP levels<break></break>↓ Pde3b, Pde8a and Pde10a mRNA<break></break>↓ PDE activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B110-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">INS-1 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Insulin secretion<break></break>↑ Insulin mRNA<break></break>↑ GLUT2<break></break>↑ Phospho-IRS1, PI3Kp85, AKT protein<break></break>↑ PI3K/IRS-1 association<break></break>↑ PDX-1 protein<break></break>↑ GCK protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B111-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wistar rat pancreatic islets</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Cell viability<break></break>↑ GLUT2<break></break>↓ Nuclear NF-κB<break></break>↑ Phospho-PI3Kp85<break></break>↑ Phospho-Akt<break></break>↑ Phospho-GSK3β<break></break>↑ Nuclear Nrf-2<break></break>↑ HO-1<break></break>↓ NO production<break></break>↓ Cleaved caspase-12, -3, -8 and -9<break></break>↑ Bcl-2<break></break>↓ Bax</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B112-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIN6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Insulin secretion<break></break>↓ Apoptosis<break></break>↓ Caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity<break></break>↑ Bcl-2/Bax ratio<break></break>↓ MDA protein<break></break>↑ SOD, catalase, GPx and glutathione activities<break></break>↑ Phospho-Akt<break></break>↑ Phospho-FoxO1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B113-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">INS-1 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10:3 weight ratio (22 mg/L); 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Curcumin cellular uptake<break></break>↑ Cell viability<break></break>↓ Apoptosis<break></break>↓ ROS production</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B114-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balb/c mice pancreatic islet cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Insulin secretion<break></break>↑ Glutathione levels<break></break>↑ NO production<break></break>↓ Apoptosis<break></break>↓ Active caspase 3<break></break>↓ Active caspase 9<break></break>↓ Bax protein<break></break>↑ Bcl-2 protein</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B115-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIN6 cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 µM; 24 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Cell viability<break></break>↓ Ferroptosis<break></break>↓ Iron levels<break></break>↑ Glutathione levels<break></break>↓ GPX4 degradation<break></break>↓ Lipid peroxidation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116-nutrients-12-00118" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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