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Phenothiazinium Dyes Are Active against Trypanosoma cruzi In Vitro

Identifieur interne : 000422 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000421; suivant : 000423

Phenothiazinium Dyes Are Active against Trypanosoma cruzi In Vitro

Auteurs : Gisele Bulh Es Portapilla [Brésil] ; Luiz Miguel Pereira [Brésil] ; Cássia Mariana Bronzon Da Costa [Brésil] ; Maiara Voltarelli Providello [Brésil] ; Pedro Alexandre Sampaio Oliveira [Brésil] ; Amanda Goulart [Brésil] ; Naira Ferreira Anchieta [Brésil] ; Mark Wainwright [Royaume-Uni] ; Gilberto Bida Leite Braga [Brésil] ; Sérgio De Albuquerque [Brésil]

Source :

RBID : PMC:6637691

Abstract

Chagas disease is a tropical illness caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease affects populations of the Americas and has been spread to other continents due to the migration process. The disease is partially controlled by two drugs, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox. These molecules are active in the acute phase of the infection but are usually ineffective during the symptomatic chronic phase. Several research groups have developed novel candidates to control Chagas disease; however, no novel commercial formulation is available. In this article, we described the anti-T. cruzi effects of phenothiazinium dyes in amastigote and trypomastigote forms of the parasite. Methylene Blue, New Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue O, and 1,9-Dimethyl Methylene Blue inhibited the parasite proliferation at nanomolar concentrations and also demonstrated low toxicity in host cells. Moreover, combinations of phenothiazinium dyes indicated a synergic pattern against amastigotes compared to the Benznidazole counterparts. Phenothiazinium dyes levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the mitochondrial potential in trypomastigotes, indicating the mechanism of action of the dyes in T. cruzi. Our article offers a basis for future strategies for the control of Chagas disease using low-cost formulations, an important point for endemic underdeveloped regions.


Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2019/8301569
PubMed: 31355283
PubMed Central: 6637691

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PMC:6637691

Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Ferreira Anchieta, Naira" sort="Ferreira Anchieta, Naira" uniqKey="Ferreira Anchieta N" first="Naira" last="Ferreira Anchieta">Naira Ferreira Anchieta</name>
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<p>Chagas disease is a tropical illness caused by the protozoan
<italic> Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>
. The disease affects populations of the Americas and has been spread to other continents due to the migration process. The disease is partially controlled by two drugs, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox. These molecules are active in the acute phase of the infection but are usually ineffective during the symptomatic chronic phase. Several research groups have developed novel candidates to control Chagas disease; however, no novel commercial formulation is available. In this article, we described the anti-
<italic>T. cruzi </italic>
effects of phenothiazinium dyes in amastigote and trypomastigote forms of the parasite. Methylene Blue, New Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue O, and 1,9-Dimethyl Methylene Blue inhibited the parasite proliferation at nanomolar concentrations and also demonstrated low toxicity in host cells. Moreover, combinations of phenothiazinium dyes indicated a synergic pattern against amastigotes compared to the Benznidazole counterparts. Phenothiazinium dyes levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the mitochondrial potential in trypomastigotes, indicating the mechanism of action of the dyes in
<italic> T. cruzi</italic>
. Our article offers a basis for future strategies for the control of Chagas disease using low-cost formulations, an important point for endemic underdeveloped regions.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Hindawi</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31355283</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6637691</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2019/8301569</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Phenothiazinium Dyes Are Active against
<italic> Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>
In Vitro</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bulhões Portapilla</surname>
<given-names>Gisele</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-7476</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Pereira</surname>
<given-names>Luiz Miguel</given-names>
</name>
<email>miguepereira@usp.br</email>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bronzon da Costa</surname>
<given-names>Cássia Mariana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Voltarelli Providello</surname>
<given-names>Maiara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sampaio Oliveira</surname>
<given-names>Pedro Alexandre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Goulart</surname>
<given-names>Amanda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ferreira Anchieta</surname>
<given-names>Naira</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wainwright</surname>
<given-names>Mark</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-4704</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Leite Braga</surname>
<given-names>Gilberto Úbida</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>de Albuquerque</surname>
<given-names>Sérgio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, sn/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Academic Editor: Marija Mostarica-Stojković</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>4</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2019</volume>
<elocation-id>8301569</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>1</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>10</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>10</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019 Gisele Bulhões Portapilla et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Chagas disease is a tropical illness caused by the protozoan
<italic> Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>
. The disease affects populations of the Americas and has been spread to other continents due to the migration process. The disease is partially controlled by two drugs, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox. These molecules are active in the acute phase of the infection but are usually ineffective during the symptomatic chronic phase. Several research groups have developed novel candidates to control Chagas disease; however, no novel commercial formulation is available. In this article, we described the anti-
<italic>T. cruzi </italic>
effects of phenothiazinium dyes in amastigote and trypomastigote forms of the parasite. Methylene Blue, New Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue O, and 1,9-Dimethyl Methylene Blue inhibited the parasite proliferation at nanomolar concentrations and also demonstrated low toxicity in host cells. Moreover, combinations of phenothiazinium dyes indicated a synergic pattern against amastigotes compared to the Benznidazole counterparts. Phenothiazinium dyes levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the mitochondrial potential in trypomastigotes, indicating the mechanism of action of the dyes in
<italic> T. cruzi</italic>
. Our article offers a basis for future strategies for the control of Chagas disease using low-cost formulations, an important point for endemic underdeveloped regions.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</funding-source>
<award-id>#14/50928-2</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic>Detection of T. cruzi in cultures treated with phenothiazine dyes or Benznidazole. T. cruzi</italic>
was added to LLCMK2 cell monolayers and cultivated for 24 h, 37°C, 5% CO
<sub>2</sub>
. After washing with PBS, the
<italic> T. cruzi</italic>
cultures were incubated with the IC
<sub>50</sub>
concentrations of MB (0.45
<italic>μ</italic>
M), NMB (0.09
<italic>μ</italic>
M), TBO (0.28
<italic>μ</italic>
M), DMMB (0.08
<italic>μ</italic>
M), and BZ (3.5
<italic>μ</italic>
M) for 72 hours, 37°C, and 5% CO
<sub>2</sub>
. The controls were composed by noninfected (negative control) or infected and nontreated cells (positive control) and cultivated at the same conditions. After treatment, the cultures were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes and washed with PBS and then the cell nucleus was stained with DAPI (Ex/Em = 340/488 nm). The parasites were detected by the emission of green fluorescence (Ex/Em = 488/510 nm). All figures were captured and analyzed in an Image Xpress Micro XLS Widefield High-Content Analysis System from Molecular Devices. The system also calculated the number of amastigotes in twenty-five images/well (x400). (a) Noninfected control. (b) Infected and nontreated control. (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g) Infected cultures treated with MB, NMB, TBO, DMMB,and BZ, respectively. (h) Percentage of inhibition compared to the nontreated control.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic>Inhibitory activity of phenothiazinium dyes combinations against T. cruzi. </italic>
Amastigotes were incubated with seven dilutions (2 × IC
<sub>50</sub>
, 1.6 × IC
<sub>50</sub>
, 1.3 × IC
<sub>50</sub>
, 0.7 × IC
<sub>50</sub>
, 0.5 × IC
<sub>50</sub>
, and 0.2 × IC
<sub>50</sub>
) of MB + BZ (a), NMB + BZ (b), TBO + BZ (c), DMMB + BZ (d), MB + NMB (e), MB + TBO (f), MB + DMMB (g), NMB + TBO (h), NMB + DMMB (i), TBO + DMMB (j), and the proliferation measured after CPRG assay. As references, isolated compounds of each combination were evaluated concomitantly in the same plate. The inhibition percentage was calculated in comparison to the nontreated group and the IC
<sub>50</sub>
and CI values were achieved using Compusyn software.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic>ROS detection in T. cruzi cultures treated with phenothiazinium dyes. T. cruzi</italic>
cultures were incubated with trypsin and treated with 4 × IC
<sub>50</sub>
MB, NMB, TBO, DMMB, BZ, and MN for 2 hours, 37°C, and 5% CO
<sub>2</sub>
. The cultures were washed with PBS and incubated with 5
<italic>μ</italic>
M DCFDA for 15 minutes in the dark. The samples were analyzed in a flow cytometer and the median intensity of fluorescence used for ROS measurement. The control was composed of noninfected LLCMK2 cells processed under the same conditions. The percentage of fluorescence (% DFC fluorescence) was calculated in relation to the nontreated control. (a) Median intensity of fluorescence from nontreated LLCMK2 cells and trypomastigotes. (b) Percentage of DCF fluorescence from LLCMK2 cells (infected and noninfected) and trypomastigotes treated with phenothiazinium dyes, BZ, and MN.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic>Mitochondrial activity of T. cruzi cultures treated with phenothiazinium dyes. T. cruzi</italic>
cultures were incubated with trypsin and treated with 4 × IC
<sub>50</sub>
MB, NMB, TBO, DMMB, BZ, and MN for 2 hours, 37°C, and 5% CO
<sub>2</sub>
. The cultures were washed with PBS and incubated with 5
<italic>μ</italic>
M JC-1 for 15 minutes in the dark. The samples were analyzed in a flow cytometer and the positive red fluorescent cells (PE
<sup>+</sup>
cells) determined. The control was composed of noninfected LLCMK2 cells processed under the same conditions. The percentage of positive red fluorescent cells (% PE
<sup>+</sup>
cells) was calculated in relation to the nontreated control. (a) Positive red fluorescent cells from nontreated LLCMK2 cells and trypomastigotes. (b) Percentage of positive red fluorescent cells from LLCMK2 cells (infected and noninfected) and trypomastigotes treated with phenothiazinium dyes, BZ, and MN.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.004"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic>In vitro IC</italic>
<sub>50</sub>
<italic> and toxicity of MB, NMB, TBO, and DMMB to T. cruzi amastigotes and LLCMK2 cells.</italic>
The molecular weight (MW), IC
<sub>50</sub>
, CC
<sub>50</sub>
, and selectivity index (SI) were calculated for MB, NMB, TBO, DMMB, and BZ on
<italic>T. cruzi</italic>
and LLCMK2 cells. Amastigotes or LLCMK2 cells were incubated for 72 hours, at 37°C, with 5% CO
<sub>2</sub>
, and the proliferation (amastigotes) or toxicity (LLCMK2 cells) was measured after CRPG or MTT assays, respectively. The percentage of inhibition was calculated in comparison to the nontreated controls in three independent assays.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MW</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC
<sub>50</sub>
  
<italic>μ</italic>
M</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC
<sub>50</sub>
  
<italic>μ</italic>
M</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SI</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<inline-graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.tab1.i001.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">319.85</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44 ± 0.15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.82 ± 1.18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NMB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<inline-graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.tab1.i002.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">347.91</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 ± 0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.19 ± 1.30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.71</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TBO</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<inline-graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.tab1.i003.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">305.83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27 ± 0.11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.93 ± 5.22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.61</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMMB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<inline-graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.tab1.i004.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">416.05</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 ± 0.02</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.46 ± 0.23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.26</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BZ</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<inline-graphic xlink:href="BMRI2019-8301569.tab1.i005.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">260.25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.41 ± 0.38</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 200</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">> 58.65</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic>Values of inhibitory concentrations (IC</italic>
<sub>50</sub>
<italic>) and Combinatory Index of the phenothiazinium combinations.</italic>
The IC
<sub>50</sub>
concentrations of the dyes alone and in combinations were calculated using the Compusyn software. The software was also used for the determination of the CI between the combined compounds.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combination (compound 1 + 2)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC
<sub>50</sub>
   
<break></break>
(compound 1/
<italic>μ</italic>
M)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC
<sub>50</sub>
   
<break></break>
(compound 2/
<italic>μ</italic>
M)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC
<sub>50</sub>
   
<break></break>
(combination compound 1/
<italic>μ</italic>
M)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC
<sub>50</sub>
   
<break></break>
(combination compound 2/
<italic>μ</italic>
M)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CI</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BZ + MB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.315</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.477</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.262</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.291</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BZ + NMB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.937</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.091</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.056</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BZ + TBO</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.024</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.380</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.259</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.178</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BZ + DMMB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.015</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.943</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.050</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MB + NMB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.560</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.112</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.247</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.051</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MB + TBO</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.588</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.322</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.250</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.150</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MB + DMMB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.391</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.095</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.223</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.044</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NMB + TBO</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.122</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.322</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.042</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.126</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NMB + DMMB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.101</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.071</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TBO + DMMB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.381</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.080</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.063</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
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