Anti-Infective and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Annona Species: Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Alkaloid Diversity, and Pharmacological Activities
Identifieur interne : 000A72 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000A71; suivant : 000A73Anti-Infective and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Annona Species: Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Alkaloid Diversity, and Pharmacological Activities
Auteurs : Ari Satia Nugraha ; Yuvita Dian Damayanti ; Phurpa Wangchuk ; Paul A. KellerSource :
- Molecules [ 1420-3049 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234419
PubMed: 31816948
PubMed Central: 6930583
Links to Exploration step
PMC:6930583Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anti-Infective and Anti-Cancer Properties of the <italic>Annona</italic> Species: Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Alkaloid Diversity, and Pharmacological Activities</title><author><name sortKey="Nugraha, Ari Satia" sort="Nugraha, Ari Satia" uniqKey="Nugraha A" first="Ari Satia" last="Nugraha">Ari Satia Nugraha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-24-04419">Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia;<email>yuvitadiandamayanti@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-molecules-24-04419">School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2533, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damayanti, Yuvita Dian" sort="Damayanti, Yuvita Dian" uniqKey="Damayanti Y" first="Yuvita Dian" last="Damayanti">Yuvita Dian Damayanti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-24-04419">Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia;<email>yuvitadiandamayanti@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wangchuk, Phurpa" sort="Wangchuk, Phurpa" uniqKey="Wangchuk P" first="Phurpa" last="Wangchuk">Phurpa Wangchuk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-molecules-24-04419">Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;<email>phurpa.wangchuk@jcu.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, Paul A" sort="Keller, Paul A" uniqKey="Keller P" first="Paul A." last="Keller">Paul A. Keller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-molecules-24-04419">School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2533, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31816948</idno><idno type="pmc">6930583</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6930583</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6930583</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/molecules24234419</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A72</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A72</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Anti-Infective and Anti-Cancer Properties of the <italic>Annona</italic> Species: Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Alkaloid Diversity, and Pharmacological Activities</title><author><name sortKey="Nugraha, Ari Satia" sort="Nugraha, Ari Satia" uniqKey="Nugraha A" first="Ari Satia" last="Nugraha">Ari Satia Nugraha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-24-04419">Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia;<email>yuvitadiandamayanti@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-molecules-24-04419">School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2533, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damayanti, Yuvita Dian" sort="Damayanti, Yuvita Dian" uniqKey="Damayanti Y" first="Yuvita Dian" last="Damayanti">Yuvita Dian Damayanti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-24-04419">Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia;<email>yuvitadiandamayanti@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wangchuk, Phurpa" sort="Wangchuk, Phurpa" uniqKey="Wangchuk P" first="Phurpa" last="Wangchuk">Phurpa Wangchuk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-molecules-24-04419">Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;<email>phurpa.wangchuk@jcu.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, Paul A" sort="Keller, Paul A" uniqKey="Keller P" first="Paul A." last="Keller">Paul A. Keller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-molecules-24-04419">School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2533, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Molecules</title><idno type="eISSN">1420-3049</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Annona</italic> species have been a valuable source of anti-infective and anticancer agents. However, only limited evaluations of their alkaloids have been carried out. This review collates and evaluates the biological data from extracts and purified isolates for their anti-infective and anti-cancer activities. An isoquinoline backbone is a major structural alkaloid moiety of the <italic>Annona</italic> genus, and more than 83 alkaloids have been isolated from this genus alone. Crude extracts of <italic>Annona</italic> genus are reported with moderate activities against <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> showing larvicidal activities. However, no pure compounds from the <italic>Annona</italic> genus were tested against the parasite. The methanol extract of <italic>Annona muricata</italic> showed apparent antimicrobial activities. The isolated alkaloids from this genus including liriodenine, anonaine, asimilobine showed sensitivity against <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis.</italic> Other alkaloids such as (+)-Xylopine and isocoreximine indicated significant anti-cancer activity against A549 and K-562 cell lines, respectively. This review revealed that the alkaloids from <italic>Annona</italic> genus are rich in structural diversity and pharmacological activities. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Molecules</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Molecules</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">molecules</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Molecules</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1420-3049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31816948</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6930583</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/molecules24234419</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">molecules-24-04419</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Anti-Infective and Anti-Cancer Properties of the <italic>Annona</italic> Species: Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Alkaloid Diversity, and Pharmacological Activities</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nugraha</surname><given-names>Ari Satia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-24-04419">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-molecules-24-04419">2</xref><xref rid="c1-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Damayanti</surname><given-names>Yuvita Dian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-24-04419">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wangchuk</surname><given-names>Phurpa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-molecules-24-04419">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4868-845X</contrib-id><name><surname>Keller</surname><given-names>Paul A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-molecules-24-04419">2</xref><xref rid="c1-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Sacchetti</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-molecules-24-04419"><label>1</label>Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia;<email>yuvitadiandamayanti@gmail.com</email></aff><aff id="af2-molecules-24-04419"><label>2</label>School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2533, Australia</aff><aff id="af3-molecules-24-04419"><label>3</label>Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;<email>phurpa.wangchuk@jcu.edu.au</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-molecules-24-04419"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>arisatia@unej.ac.id</email> (A.S.N.); <email>keller@uow.edu.au</email> (P.A.K.); Tel.: +62-331-324-736 (A.S.N.); +61-2-4221-4692 (P.A.K.)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>23</issue><elocation-id>4419</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Annona</italic> species have been a valuable source of anti-infective and anticancer agents. However, only limited evaluations of their alkaloids have been carried out. This review collates and evaluates the biological data from extracts and purified isolates for their anti-infective and anti-cancer activities. An isoquinoline backbone is a major structural alkaloid moiety of the <italic>Annona</italic> genus, and more than 83 alkaloids have been isolated from this genus alone. Crude extracts of <italic>Annona</italic> genus are reported with moderate activities against <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> showing larvicidal activities. However, no pure compounds from the <italic>Annona</italic> genus were tested against the parasite. The methanol extract of <italic>Annona muricata</italic> showed apparent antimicrobial activities. The isolated alkaloids from this genus including liriodenine, anonaine, asimilobine showed sensitivity against <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis.</italic> Other alkaloids such as (+)-Xylopine and isocoreximine indicated significant anti-cancer activity against A549 and K-562 cell lines, respectively. This review revealed that the alkaloids from <italic>Annona</italic> genus are rich in structural diversity and pharmacological activities. Further exploration of this genus and their alkaloids has potential for developing novel anti-infective and anticancer drugs.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Annona</italic></kwd><kwd>alkaloid</kwd><kwd>anti-microbial</kwd><kwd>anti-malaria</kwd><kwd>anti-protozoa</kwd><kwd>anti-cancer</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-molecules-24-04419"><title>1. Introduction</title><p><italic>Annona</italic> is one of the 129 genera of the Annonaceae family and contains 119 species with eight species grown for commercial uses [<xref rid="B1-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Most of the species grow in tropical regions; e.g., the soursop fruit tree (<italic>Annona muricata</italic>) is cultivated commercially and is widespread in the West Indies, North and South Americas, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and Southeast Asia. <italic>Annona</italic> species have been used as medicines by indigenous people for a wide range of disorders including parasitic infections, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer [<xref rid="B3-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. The phytochemical investigation of this plant genus has revealed the presence of acetogenins, alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, and other chemical classes [<xref rid="B4-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Acetogenins (ACGs) are the major constituents of the <italic>Annona</italic> genre and examples were found to possess a variety of pharmacological properties including as antitumor, immunosuppressive, pesticidal, antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anthelmintic, and antiviral agents, with some being commercially developed for the treatment of oral herpes and treating infestations of head lice, fleas, and ticks [<xref rid="B5-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. However, the available phytochemistry, including information on the composition and bioactivities of constituents from <italic>Annona</italic> species is limited and scattered [<xref rid="B2-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. This review evaluates the ethnopharmacological uses, alkaloid constituents, and the anti-infective properties of constituents contained within the genus <italic>Annona</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-molecules-24-04419"><title>2. Ethnomedicinal Uses of <italic>Anonna</italic> Genus</title><p>The <italic>Annona</italic> species are moderately erect shrubs or small trees that grow to 5–11 m in height depending upon species and the region they inhabit, and are ferruginous to greyish, and tomentose when young, but later becoming glabrous [<xref rid="B7-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Ethnobotanically, the plants from this genus play significant roles as food products and medicinal agents. A recent review on <italic>A. muricata</italic> showed that it is widely used in traditional decoctions in as many as 35 different countries for treating numerous diseases [<xref rid="B8-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]; e.g., despite reports that the seed is toxic, traditional Mexican pharmacopeia uses powdered toasted seed as a potent emetic and cathartic. The seed was also used as an insecticidal agent and seed powder was used as a lotion when mixed with grease to treat parasitic skin disorders. A decoction of the fruit skin was used to treat pneumonia [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. To South-East Asian people, decocted leaves of <italic>Annona reticulate</italic> (“custard apple”) was used internally against worms, and poultice leaves were applied externally to treat abscesses, boils, and ulcers. Unripe fruit was used to treat diarrhea and dysentery, and decocted root was used as febrifuge and to treat toothache [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>].</p><p>In India, <italic>Annona squamosa</italic> (“sugar apple”) leaves are crushed and applied to wounds, ulcers, and is sniffed to relieve hysteria and fainting spells. Decocted leaves are used systemically to treat dysentery (India), and as a tonic, febrifuge, and cold remedy (tropical America). Crushed ripe fruit was applied to surface tumors (India), whereas the unripe fruit was used to treat dysentery in Elsavador [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. The stem bark and root were used to treat diarrhea and dysentery [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. The <italic>Annona muricata</italic> (“soursop”) has been used in the indigenous medicine of Togo to treat hypertension and diabetes mellitus [<xref rid="B11-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>], with the leaves used as an anti-parasitic, anti-rheumatic, astringent, and emetic in Brazil [<xref rid="B12-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. Decocted leaves were used as an analgesic, antispasmodic agents in Equador, whereas it is used as a remedy for cough, catarrhal inflammation, diarrhea, dysentery, bladder problems, and inflammation in the West Indies. Mashed leaves were also used as a poultice to relief eczema, rheumatism, and skin eruptions [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. Traditional medicine in Indonesia has used the leaves as a treatment for boils, spasms, and as an aphrodisiac [<xref rid="B13-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. The fruit juice was used as a diuretic agent and to treat leprosy and liver ailments [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. Currently, in Indonesia, the fruit is commonly used traditionally to treat breast cancer. A decoction of the seeds was used as a strong emetic agent, and the flower was used to treat catarrhal inflammation. In Materia Medica of British Guiana, a tincture of the powdered seeds and bay rum serves as a strong emetic. Soursop flowers are believed to alleviate catarrhal inflammation. The roots have been used as a vermifuge and an antidote for poisoning [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. The roots are commonly used in Guinea as anti-parasitic and pesticidal agents. In Indonesia, currently, the stem and root bark are used as an alternative medication to treat malarial fever.</p><p>There are less popular <italic>Annona</italic> species, which were also used in traditional medication. In Guyana, a decoction of the stem bark of <italic>A. ambotay</italic> Aublet was used to treat ulcers and skin eruptions. Mixed with the bark, the leaf was used as febrifuge and sudorific. A tea made of the stem and leaf of <italic>A. glabra</italic> L. was consumed to eliminate flatworm and nematodes in Guyana. A decoction of the bark of <italic>Annona haematantha</italic> Miq. was used as a bath to treat skin ulcers, while its syrup was used to relieve cough. The bark infusion of <italic>Annona sericea</italic> Dunal was used to treat cramps [<xref rid="B14-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. In Mexico, the leaf of <italic>Annona diversifolia</italic> Safford (“Ilama”) was commonly used as an anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic agent [<xref rid="B15-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. An infusion of the leaves of <italic>A. senegalensis</italic> (“wild custard apple”) was used to treat diarrhea and pulmonary complaints. Decocted stem bark was used to treat stomachache, toothache, dysentery, and worm infection. The root was used to treat venereal diseases and intestinal problems, snake bites, and as cancer therapy (Nigeria). Its green fruits was used to treat Guinea worm sores, diarrhea, dysentery [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. In Brazil, <italic>Annona salzmanii</italic> A. DC has been used to treat dysentery, ulcers, and inflammation [<xref rid="B16-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec3-molecules-24-04419"><title>3. Phytochemical Studies of Secondary Metabolites of <italic>Annona</italic> Genus</title><p>The juicy pulp of the fruit is often a good source of sugar, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic intake. For example, the dried pulp of <italic>Annona muricata</italic> contains 68% sugars for every 100 g containing 1.0 g protein, 0.97 g fat, 1.28 niacin, and 29 mg ascorbic acid. Moreover, it could supply 3 g of phenolic substances for every 100 g of pulp [<xref rid="B9-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B17-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. The 20th century reported preliminary examinations of the <italic>Annona</italic> plants of the leaves, fruits, and seeds. Since the 1980s, with the advent of pursuing anti-cancer drug leads from medicinal plants, acetogenin was isolated from the <italic>Annona</italic> genus based on its promising anti-cancer activity. For example, a recent acetogenin, squamocin P, isolated from <italic>A. squamosa,</italic> possessed significant anticancer activity against SMMC 7721/T, MCF-7/ADR, A549/T with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.435, 3.34, 6.32 µM, respectively, with the positive control cisplatin having higher IC<sub>50</sub> values of 198.85, 178.87, and 219.33 µM against SMMC 7721/T, MCF-7/ADR, and A549/T, respectively. While this encouraged investigations into this species, they were confined to this one polyketide compound, at the expense of other components present. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="molecules-24-04419-f001">Figure 1</xref>a shows the number of compounds isolated from each plant part of <italic>Annona muricata</italic>. In the previous phytochemical studies of <italic>Annona muricata</italic>, around 127 compounds were isolated, in which almost 90% were acetogenins (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="molecules-24-04419-f001">Figure 1</xref>b) [<xref rid="B18-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>].</p><p>Acetogenins from the <italic>Annona</italic> genus were reviewed together with other genus in the same family Annonaceae [<xref rid="B8-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B19-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B20-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="B22-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="B23-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>], which covered the isolation, molecular properties, and biosynthesis of their pharmacological activities. Here, we collected records on alkaloids which were isolated in the <italic>Annona</italic> plant genus from 1960–2019 (<xref rid="molecules-24-04419-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). The alkaloids present have been of interest since the first, annonaine (<bold>8</bold>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="molecules-24-04419-f002">Figure 2</xref>), was isolated in 1931 from the stem bark of <italic>Annona muricata</italic> L. collected in the Philippines [<xref rid="B24-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. <xref rid="molecules-24-04419-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> shows the alkaloids isolated from the specific plants of each species and their structures are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="molecules-24-04419-f002">Figure 2</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="sec4-molecules-24-04419"><title>4. Anti-Infective Alkaloids from the Genus <italic>Annona</italic></title><p>Plants from the genus <italic>Annona</italic> plants have been used in traditional medication for the treatment of both infectious and non-infectious diseases. This led to the pharmacological and chemical screening of numerous species to confirm these pharmacological claims and to isolate the compounds which might be responsible for these activities. The <italic>Annona</italic> genus has been studied for activity against parasites, cancer, and as anti-oxidant agents.</p><sec id="sec4dot1-molecules-24-04419"><title>4.1. Antiprotozoal Activities</title><p>Ethnopharmacological studies have revealed the <italic>Annona</italic> species <italic>Annona crassiflora</italic>, <italic>A. muricata</italic>, <italic>A. senegalensis</italic>, and <italic>A. squamosa</italic> were prescribed in malarial fever therapy. Further studies revealed leaf extract from <italic>A. crassiflora</italic> was rich in flavonoids and alkaloids, and was able to reduce the <italic>Plamsodium berghei</italic> NK65 infection level in mice by 57–75% with a daily dosage of 12.5 µg/kg/day [<xref rid="B62-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]. Another study of the crude methanol extract of <italic>A. squamosa</italic> indicated moderate activity against <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> 3D7 with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 30 µg/mL compared to the chloroquine control, which gave an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.021 µg/mL [<xref rid="B63-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]. Moderate anti-plasmodium activity was also shown using crude extracts of <italic>A. muricata</italic> (<xref rid="molecules-24-04419-t002" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p><p>In an animal model test, an aqueous leaf extract of <italic>A. muricata</italic> showed a dose dependent antimalarial effect with the highest inhibition of 85.61% observed from a 1000 µg/kg dose. However, the treatment was unable to completely cure the mice, but prolonged the survival time [<xref rid="B64-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]. An essential oil extract of <italic>A. squamosa</italic> demonstrated inhibition against the erythrocitic stages of <italic>P. falciparum,</italic> against epimastigotes forms of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> and against trypomastigotes forms of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 14.7, 16.2, and 12.7 µg/mL, respectively [<xref rid="B65-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>].</p><p>Although there was a limited record regarding traditional uses of <italic>Annona</italic> plants to treat other parasitic protozoal infections, e.g., leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, several crude extracts of <italic>Annona</italic> plant (<italic>A. muricata</italic>) were also tested against <italic>L. amazonensis</italic>, <italic>L. braziliensis</italic>, <italic>L. Donovani,</italic> and <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (<xref rid="molecules-24-04419-t002" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). The crude ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of <italic>A. muricata</italic> indicated potent activity against <italic>L. amazonensis</italic>, <italic>L. braziliensis</italic>, <italic>L. Donovani</italic>, and <italic>T. cruzi</italic> with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 10–25 µg/mL. A different strategy to control malarial infection involves controlling its vector. Past larvicidal studies have indicated that the crude methanol extract from the bark of <italic>A. squamosa</italic> resulted in 100% mortality of <italic>Anopheles subpictus</italic> (which carry human malaria parasites) at 500 µg/mL [<xref rid="B66-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>]. The extract from the stem and root bark were even more toxic toward malarial larvae (<italic>Anopheles gambiae</italic>s.s. Giles) with 50% mortality at 24 and 21 µg/mL, respectively [<xref rid="B67-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>].</p><p>The same protocol was applied to other disease vectors, including Aedes (dengue virus vector) and Culex (encephalitis virus). For example, the seeds of <italic>Annonas</italic> pecies were generally reported to be toxic with LC<sub>50</sub> values <1 µg/mL against both Aedes and Culex larvae (<xref rid="molecules-24-04419-t003" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>). These results demonstrated that the <italic>Annona</italic> plants can be used for controlling the vector especially in rural areas where modern, and likely more expensive, vector controls were limited.</p><p>Despite numerous alkaloids being isolated from <italic>Annona</italic> species, reports detailing pharmacological studies on single compounds remains limited. There are reports on the same alkaloids being isolated from different plant genus. For example, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> was isolated from <italic>Croton linearis</italic> and was previously shown to possess a weak antriprotozoal activity against <italic>Lesihmania infatum</italic> with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 148.0 ± 1.2 µM [<xref rid="B70-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]. Asimilobine <bold>9</bold> and isoboldine <bold>17</bold> isolated from the bark of <italic>Beilschmiedia alloiophylla</italic> (Costa Rica) possessed anti-leishmanial activity with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 29.8 ± 1.5 µM and 50.0 ± 4.0 µM, respectively [<xref rid="B71-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]. A previous study on the leaves and fruits of <italic>Annona mucosa</italic> (Brazil) produced liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, which was highly active against <italic>Leishmania amazonensis</italic> with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 1.43 ± 0.58 μg/mL and was moderately active against <italic>Leishmania braziliensis</italic> with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 55.92 ± 3.55 μg/mL [<xref rid="B72-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec4dot2-molecules-24-04419"><title>4.2. Antimicrobial Activities</title><p>Traditionally, <italic>Annona</italic> plants have been prepared for use against infection related diseases, such as ulcer, dysentery, and boils, and therefore became a driving force for conducting anti-microbial studies against common bacteria; preliminary results on the crude extracts are shown in <xref rid="molecules-24-04419-t004" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>. In general, the crude extract possessed moderate to inactive anti-microbial values ranging from 6.25–4096 µg/mL. Most of the studies were based on the anti-microbial activity of crude extracts with no separate non-polar to polar fractions tested or individual constituents isolated. Therefore, further investigations are required to substantiate the traditional claims for these <italic>Annona</italic> plants by the isolation and identification of individual constituents. As a result, discussion here is confined to the anti-microbial activities from isolated alkaloid constituents (<xref rid="molecules-24-04419-t005" ref-type="table">Table 5</xref>). <italic>A. muricata, A. squamosa, A. cherimola, and A. ambotay</italic> showed reasonable antimicrobial activities, whereas <italic>A. reticulata</italic> did not present antimicrobial activity, with reported MIC values of more than 1000 µg/mL against <italic>Bacillus cereus</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> [<xref rid="B77-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]. Antimicrobial testing of the methanol extract of <italic>A. squamosa</italic> fruit against multidrug resistant MRSA reported MIC values of 5000 µg/mL, but no information was given against ESBLEC (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing <italic>E. coli</italic>), CRPA (carbapenem-resistant <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>) and MDRAB (multidrug-resistant <italic>A. baumannii</italic>) [<xref rid="B78-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]. The benzoquinoline alkaloid, anonaine <bold>8</bold>, indicated comparable anti-microbial activities with positive control, with the exception against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. Another study reported annoquinone A, isolated from <italic>A. Montana</italic>, possessed anti-microbial activity against <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> and <italic>Micrococcus luteus</italic> with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 10, 10 µg/mL, respectively [<xref rid="B79-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>].</p><p>Previous studies using alkaloid samples from sources other than <italic>Annona</italic> revealed, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold> isolated from the bark of <italic>Beilschmiedia alloiophylla</italic> (Costa Rica) and <italic>B. kunstleri</italic> (Malaysia) indicated anti-fungal activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 16.0 µg/mL [<xref rid="B71-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]. (−)-Stepholidine <bold>20</bold> isolated from rattan stem of <italic>Fibraurea recisa</italic> had antifungal activity against drug resistant <italic>Candida albicans</italic> SM372, <italic>Candida krusei</italic> KM066, <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic> SM304160, <italic>Cryptococcus neofarms</italic> SM9406204 with similar MIC value of 320 µg/mL [<xref rid="B91-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]. Alkaloid (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold> from the same stem indicated significant inhibition of <italic>C. albican</italic> transition from yeast to hyphae in a dose dependent manner [<xref rid="B92-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]. Glaucine <bold>68</bold> isolated from the aerial component of <italic>Glaucium oxylobum</italic> showed moderate skin anti-fungal activities against <italic>Microsporum canis</italic>, <italic>Microsporum gypseum,</italic> and <italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</italic> [<xref rid="B93-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>]. Antifungal activities of the non-<italic>Annona</italic> isolated alkaloids were evaluated against non-pathogenic fungi including liriodenine <bold>11</bold> from the wood of <italic>Michelia formosa</italic> which indicated a low activity against several wood decaying fungi both white and brown rot-fungi, <italic>Lenzites betulina</italic>, <italic>Trametes versicolor</italic>, <italic>Laetiporus sulphureus</italic>, <italic>Gloeophyllum trabeum,</italic> and <italic>Fomitopsis pinicola</italic> [<xref rid="B94-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]. Similar alkaloids were also previously evaluated against pathogenic bacteria, including liriodenine from the roots of <italic>Zanthoxylum nitidum</italic> which showed a good antimicrobial activity against MRSA with MIC value of 93.8 µg/mL [<xref rid="B95-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]. Liriodenine <bold>11</bold> from the stem of <italic>Mitrephira glabra</italic> Scheff was active against non-pathogenic bacteria, <italic>Micrococcus luteus</italic>, <italic>Mycobacterium sinegmatis</italic>, <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisae</italic>, and <italic>Aspergilus niger</italic> with an MIC value of 6.3, 12, 12, and 25 µg/mL, respectively [<xref rid="B96-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec5-molecules-24-04419"><title>5. Anticancer Alkaloids Present in the Genus <italic>Annona</italic></title><p>In addition to the above antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activities, both the crude extracts from <italic>annona</italic> plants and the individual alkaloids have shown potent anticancer/antitumour activities.Many crude extracts of <italic>Annona</italic> species showed significant anti-cancer activities, but most of the bioactive constituents present in those crude extracts were acetogenins, fatty acids, and peptides [<xref rid="B7-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. However, wherever studied, it was known that some aporphine alkaloids, especially (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold>, which was isolated from the leaves of the wild custard apple, improved the response produced by vinblastine against multidrug-resistant KB-V1 or KB-3 cells (ED<sub>50</sub> > 20 µg/mL). This alkaloid appears to function by interacting with P-glycoprotein in the multidrug-resistant KB-V1 cell membrane vesicles [<xref rid="B59-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]. The leaves of <italic>Annona muricata</italic> also showed potency to reduce gastric lesion, to expel parasitic worms and, moreover, the crude extract from the bark possessed anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1. The extracts and compounds also showed anticancer activities against breast cancer. Alkaloids, (−)-coclaurine <bold>55</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold>, argentinine <bold>52</bold>, atherosperminine <bold>54</bold>, and (+)-xylopine <bold>65</bold> were isolated from the root of Indonesian <italic>Annona muricata</italic> in which (−)-coclaurine <bold>55</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> were non-toxic against a human suspension cancer cell line (HL-60 leukemia cells) and two fibroblastic cell lines (A549 lung cancer cells and HepG2 liver cancer cells). (+)-Xylopine <bold>65</bold> exhibited the lowest IC<sub>50</sub> value ranging from approximately 20–80 µM [<xref rid="B18-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>].The alkaloid isocoreximine <bold>39</bold> isolated from <italic>Annona cherimola</italic>, at concentration of 50 µg/mL indicated cytotoxicity against K-562, U-251, PC-3, HCT-15, and MCF-7 with % inhibition of cell viability 94.15%, 65.23%, 78.71%, 63.05%, and 85.76%, respectively. Isocoreximine <bold>39</bold> showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against K-562, U-251, PC-3, HCT-15, and MCF-7 with % of inhibition of cell viability 94.15%, 65.23%, 78.71%, 63.05%, and 85.76%, respectively [<xref rid="B34-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>].</p><p>Although most of the alkaloids isolated from <italic>Annona</italic> species were reported with no anticancer activity data, there were cytotoxicity activity data on similar molecules obtained from non-<italic>Annona</italic> genus (<xref rid="molecules-24-04419-t006" ref-type="table">Table 6</xref>). Interestingly, annomontine <bold>54</bold>, a carbolated pyrimidine alkaloid was previously reported from the marine sponge <italic>Acanthostrongylophora ingens</italic> collected from Indonesian water. The alkaloid possessed pronounced anticancer activity against mouse lymphoma L5178Y compared to a standard control kahallide F [<xref rid="B97-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]. The oxoaporphine alkaloid, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, was found in at least in twenty different species, ranging across flowering plants but mostly in annonaceae family. The alkaloid isolated from Brazilian <italic>Guatteria blepharophylla</italic> stem bark possessed anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line with a more potent result compared to a standard drug doxorubicin with TGI value of 36.67 compared to 46.04 µM [<xref rid="B98-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>].</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec6-molecules-24-04419"><title>6. Conclusions</title><p>This review presents the ethnomedicinal, alkaloidal and biological, properties of <italic>Annona</italic> species with respect to reported anti-infective and anti-cancer activities. The <italic>Anonna</italic> species: <italic>A. muricata</italic> (soursop), <italic>A. squamosa</italic> (custard apple), <italic>A. senegalensis</italic> (wild custard apple), and <italic>A. cherimola</italic> (cherimola) are renowned traditionally for their anti-tumor properties. Among these, <italic>A. muricata</italic> is widely studied and has shown broad range of biological activities including anti-protozoal, anti-cancer, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic properties. This species has also produced several patents and commercial products. Investigations into extracts from the leaves, bark, fruit, and seeds of this plant genus have found terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenols, sugars, fatty acids, acetogenins, and alkaloids. As many as 200 phytochemicals belonging to these chemotypes have been identified and isolated from this <italic>Annona muricata</italic> species alone, with the most important being acetogenins, phenols and anonaine alkaloids. Anonaine and its structurally related alkaloids were the most abundant and commonly available alkaloids in <italic>Annonaceae</italic> family. The oxoaporphine alkaloid, liriodenine, was found in at least in twenty different species, ranging across flowering plants but mostly in annonaceae family. The alkaloids from <italic>Annona</italic> species have rarely been explored for their medicinal applications. However, wherever studied, <italic>Annona</italic> alkaloids have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antitumor, anti-HIV, antiprotozoal, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, analgesics, gastroprotective, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Amongst these broad-ranging properties, anti-cancer and anti-tumour activities of both the crude extracts and alkaloids is commendable. Most interesting and noteworthy of this <italic>Annona</italic> genera is that the pharmacological properties accentuate the ethnomedicinal utilization of this plant, as well as its usefulness in the agrifood sector. Liriodenine, annonaine, glaucine and cleistopholine showed potent anti-cancer, anti-tumour, and cytotoxicity activities against many human cancer cell lines, and it is worthwhile to pursue detailed clinical investigations of these alkaloids. To the best of our knowledge, there is no clinical study that was successfully completed on the extracts rich in acetogenins or alkaloids. In this respect, it is also necessary to conduct scientific studies to establish optimal and safe doses of consumption of both the plant extracts and their phytochemicals especially alkaloids. This is because the use of the <italic>Annona</italic> plants is popular not only in Indonesia, but wide across the tropical countries.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>A.S.N. thanks to University of Jember and University of Wollongong for research support.</p></ack><notes><title>Author Contributions</title><p>Conceptualization, A.S.N., P.W., P.A.K.; data curation and analysis 1960–2015, A.S.N.; data curation and analysis 2015–2019, A.S.N., Y.D.D.; making and editing of the figures, A.S.N., Y.D.D.; writing—original draft preparation, A.S.N., Y.D.D., P.W., P.A.K.; writing—review and editing, A.S.N., Y.D.D., P.W., P.A.K.</p></notes><notes><title>Funding</title><p>This research received no external funding.</p></notes><notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflicts of Interest</title><p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></notes><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1-molecules-24-04419"><label>1.</label><element-citation publication-type="web"><article-title>The Plant List Version 1</article-title><comment>Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.theplantlist.org/">http://www.theplantlist.org/</ext-link></comment><date-in-citation content-type="access-date" iso-8601-date="2018-12-05">(accessed on 5 December 2018)</date-in-citation></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2-molecules-24-04419"><label>2.</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Badrie</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schauss</surname><given-names>A.G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Soursop (<italic>Annona muricata</italic> L.): Composition, nutritional value, medicinal uses, and toxicology</article-title><source>Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health</source><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Watson</surname><given-names>R.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Preedy</surname><given-names>V.R.</given-names></name></person-group><publisher-name>Elsevier Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London, UK</publisher-loc><year>2010</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3-molecules-24-04419"><label>3.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>B.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title><italic>Annona muricata</italic> (the cancer killer): A Review</article-title><source>Glob. 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(<bold>a</bold>) Number of isolated compounds in different regions of the plants; (<bold>b</bold>) comparison between total isolated acetogenins and alkaloids.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-24-04419-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-24-04419-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Structures of <italic>Annona</italic> alkaloids (<bold>1</bold>–<bold>83</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-24-04419-g002a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="molecules-24-04419-g002b"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="molecules-24-04419-g002c"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="molecules-24-04419-g002d"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="molecules-24-04419-g002e"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="molecules-24-04419-g002f"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="molecules-24-04419-g002g"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="molecules-24-04419-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-24-04419-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Alkaloid Constituents of <italic>Annona</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant Parts</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isolated Alkaloids</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona ambotay</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzene-EtOH: cleistopholine <bold>1</bold>, dielsinol <bold>2</bold>, dielsiquinone <bold>3</bold>, geovanine <bold>4</bold>, kinabaline <bold>5</bold>, 6-methoxyonychine <bold>6</bold>, onychine <bold>7</bold> [<xref rid="B25-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona cherimola</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, lanuginosine <bold>10</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, lysicamine <bold>12</bold>, pronuciferine <bold>13</bold>, (+)-stepharine <bold>14</bold> [<xref rid="B26-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phanostenine <bold>15</bold> [<xref rid="B27-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (+)-corytuberine <bold>16</bold>, (+)-isoboldine <bold>17</bold>, lanuginosine 10, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, (+)-nornantenine <bold>18</bold>, (+)-reticuline 19, (−)-stepholidine <bold>20</bold> [<xref rid="B28-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, cleistopholine <bold>1</bold>, lanuginosine <bold>10</bold>, liriodenine or xoushinsunine <bold>11</bold> [<xref rid="B29-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B30-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(+)-annocherine A <bold>21</bold>, (+)-annocherine B <bold>22</bold>, (−)-artabonatine B <bold>23</bold>, cherianoine <bold>24</bold>, cherimoline <bold>25</bold>, (−)-romucosine H <bold>26</bold> [<xref rid="B31-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="B32-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anolobine <bold>27</bold>, (+)-anonaine <bold>28</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, (−)-corydine <bold>29</bold>, (−)-corypalmine <bold>30</bold>, (−)-discretamine <bold>31</bold>, (+)-glaziovine <bold>32</bold>, (+)-isoboldine <bold>17</bold>, lanuginosine <bold>10</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, lysicamine <bold>12</bold>, (−)-<italic>N</italic>-methylasimilobine <bold>33</bold>, (−)-norushinsunine <bold>34</bold>, (−)-nuciferine <bold>35</bold>, (−)-stepholidine <bold>20</bold>, (−)-tetrahydropalmatine <bold>36</bold>, (−)-xylopine <bold>37</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B33-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-corytenchine <bold>38</bold>, (−)-isocoreximine <bold>39</bold> [<xref rid="B34-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona diversifolia</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liriodenine <bold>11</bold> [<xref rid="B35-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona glabra</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit-stem</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, annobraine <bold>40</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, 1-aza-4-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-9,10-anthracenedione <bold>41</bold>, dehydrocorydalmine <bold>42</bold>, (−)-<italic>N</italic>-formylanonaine <bold>43</bold>, (−)-kikemanine <bold>44</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, lysicamine <bold>12</bold>, (−)-nornuciferine or (−)-<italic>N</italic>-methylasimilobine <bold>33</bold>, (+)-nordomesticine <bold>45</bold>, (+)-stepharine <bold>14</bold> [<xref rid="B36-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, coreximine <bold>46</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B37-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-<italic>N</italic>-methyl-actinodaphnine <bold>47</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B38-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, (−)-coreximine <bold>46</bold>, (−)-nornuciferine or (−)-<italic>N</italic>-methylasimilobine <bold>33</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B37-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, (−)-nornuciferine or (−)-<italic>N</italic>-methylasimilobine <bold>33</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B37-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anolobine <bold>27</bold>, (−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, (+)-isoboldine <bold>17</bold>, liriodenine (or oxoushinsunine) <bold>11</bold>, (−)-<italic>N</italic>-nornuciferine <bold>48</bold>, (−)-norushinsunine (or michelalbine) <bold>34</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold>, (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold> [<xref rid="B39-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="B40-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona montana</italic> Macf (wild soursop)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">annolatine <bold>50</bold>, annoretine <bold>51</bold>, argentinine <bold>52</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold> [<xref rid="B41-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem-Root bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annomontine <bold>53</bold>, (−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, atherosperminine <bold>54</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, (−)-coclaurine <bold>55</bold>, (−)-coreximine <bold>46</bold>, methoxyannomontine <bold>56</bold>, oxoushinsunine or liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold>, (−)-xylopine <bold>37</bold> [<xref rid="B42-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annomontine <bold>53</bold> [<xref rid="B43-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona muricata</italic> L. (soursop)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tanzania</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold> [<xref rid="B44-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-annonamine <bold>57</bold>, (<italic>+</italic>)-<italic>O</italic>,<italic>O</italic>-dimethylcoclaurine <bold>58</bold>, (<italic>+</italic>)-4′-<italic>O</italic>-methylcoclaurine <bold>59</bold>, (<italic>+</italic>)-norcorydine <bold>60</bold> [<xref rid="B45-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-coclaurine <bold>55</bold>, isolaureline <bold>61</bold>, isoboldine <bold>17</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, (+)-<italic>N</italic>-methylcoclaurine <bold>62</bold>, norisolaurelin or (−)-xylopine <bold>37</bold>, (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold> [<xref rid="B46-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="B47-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem (bark)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anomurine <bold>63</bold>, anomuricine <bold>64</bold>, atherosperminine <bold>54</bold>, (−)-coclaurine <bold>55</bold>, (−)-coreximine <bold>46</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold>, (+)-stepharine <bold>14</bold> [<xref rid="B48-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indonesia</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-coclaurine <bold>55</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold>, argentinine <bold>52</bold>, atherosperminine <bold>54</bold>, (+)-xylopine <bold>65</bold> [<xref rid="B18-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona paludosa</italic> Aubl.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guiena</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, (−)-coreximine <bold>46</bold>, dihydropalmatine <bold>66</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold>, (−)-scoulerine or (−)-discretamine <bold>31</bold>, (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold>, (±)-tetrahydropalmatine <bold>36</bold> [<xref rid="B49-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona reticulata</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, (+)-corydine <bold>67</bold>, (+)-glaucine <bold>68</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, (+)-norcorydine <bold>60</bold>, oxonantenine <bold>69</bold>, oxoxylopine or lanuginosine <bold>10</bold>, (−)-xylopine <bold>37</bold> [<xref rid="B50-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-aequaline or (−)-discretamine <bold>31</bold>, (+/-)-annomontine <bold>53</bold>, (−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, (−)-3-hydroxynornuciferine <bold>70</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, methoxyannomontine <bold>56</bold>, (−)-michelalbine or (−)-norushinsunine <bold>34</bold>, oxoushinsunine or liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B51-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>,<xref rid="B52-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona salzmanii</italic> A. DC</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, cleistopholine <bold>1</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, oxolaureline or 10-methoxyliriodenine <bold>71</bold>, (+)- reticuline <bold>19</bold>, (−)-xylopine <bold>37</bold> [<xref rid="B16-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona sericea</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-3-hydroxynornuciferine <bold>70</bold>, (+)-isoboldine <bold>17</bold>, (+)-<italic>N</italic>-methylcoclaurine <bold>62</bold>, (+)-nornantenine <bold>18</bold>, (−)-nornuciferine or (−)-<italic>N</italic>-methylasimilobine <bold>33</bold>, oxonuciferine or lysicamine <bold>12</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B53-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Annona squamosa</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, (−)-nornuciferine or (−)-<italic>N</italic>-methylasimilobine <bold>33</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B54-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves- stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (+)-coclaurine <bold>72</bold>, (+)-isoboldine <bold>17</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, (+)-nornuciferine <bold>73</bold>, (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold> [<xref rid="B55-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>,<xref rid="B56-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (+)-corydine <bold>67</bold>, (+)-glaucine <bold>68</bold>, (+)-isocorydine <bold>74</bold>, lanuginosine <bold>10</bold>, (+)-<italic>O</italic>-methylarmepavine <bold>75</bold>, (+)-norcorydine <bold>60</bold>, norisocorydine <bold>76</bold>, (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold>, (−)-xylopine <bold>7</bold> [<xref rid="B57-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>,<xref rid="B58-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tanzania</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>,(−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold> [<xref rid="B44-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zimbabwe</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-isocorydine <bold>77</bold>, (−)-roemerine <bold>49</bold> [<xref rid="B59-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, asimilobine <bold>9</bold>, corypalmine <bold>30</bold>, (−)-nornuciferine or (−)-<italic>N</italic>-methylasimilobine <bold>33</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B54-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annobraine <bold>40</bold>, annosqualine <bold>78</bold>, demethylsonodione <bold>79</bold>, dihydroferuloyltyramine <bold>80</bold>, dihydrosinapoyltyramine <bold>81</bold>, liriodenine <bold>11</bold>, squamolone <bold>82</bold>, thalifoline <bold>83</bold> [<xref rid="B60-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-anolobine <bold>27</bold>, (−)-anonaine <bold>8</bold>, (−)-norushinsunine (or michelalbine) <bold>34</bold>, oxoushinsuine (liriodenine) <bold>11</bold>, (+)-reticuline <bold>19</bold> [<xref rid="B61-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="molecules-24-04419-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-24-04419-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Anti-protozoal activity of several extract of <italic>Annona muricata</italic> and <italic>Annona reticulata</italic> [<xref rid="B68-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>,<xref rid="B69-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>].</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Species</th><th rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Part of Plant (Extract)</th><th colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Anti-Protozoal Activity (IC<sub>50</sub>, µg/mL)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>Leishmania species</italic></th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>P. falciparum</italic></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PH8</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M2903</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PP75</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F32</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">W2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. muricata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (Hexane)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2 <sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.6 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (EtOAc)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.5 <sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.4 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (MeOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2 <sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.8 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (Hexane)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.6</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.3</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.9</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.4 <sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.2 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (EtOAc)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.2 <sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.7 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (MeOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.6</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.6</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.6</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.6</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.5 <sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.3 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PC (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PC (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PC (CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST(EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST (CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.32</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. reticulata</italic></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF(EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TW (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TW (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TW (CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST(EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST (CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.90</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RF (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RF (CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Standard drug</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pentamidine</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bensoidazole</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisisn</td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>LF: leaf; SD: seed, PC: pericarp; RT: root; ST: stem bark; TW: twig; <italic>Leishmania amazonensis</italic> (PH8); <italic>Leishmania braziliensis</italic> (M2903); <italic>Leishmania donovani</italic> PP75; <sup>a</sup> Values represent percentage of inhibition at 10.0 µg/mL.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="molecules-24-04419-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-24-04419-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Larvicidal of several extract of <italic>Annona</italic> genus [<xref rid="B44-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B66-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>,<xref rid="B73-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>,<xref rid="B74-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>,<xref rid="B75-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="B76-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>].</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Plant Name</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Plant Extract</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">LC<sub>50</sub> (µg/mL)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aedes aegypti</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aedes albopictus</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Culex quinquefasciatus</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. crassiflora</italic></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SB (hexane)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">192.57</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RW (hexane)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154.02</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RB (hexane)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264.15</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RB (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RW (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.94</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. glabra</italic></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. muricata</italic></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (hexane)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122.77</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (CHCl<sub>3</sub>)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (MeOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.91</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (MeOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.47</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. senegalensis</italic></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (MeOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.42</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. squamosal</italic></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.9</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">169</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.70</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (EtOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.12</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.96</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (MeOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.26</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.70</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SB (MeOH)</td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.94</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SB: stem bark; RB: root bark; RW: root wood; SD: seed; RT: root; LF: leaf.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="molecules-24-04419-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-24-04419-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Anti-microbial activities of crude extracts or fractions of <italic>Annona</italic> genus.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Plant Name/Standards</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Plant Extract</th><th colspan="21" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">MIC (µg/mL)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PA</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SA</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PS</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">XC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AT</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PM</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EH</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TV</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NB <sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MD <sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BC <sup>b</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AN <sup>c</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AI <sup>c</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SM <sup>c</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PI <sup>c</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PG <sup>c</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. ambotay</italic> [<xref rid="B80-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (EtOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 b</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 b</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. cherimola</italic> [<xref rid="B81-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (MeOH) </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. cherimola</italic> [<xref rid="B80-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (EtOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11b</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14b</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. muricata</italic> [<xref rid="B82-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>,<xref rid="B83-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>,<xref rid="B84-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF (H<sub>2</sub>O)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4096</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1024</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">512</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1024</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1024</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. muricata</italic> [<xref rid="B81-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (MeOH) </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. muricata</italic> [<xref rid="B85-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SB (EtOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. muricata</italic> [<xref rid="B80-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STm (EtOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. muricata</italic> [<xref rid="B18-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT (MeOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. squamosa</italic> [<xref rid="B86-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (EtOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>771</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>771</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>771</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>771</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>771</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. squamosa</italic> [<xref rid="B86-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (Acetone)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>475</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>475</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>475</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>475</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>475</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. squamosa</italic> [<xref rid="B87-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD (MeOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 *</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 *</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 *</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. squamosa</italic> [<xref rid="B78-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR (MeOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1250 *</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1250 *</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1250 *</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. Senegalensis</italic> [<xref rid="B88-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BK (MeOH)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Streptomycin</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloramfenicol</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RST</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Metronidazole</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivermictine</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neomycin</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gentamycin</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>RST: Resistance; <sup>a</sup> LD<sub>50</sub> (µg/mL); <sup>b</sup> Inhibition zone (0.1 mg/disc, mm); <sup>c</sup> Inhibition zone (2 mg/disc, mm); LF:Leaf; SD: Seed; BK: Bark; STm: Stem; ST: <italic>Salmonella typhi</italic>; PA: <italic>Pseudomas aeruginosa</italic>; KP: <italic>Klebsiella pneumonia</italic>; EC: <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> 27; SA: <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> 358; PS: <italic>Pseudomonas syringa</italic> e673; AT: <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic> 431; XC: <italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> 2286; PC: <italic>Pectobacterium caratovorum</italic> 1428; PM: <italic>Pseudomonas marginalis</italic> 2758; AP: <italic>Aspergillus parasiticus</italic> 411; EH: <italic>Entamoeba histolytica</italic>; TV: <italic>Taenia vaginalis</italic>; NB: <italic>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</italic>; <italic>Mollemades setae</italic>; BC: <italic>Bacilus subtilis;</italic> AN: <italic>Actinomyces naeslundii</italic>; AI: <italic>Actinomyces israelii</italic>; SM: <italic>Streptococcus mutans</italic>; PI: <italic>Privotella intermedia</italic>; PG: <italic>Porphyromonus gingivalis</italic>. * MIC was recorded in µg /mL.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="molecules-24-04419-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-24-04419-t005_Table 5</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Anti-microbial activities of alkaloids isolated from <italic>Annona</italic> genus.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="12" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">MIC (µg/mL)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KZ</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SA</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sap</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sep</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PA</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CA</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CP</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CDb</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fm</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. salzmannii</italic> [<xref rid="B89-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liriodenine 11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anonaine 8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asimilobine 9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reticuline 19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Annona squamosal</italic> [<xref rid="B90-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-(<italic>R</italic>)-anonaine 8 [<xref rid="B90-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39 *</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cleistopholine 1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloramphenicol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">850</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>-: no data available; KZ: Kocuriarhizophila (ATCC 9341); SA: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC14458); SAp:S. aureuspenicilinase-(8-); SE: Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228); Sep; S. epidermidis (6ep); EF: Enterococcus faecalis (Ef); EC: Escherichia coli (ATCC 10538); PA: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)c; CA: Candida albicans (ATCC 10231); CA: Candida albicans(ATCC 10231); CP: Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019); CD: Candida dubliniensis (ATCC 777); CDb Candida dubliniensis (ATCC 778157); FM: Fusarium moniliforme. * inhibition diameter in mm.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="molecules-24-04419-t006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-24-04419-t006_Table 6</object-id><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Anticancer/cytotoxicityactivities ofalkaloids that were obtained from non-<italic>Annona</italic> genera.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkaloid</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Part of Plant</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anticancer Activity </th><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref(s)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">(−)-Anonaine <bold>8</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nelumbo nucifera</italic> Gaertn (Nelumbonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-proliferative effects with IC<sub>50</sub> > 500 µM against AGS and 150.1 ± 0.3 µM against DU-145</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Michelia alba</italic> D.C. (Magnoliaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibited viability of HeLa cancer cells (23 ± 1%) more effectively than non-cancer cells (Vero and MDCK cells, 75 ± 3% and 95 ± 4%, respectively) at concentration of 100 µM.</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Annomontine <bold>53</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acanthostrongylophora ingens</italic> (Petrosiidae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sponges </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indonesia </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pronounced cytotoxicity against L5178Y cell line with ED<sub>50</sub> 7.8 µg/mL compared to the positive control kahalalide F (ED<sub>50</sub> 6.3 μg/mL)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B97-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acanthostrongylophora ingens</italic> (Petrosiidae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sponges </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indonesia</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pronounced cytotoxicity against L5178Y cell line with EC<sub>50</sub> 0.49 µg/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B101-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artabonatine B <bold>23</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artabotrys hexapetalus</italic> (L.f.) Bhandari (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots, stems, and leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active against both Hep G2 and 2,2,15 cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> 9.1 and 11.0 µg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-Asimilobine <bold>9</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nelumbo nucifera</italic> Gaertn (Nelumbonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-proliferative effects against AGS and DU-145 cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> > 500 µM</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Cleistopholine <bold>1</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata</italic> (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Displayed potent cytotoxicity against Hep G2 (human hepatoma cell) and Hep 2,2,15 (Hep G2 cell line transfected with hepatitis B virus) cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.22 µg/mL and 0.54 µg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B103-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Disepalum pulchrum</italic> (King) J.Sinclair (<italic>Enicosanthellum pulchrum</italic>, Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active against CAOV-3 and SKOV-3 with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 61.4 μM and 67.3 μM, respectively. This was comparable with that of the positive control cisplatin (62.8 μM and 67.1 μM) at 24 h of treatment. Cleistopholine (1) at >200 μM showed less cytotoxic effect against normal ovarian cells (SV40).</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B104-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saprosma hainanense</italic> Merr. (Rubiaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stems</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactive against against BEL-7402, SGC-7901, and K-562 cell lines</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">(−)-Corydine <bold>29</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dicranostigma leptopodum</italic> (Maxim.) Fedde (Papaveraceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed its cytotoxicity against H1299, MCF-7, and SMCC-7721 with IC<sub>50</sub> > 100 µM</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stephania dinklagei</italic> (Engl.) Diels (Menispermaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial parts</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ghana</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibited cytotoxic activity against KB cell line with IC<sub>50</sub> 733 μM</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">(−)-Corydine <bold>29</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stephania dinklagei</italic> (Engl.) Diels (Menispermaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ghana</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-Corydine 29 showed DNA-damaging activity in the yeast bioassay (IC50 values YCp50 gal, pRAD52 GAL, Prad52 GLU were27.5, >73.9, and 22.5 μg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B108-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stephania kwangsiensis</italic> H.S. Lo. (Menispermaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Three different concentrations (20, 10, 5 µg/mL) could all significantly increase the apoptosis rate (8.77%, 9.12%, and 12.38%, respectively) of NCI-H446 cells after 48 h of treatment compared to the control group (1.02%). (−)-Corydine 29 can inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer NCI-H446 cells and induce their apoptosis</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B109-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Corytuberine <bold>16</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dicranostigma leptopodum</italic> (Maxim.) Fedde (Papaveraceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytotoxicity against H1299, MCF-7, and SMCC-7721 with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 53.58 ± 5.47 µM, 72.30 ± 1.72 µM, and 73.22 ± 2.35 µM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Demethylsonodione <bold>79</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hernandia nymphaefolia</italic> (Presi) Kubitzk (Hernandiaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trunk bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibited cytotoxic activity against P-388, KB16, A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), and HT-29 (human colon carcinoma cell lines with ED<sub>50</sub> value of 0.766, 0.507, 0.223, and 0.772 µg/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B110-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dielsiquinone <bold>3</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Goniothalamus tamirensis</italic> Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep. (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed cytotoxic activity against A549, HT029, MCF7, RPMI and U251 with ED<sub>50</sub> value of 0.11, 1.12, 0.11, 0.11 and 0.37 µM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B111-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Glaucine <bold>68</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cassytha filiformis</italic> L. (Lauraceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benin</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active compound against HeLa cell line with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 8.2 µM</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B112-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Codiaeum variegatum</italic> (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss. (Euphorbiaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed cytotoxic activity against HepG2, MCF7, HCT116, and A549 cell lines with % of inhibition of cell viability of 38.4%, 46.3%, 66.8%, and 17.3%, respectively (at concentration of 100 µg/mL)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B113-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corydalis turtschaninovii</italic> Bess. (Papaveraceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuber</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Korea</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed cytotoxic activity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2 and HCT-15 cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 26.76 ± 3.82, 21.57 ± 1.01, 20.39 ± 1.45 and 18.63 ± 4.15 µM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B114-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isocoreximine <bold>39</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guatteria blepharophylla</italic> Mart (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed anti-proliferative activity against UACC-62, MCF-7, NCI-H460, OVCAR-03, PC-3, HT-29, alagnd 786-0 with TGI value of >764.52 µM, and NCI-ADR/RES (TGI 131.50 µM). This compound showed selective activity for ovarian expressing phenotype for multiple drug resistance (NCI-ADR/RES) with a TGI value of 131.50 µM, but was less active than doxorubicin (TGI value of 14.80 µM)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">(+)-Isocorydine <bold>74</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cassytha filiformis</italic> L. (Lauraceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benin</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactive against HeLa cell with IC<sub>50</sub> > 80 µM</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B112-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Papaver rhoeas</italic> L. <italic>Papaver rhopalothece</italic> Stapf, <italic>Papaver macrostomum</italic> Boiss. & A.Huet (Papaveraceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial parts</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkey</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nontoxic against normal Vero cell with IC<sub>50</sub> value of >300 μg/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B115-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lanuginosine <bold>10</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Magnolia grandiflora</italic> L. (Magnoliaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibited cytotoxicity against U251 and HEPG2 with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 4 μg/mL and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively. Lanuginosine 10 was found to be inactive against the HeLa cancer cell.</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Liriodenine <bold>11</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomianthus dulcis</italic> (Dunal) J. Sinclair (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibit the growth of NCIH187, BC, and KB cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> values at 1.02, 13.45 and 14.57 µg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Broussonetia papyrifera</italic> (L.) L′Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibit strong cytotoxic effect against A375, BEL-7402, and HeLa cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 5.38 ± 0.27, 6.61 ± 0.57, and 5.97 ± 0.39 µg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata</italic> (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bangladesh</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Show cytotoxic activity based on brine shrimp method with LC<sub>50</sub> value of 4.89 μg/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cyathostemma argenteum</italic> Wild & R.B.Drumm (Vitaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Found to be similarly and moderately cytotoxic against MCF-7 ADR MDA-MB435 and MT-1 cells lines with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 15.6, 16.7, 6.4 and 18.2 µM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Disepalum plagioneurum</italic> (Diels) D.M.Johnson (Syn <italic>Polyalthia plagioneura</italic> Diels, Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytotoxic activity against GSC-7901, K562, and SPCA-1 cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of of 3.87, 37.61, and 6.19 µM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Disepalum pulchrum</italic> (King) J.Sinclair (syn <italic>Enicosanthellum pulchrum</italic> (King) Heusden, Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibited CAOV-3 cell growth with IC<sub>50</sub> value of.3 ± 1.06 µM after 24 h of exposure. Exhibited less activity against SKOV-3 cells, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 68.0 ± 1.56 µM. </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B122-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Goniothalamus gitingensis</italic> Elmer (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Philippines</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effective antiproliferative effects against HUVEC and K-562 cell lines with GI<sub>50</sub> value of 8.2 ± 0.3 and 6.1 ± 0.8, respectively. </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B123-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Liriodenine <bold>11</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guatteria aberrans</italic> Erkens & Maas (Syn <italic>Guatteria f riesiana</italic> (W.A. Rodrigues) Erkens & Maas, Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anticancer potent against B16-F10 (mouse melanoma), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia), and K562 (human chronic myelocytic leukemia) tumor cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> values of >10, 8.3, 5.5, and 5.0 μM for the respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B124-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guatteria blepharophylla</italic> Mart. (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed anti-proliferative activity against UACC-62, MCF-7, NCI-H460, OVCAR-03, PC-3, HT-29, 786-0 and NCI-ADR/RES with TGI value of 63.02, 37.67, 87.41, 372.18, >909.09, >909.09, >909.09 and >909.09 µM, respectively. This compound undermined positive control doxorubicin against MCF-7 with TGI value of 46.04 µM.</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Magnolia duperreana</italic> Pierre (Syn <italic>Kmeria duperreana</italic> (Pierre) Dandy, Magnoliaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Found to be active against KB and P388 cell lines with ED<sub>50</sub> value of of 1.7 and 0.8 µg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Magnolia floribunda</italic> (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar (Syn <italic>Michelia floribunda</italic> Finet & Gagnep., Magnoliaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indicated cytotoxic activity against KB and P388 cell lines with with ED<sub>50</sub> value of <2.5 µg/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Michelia compressa</italic> var. formosana (Magnoliaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heartwood </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibited powerful inhibitory activity against TW01, H226, Jurkat, A498, A549, and HT1080 carcinoma cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of were 8.99, 14.71, 15.7, 4.52, 8.82 and 9.75 μM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Michelia compressa</italic> var. lanyuensis (Magnoliaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Possessed cytotoxicity against B16F10 cells after 24 h treatment at high concentration (100 μM) with 80% of cell viability. </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B128-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Microcos paniculata</italic> L. (Malvaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Branche</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitenam</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed low activity against HT-29 cancer cell line with IC<sub>50</sub> values greater than 10 μM.</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Miliusa sinensis</italic> Finet & Gagnep. (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and branches</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vietnam</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indicated a good activity against MCF-7, KB, LU and Hep-G2 cancer cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 2.89, 2.30, 6.66 and 5.23 μg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nelumbo nucifera</italic> Gaertn (Nelumbonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed anti-proliferative effects against AGS and DU-145 cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of >500 and 95.4 ± 0.4 µM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Polyalthia longifolia</italic> var. pendula (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed activity against MCF-7 (breast cancer) and MDA-MB-231 cell line with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 4.46 and 10.28 µg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Liriodenine <bold>11</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseuduvaria setosa</italic> (King) J. Sinclair (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strongly cytotoxic to KB and BC cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> 2.4 µg/mL and 2.3 µg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saprosma hainanense</italic> Merr. (Rubiaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stems </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibit cytotoxic activities against BEL-7402, SGC-7901, and K-562 cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 71.7, 33.7, and 197.7 µM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stephania dinklagei</italic> (Engl.) Diels (Menispermaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial parts</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ghana</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibit cytotoxic activity against KB cell line with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 26.9 ± 2.4 μM</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stephania dinklagei</italic> (Engl.) Diels (Menispermaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ghana</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed DNA-damaging activity in the yeast bioassay against YCp50 gal, pRAD52 GAL, Prad52 GLU with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.6, 1.5, and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B108-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unonopsis guatterioides</italic> (A.DC.) R.E.Fr.(Sin <italic>Unonopsis buchtienii</italic> R. E.Fries, Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bolivia</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Possessed cytotoxic bioactivity against Vero cell line with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 1 μg/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zanthoxylum nitidum</italic> (Roxb.) DC. (Rutaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibit cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines HT29, A549 and MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 9.12, 6.05, and 11.35 μM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B134-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zanthoxylum nitidum</italic> (Roxb.) DC. (Rutaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibit moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7, NCI-H460, and SF-268 cancer cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 3.19, 2.38, and 2.19, respectively. Liriodenine (11) was the most cytotoxic isolate in <italic>Zanthoxylum nitidum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">(+)-Nornuciferine <bold>73</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guatteria blepharophylla</italic> Mart (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 NCI-H460 PC-3 HT-29786-0 K562 and NCI-ADR/RES with TGI value of 215.58, 201.99, 542.38, 191.38, 615.23, 153.88 and 255.37 µM, respectively.</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nelumbo nucifera</italic> Gaertn (Nelumbonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-proliferative effects against AGS and DU-145 cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of >500 µM</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoebe grandis</italic> (Nees) Merr. (Lauraceae) </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytotoxic activity against NIH/3T3, HeLa and HL-60 with CD<sub>50</sub> value of 17, 15 and 37 µg/mL, respectively.</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B136-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" colspan="1">(+)-Reticuline <bold>19</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Argemone Mexicana</italic> L. (Papaveraceae) </td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytotoxic effects against HONE-1 (96% of control) and NUGC (90% of control) at concentration of 150 µM</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B137-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dehaasia longipedicellata</italic> (Ridl.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytotoxicity activities against A549 (IC<sub>50</sub> > 200 µg/mL), A375 (IC<sub>50</sub> 97.600 µg/mL), and BxPC-3 (IC<sub>50</sub> 82.570 µg/mL)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B138-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hernandia nymphaefolia</italic> (Presi) Kubitzk (Hernandiaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trunk bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anticancer activity against P-388, KB16, A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), and HT-29 (human colon carcinoma cell lines with ED<sub>50</sub> > 50 µg/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B139-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roemerine <bold>49</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nelumbo nucifera</italic> Gaertn (Nelumbonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed anti-proliferative effects against AGS and DU-145with IC<sub>50</sub> value of >500 and 95.4 ± 0.4 µM, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−)-Stepholidine <bold>20</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Polyalthia longifolia</italic> (Sonn.) Thwaites (Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activity against MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell line with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 16.56 µg/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squamolone <bold>82</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artabotrys hexapetalus</italic> (L.f.) Bhandari (Syn <italic>Artabotrys uncinatus</italic> (Lam) Merr., Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots, stems, and leaves</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Showed significant activity against Hep G2 and 2,2,15 cell lines with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 2.8 and 1.6 µg/mL, respectively</td><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102-molecules-24-04419" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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