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Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine

Identifieur interne : 000175 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000174; suivant : 000176

Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine

Auteurs : Wenqian Wang ; Qiuyu Meng ; Qi Li ; Jinbao Liu ; Mo Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Zheng Jin ; Kai Zhao [République populaire de Chine]

Source :

RBID : PMC:7014278

Abstract

Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.


Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020487
PubMed: 31940963
PubMed Central: 7014278


Affiliations:

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PMC:7014278

Le document en format XML

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<p>Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31940963</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7014278</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms21020487</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-21-00487</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Wenqian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Meng</surname>
<given-names>Qiuyu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Qi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Jinbao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Mo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-21-00487">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-21-00487">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>Zheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6139-1912</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Kai</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-21-00487">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-21-00487">3</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">
<label>1</label>
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);
<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);
<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);
<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-ijms-21-00487">
<label>2</label>
Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
<email>zhoumo_wk@hotmail.com</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af3-ijms-21-00487">
<label>3</label>
Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ijms-21-00487">
<label>*</label>
Correspondence:
<email>jinzheng@hlju.edu.cn</email>
(Z.J.);
<email>zybin395@126.com</email>
(K.Z.); Tel.: +86-451-8660-8131 (Z.J.); +86-451-8660-8586 (K.Z.)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<month>1</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>487</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>25</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>09</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>chitosan derivative</kwd>
<kwd>nanoparticles</kwd>
<kwd>biomedicine</kwd>
<kwd>drug delivery</kwd>
<kwd>immunology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Schematic diagram of chitosan chemical reaction.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Reaction equations for acylated chitosan derivatives. (
<bold>A</bold>
) N-acylated chitosan; (
<bold>B</bold>
) O-acylated chitosan.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Alkylation chitosan derivative reaction equations. (
<bold>A</bold>
) Halogenated alkane to prepare N-alkylated chitosan; (
<bold>B</bold>
) advanced fatty aldehyde prepares N-alkylated chitosan.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Carboxylated chitosan derivative reaction equation. (
<bold>A</bold>
) O-carboxymethyl chitosan (degree of substitution (DS) < 1); (
<bold>B</bold>
) N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (DS ≥ 1).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g004"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<p>Reaction equations for quaternized chitosan derivatives. (
<bold>A</bold>
), N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) direct quaternary ammonium salt substitution method; (
<bold>B</bold>
) TMC N-alkylation; (
<bold>C</bold>
) chitosan 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTA) ring opening method.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g005"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f006" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<p>Immunity causes antibody production to be immune.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g006"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="ijms-21-00487-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-21-00487-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Applications of quaternary ammonium chitosan in antibacterial.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial Species</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Application</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ammonium N-alkyl chitosan particles</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
,
<italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biomedical devices, textile industry [
<xref rid="B124-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quaternized N-alkyl chitosan film</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
,
<italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial material [
<xref rid="B125-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quaternized N-aryl chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial material [
<xref rid="B126-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quaternary ammonium chitosan-containing monosaccharide or disaccharide moiety</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
,
<italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial agents [
<xref rid="B127-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">O-imidazolyl quaternary ammonium chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-cancer, anti-virus, anti-diabetes, enzyme inhibition and anti-tuberculosis [
<xref rid="B128-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trimethyl ammonium chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biodegradable fungicide [
<xref rid="B129-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan quaternary ammonium salt film</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
,
<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
,
<italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial coating [
<xref rid="B81-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijms-21-00487-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-21-00487-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Applications of common chitosan derivatives in bone tissue engineering.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chitosan Derivative</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Complex</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Application</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Attributes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Carboxymethyl chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fibroin/CMCS/strontium replaces hydroxyapatite/cellulose nanocrystals</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improving adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts [
<xref rid="B137-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tyrosinase/CMCS/gelatin/nano hydroxyapatite</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment of irregular small bone defects</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Injectable gel to promote osteoblast differentiation and maturation [
<xref rid="B138-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silk fibroin/CMCS/vitamin C</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhanced cell proliferation, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity, promoting calcium phosphate deposition in the scaffold [
<xref rid="B53-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMCS/nano hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhances osteoinductivity and promotes new bone formation [
<xref rid="B139-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gelatin/CMCS/LAPONITE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhances mechanical properties and promotes bone marrow stem cell attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation [
<xref rid="B140-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxymethyl chitosan nanofiber</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyapatite coated electrospun CMCS nanofibers</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhances ALP activity and promotes osteoblast differentiation and maturation [
<xref rid="B141-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyapatite/N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan/fucoidan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased pore size and mechanical properties promote osteoblast differentiation [
<xref rid="B61-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trimethyl chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan-heparin polyelectrolyte multilayer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bionic periosteum</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good cell compatibility and support osteoblast differentiation [
<xref rid="B142-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alginate/HACC/oyster shell powder</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve mechanical properties and enhance stent surface area [
<xref rid="B143-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijms-21-00487-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-21-00487-t003_Table 3</object-id>
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Gene carrier-containing chitosan derivative and applications.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carrier</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Application</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Main Findings/Features</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyethyleneimine/chitosan-4-thio-butyl-oxime</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">siRNA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate [
<xref rid="B180-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">180</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyethylene glycol/O-carboxymethyl chitosan/low molecular weight polyethylene imine</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">siRNA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhanced targeting and cell transfection rates [
<xref rid="B181-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">181</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methyl methacrylate-modified chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mammalian cancer cell line (A549, HeLa, HepG2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate [
<xref rid="B182-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">182</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol chitosan–dequalinium nanoparticles</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tumor treatment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Targeted delivery [
<xref rid="B183-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">183</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poly-β-amino ester/thiolated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNAi</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lung cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate and increased cellular uptake [
<xref rid="B184-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">184</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aminotetrazole functionalized magnetic chitosan nanocomposites</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plasmid DNA </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HEK-293T cell line</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate [
<xref rid="B185-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">185</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyethylene glycol grafted chitosan nanoparticles</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tumor cell</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High transfection efficiency and increased cellular uptake [
<xref rid="B186-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">186</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chitosan derivative-modified mesoporous silica microspheres</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DOX, p53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tumor treatment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate, sustained release [
<xref rid="B187-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">187</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trans transcriptional activator/poly(N-3-benzyloxycarbonyl-lysine) chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p53, DOX</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancer treatment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve transfection efficiency and drug delivery efficiency [
<xref rid="B188-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">188</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree>
<noCountry>
<name sortKey="Jin, Zheng" sort="Jin, Zheng" uniqKey="Jin Z" first="Zheng" last="Jin">Zheng Jin</name>
<name sortKey="Li, Qi" sort="Li, Qi" uniqKey="Li Q" first="Qi" last="Li">Qi Li</name>
<name sortKey="Liu, Jinbao" sort="Liu, Jinbao" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jinbao" last="Liu">Jinbao Liu</name>
<name sortKey="Meng, Qiuyu" sort="Meng, Qiuyu" uniqKey="Meng Q" first="Qiuyu" last="Meng">Qiuyu Meng</name>
<name sortKey="Wang, Wenqian" sort="Wang, Wenqian" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wenqian" last="Wang">Wenqian Wang</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="République populaire de Chine">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Zhou, Mo" sort="Zhou, Mo" uniqKey="Zhou M" first="Mo" last="Zhou">Mo Zhou</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Zhao, Kai" sort="Zhao, Kai" uniqKey="Zhao K" first="Kai" last="Zhao">Kai Zhao</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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