Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine
Identifieur interne : 000A29 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000A28; suivant : 000A30Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine
Auteurs : Wenqian Wang ; Qiuyu Meng ; Qi Li ; Jinbao Liu ; Mo Zhou ; Zheng Jin ; Kai ZhaoSource :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences [ 1422-0067 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020487
PubMed: 31940963
PubMed Central: 7014278
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7014278Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine</title>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Wenqian" sort="Wang, Wenqian" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wenqian" last="Wang">Wenqian Wang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meng, Qiuyu" sort="Meng, Qiuyu" uniqKey="Meng Q" first="Qiuyu" last="Meng">Qiuyu Meng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Qi" sort="Li, Qi" uniqKey="Li Q" first="Qi" last="Li">Qi Li</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Jinbao" sort="Liu, Jinbao" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jinbao" last="Liu">Jinbao Liu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Mo" sort="Zhou, Mo" uniqKey="Zhou M" first="Mo" last="Zhou">Mo Zhou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-21-00487">Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>zhoumo_wk@hotmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, Zheng" sort="Jin, Zheng" uniqKey="Jin Z" first="Zheng" last="Jin">Zheng Jin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, Kai" sort="Zhao, Kai" uniqKey="Zhao K" first="Kai" last="Zhao">Kai Zhao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-21-00487">Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>zhoumo_wk@hotmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">31940963</idno>
<idno type="pmc">7014278</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7014278</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:7014278</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.3390/ijms21020487</idno>
<date when="2020">2020</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A29</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A29</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine</title>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Wenqian" sort="Wang, Wenqian" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wenqian" last="Wang">Wenqian Wang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meng, Qiuyu" sort="Meng, Qiuyu" uniqKey="Meng Q" first="Qiuyu" last="Meng">Qiuyu Meng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Qi" sort="Li, Qi" uniqKey="Li Q" first="Qi" last="Li">Qi Li</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Jinbao" sort="Liu, Jinbao" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jinbao" last="Liu">Jinbao Liu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Mo" sort="Zhou, Mo" uniqKey="Zhou M" first="Mo" last="Zhou">Mo Zhou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-21-00487">Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>zhoumo_wk@hotmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, Zheng" sort="Jin, Zheng" uniqKey="Jin Z" first="Zheng" last="Jin">Zheng Jin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, Kai" sort="Zhao, Kai" uniqKey="Zhao K" first="Kai" last="Zhao">Kai Zhao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-21-00487">Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>zhoumo_wk@hotmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-21-00487">Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1422-0067</idno>
<imprint><date when="2020">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baranwal, A" uniqKey="Baranwal A">A. Baranwal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, A" uniqKey="Kumar A">A. Kumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Priyadharshini, A" uniqKey="Priyadharshini A">A. Priyadharshini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oggu, G S" uniqKey="Oggu G">G.S. Oggu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhatnagar, I" uniqKey="Bhatnagar I">I. Bhatnagar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Srivastava, A" uniqKey="Srivastava A">A. Srivastava</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chandra, P" uniqKey="Chandra P">P. Chandra</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S. Kumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kesharwani, S S" uniqKey="Kesharwani S">S.S. Kesharwani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuppast, B" uniqKey="Kuppast B">B. Kuppast</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bakkari, M A" uniqKey="Bakkari M">M.A. Bakkari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tummala, H" uniqKey="Tummala H">H. Tummala</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S. Kumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kesharwani, S S" uniqKey="Kesharwani S">S.S. Kesharwani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuppast, B" uniqKey="Kuppast B">B. Kuppast</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, M" uniqKey="Rajput M">M. Rajput</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ali Bakkari, M" uniqKey="Ali Bakkari M">M. Ali Bakkari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tummala, H" uniqKey="Tummala H">H. Tummala</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonilla, F" uniqKey="Bonilla F">F. Bonilla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chouljenko, A" uniqKey="Chouljenko A">A. Chouljenko</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lin, A" uniqKey="Lin A">A. Lin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, B M" uniqKey="Young B">B.M. Young</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goribidanur, T S" uniqKey="Goribidanur T">T.S. Goribidanur</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blake, J C" uniqKey="Blake J">J.C. Blake</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bechtel, P J" uniqKey="Bechtel P">P.J. Bechtel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sathivel, S" uniqKey="Sathivel S">S. Sathivel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lou, T" uniqKey="Lou T">T. Lou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yan, X" uniqKey="Yan X">X. Yan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Razmi, F A" uniqKey="Razmi F">F.A. Razmi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ngadi, N" uniqKey="Ngadi N">N. Ngadi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wong, S" uniqKey="Wong S">S. Wong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Inuwa, I M" uniqKey="Inuwa I">I.M. Inuwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Opotu, L A" uniqKey="Opotu L">L.A. Opotu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ren, L" uniqKey="Ren L">L. Ren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, J" uniqKey="Zhou J">J. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, D" uniqKey="Chen D">D. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, Z" uniqKey="Chang Z">Z. Chang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Christou, C" uniqKey="Christou C">C. Christou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Philippou, K" uniqKey="Philippou K">K. Philippou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krasia Christoforou, T" uniqKey="Krasia Christoforou T">T. Krasia-Christoforou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pashalidis, I" uniqKey="Pashalidis I">I. Pashalidis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iftime, M M" uniqKey="Iftime M">M.M. Iftime</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ailiesei, G L" uniqKey="Ailiesei G">G.L. Ailiesei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ungureanu, E" uniqKey="Ungureanu E">E. Ungureanu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marin, L" uniqKey="Marin L">L. Marin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaczmarek, B" uniqKey="Kaczmarek B">B. Kaczmarek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owczarek, A" uniqKey="Owczarek A">A. Owczarek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nadolna, K" uniqKey="Nadolna K">K. Nadolna</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sionkowska, A" uniqKey="Sionkowska A">A. Sionkowska</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kritchenkov, A S" uniqKey="Kritchenkov A">A.S. Kritchenkov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Egorov, A R" uniqKey="Egorov A">A.R. Egorov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurasova, M N" uniqKey="Kurasova M">M.N. Kurasova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Volkova, O V" uniqKey="Volkova O">O.V. Volkova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meledina, T V" uniqKey="Meledina T">T.V. Meledina</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lipkan, N A" uniqKey="Lipkan N">N.A. Lipkan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tskhovrebov, A G" uniqKey="Tskhovrebov A">A.G. Tskhovrebov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurliuk, A V" uniqKey="Kurliuk A">A.V. Kurliuk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shakola, T V" uniqKey="Shakola T">T.V. Shakola</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dysin, A P" uniqKey="Dysin A">A.P. Dysin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, Y H" uniqKey="Lin Y">Y.-H. Lin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kang, P L" uniqKey="Kang P">P.-L. Kang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xin, W" uniqKey="Xin W">W. Xin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yen, C S" uniqKey="Yen C">C.-S. Yen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hwang, L C" uniqKey="Hwang L">L.-C. Hwang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, C J" uniqKey="Chen C">C.-J. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, J T" uniqKey="Liu J">J.-T. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, S J" uniqKey="Chang S">S.J. Chang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pavoni, J M F" uniqKey="Pavoni J">J.M.F. Pavoni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luchese, C L" uniqKey="Luchese C">C.L. Luchese</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tessaro, I C" uniqKey="Tessaro I">I.C. Tessaro</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caracciolo, G" uniqKey="Caracciolo G">G. Caracciolo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vali, H" uniqKey="Vali H">H. Vali</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moore, A" uniqKey="Moore A">A. Moore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mahmoudi, M" uniqKey="Mahmoudi M">M. Mahmoudi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheah, W Y" uniqKey="Cheah W">W.Y. Cheah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Show, P L" uniqKey="Show P">P.L. Show</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ng, I S" uniqKey="Ng I">I.S. Ng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lin, G Y" uniqKey="Lin G">G.Y. Lin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiu, C Y" uniqKey="Chiu C">C.Y. Chiu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, Y K" uniqKey="Chang Y">Y.K. Chang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Islam, N" uniqKey="Islam N">N. Islam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dmour, I" uniqKey="Dmour I">I. Dmour</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taha, M O" uniqKey="Taha M">M.O. Taha</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leso, V" uniqKey="Leso V">V. Leso</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fontana, L" uniqKey="Fontana L">L. Fontana</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iavicoli, I" uniqKey="Iavicoli I">I. Iavicoli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, N T P" uniqKey="Nguyen N">N.T.-P. Nguyen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nguyen, L V H" uniqKey="Nguyen L">L.V.-H. Nguyen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thanh, N T" uniqKey="Thanh N">N.T. Thanh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toi, V V" uniqKey="Toi V">V.V. Toi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ngoc Quyen, T" uniqKey="Ngoc Quyen T">T. Ngoc Quyen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tran, P A" uniqKey="Tran P">P.A. Tran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="David Wang, H M" uniqKey="David Wang H">H.-M. David Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nguyen, T H" uniqKey="Nguyen T">T.-H. Nguyen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sah, A K" uniqKey="Sah A">A.K. Sah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dewangan, M" uniqKey="Dewangan M">M. Dewangan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suresh, P K" uniqKey="Suresh P">P.K. Suresh</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, E" uniqKey="Zhang E">E. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xing, R" uniqKey="Xing R">R. Xing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, S" uniqKey="Liu S">S. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qin, Y" uniqKey="Qin Y">Y. Qin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, K" uniqKey="Li K">K. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, P" uniqKey="Li P">P. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luo, Q" uniqKey="Luo Q">Q. Luo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Han, Q" uniqKey="Han Q">Q. Han</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, H" uniqKey="Zhang H">H. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fei, Z" uniqKey="Fei Z">Z. Fei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taher, F A" uniqKey="Taher F">F.A. Taher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ibrahim, S A" uniqKey="Ibrahim S">S.A. Ibrahim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="El Aziz, A A" uniqKey="El Aziz A">A.A. El-Aziz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abou El Nour, M F" uniqKey="Abou El Nour M">M.F. Abou El-Nour</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="El Sheikh, M A" uniqKey="El Sheikh M">M.A. El-Sheikh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="El Husseiny, N" uniqKey="El Husseiny N">N. El-Husseiny</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mohamed, M M" uniqKey="Mohamed M">M.M. Mohamed</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Braz, E M A" uniqKey="Braz E">E.M.A. Braz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Silva, S C C C" uniqKey="Silva S">S.C.C.C. Silva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sousa Brito, C A R" uniqKey="Sousa Brito C">C.A.R. Sousa Brito</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brito, L M" uniqKey="Brito L">L.M. Brito</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barreto, H M" uniqKey="Barreto H">H.M. Barreto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carvalho, F A A" uniqKey="Carvalho F">F.A.A. Carvalho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Santos, L S" uniqKey="Santos L">L.S. Santos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lobo, A O" uniqKey="Lobo A">A.O. Lobo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osajima, J A" uniqKey="Osajima J">J.A. Osajima</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sousa, K S" uniqKey="Sousa K">K.S. Sousa</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Medeiros Borsagli, F G L" uniqKey="Medeiros Borsagli F">F.G.L. Medeiros Borsagli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carvalho, I C" uniqKey="Carvalho I">I.C. Carvalho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mansur, H S" uniqKey="Mansur H">H.S. Mansur</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, H" uniqKey="Yu H">H. Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zain U L, A" uniqKey="Zain U L A">A. Zain U.L.</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Q" uniqKey="Chen Q">Q. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, W" uniqKey="Zhou W">W. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, H" uniqKey="Zhang H">H. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, X" uniqKey="Chen X">X. Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cai, J" uniqKey="Cai J">J. Cai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dang, Q" uniqKey="Dang Q">Q. Dang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, C" uniqKey="Liu C">C. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fan, B" uniqKey="Fan B">B. Fan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yan, J" uniqKey="Yan J">J. Yan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, Y" uniqKey="Xu Y">Y. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lizardi Mendoza, J" uniqKey="Lizardi Mendoza J">J. Lizardi-Mendoza</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arguelles Monal, W M" uniqKey="Arguelles Monal W">W.M. Argüelles Monal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goycoolea Valencia, F M" uniqKey="Goycoolea Valencia F">F.M. Goycoolea Valencia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shibano, M" uniqKey="Shibano M">M. Shibano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nishida, S" uniqKey="Nishida S">S. Nishida</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saito, Y" uniqKey="Saito Y">Y. Saito</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamitakahara, H" uniqKey="Kamitakahara H">H. Kamitakahara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takano, T" uniqKey="Takano T">T. Takano</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Remawi, M" uniqKey="Al Remawi M">M. Al-Remawi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, F" uniqKey="Jin F">F. Jin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, Z" uniqKey="Wu Z">Z. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, J" uniqKey="Jin J">J. Jin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, F" uniqKey="Li F">F. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Z" uniqKey="Wang Z">Z. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tang, S" uniqKey="Tang S">S. Tang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, C" uniqKey="Wu C">C. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Azmy, E A M" uniqKey="Azmy E">E.A.M. Azmy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hashem, H E" uniqKey="Hashem H">H.E. Hashem</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mohamed, E A" uniqKey="Mohamed E">E.A. Mohamed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Negm, N A" uniqKey="Negm N">N.A. Negm</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sutirman, Z A" uniqKey="Sutirman Z">Z.A. Sutirman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanagi, M M" uniqKey="Sanagi M">M.M. Sanagi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abd Karim, J" uniqKey="Abd Karim J">J. Abd Karim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abu Naim, A" uniqKey="Abu Naim A">A. Abu Naim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wan Ibrahim, W A" uniqKey="Wan Ibrahim W">W.A. Wan Ibrahim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nanda, B" uniqKey="Nanda B">B. Nanda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manjappa, A S" uniqKey="Manjappa A">A.S. Manjappa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chuttani, K" uniqKey="Chuttani K">K. Chuttani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balasinor, N H" uniqKey="Balasinor N">N.H. Balasinor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mishra, A K" uniqKey="Mishra A">A.K. Mishra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramachandra Murthy, R S" uniqKey="Ramachandra Murthy R">R.S. Ramachandra Murthy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sheik, S" uniqKey="Sheik S">S. Sheik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sheik, S" uniqKey="Sheik S">S. Sheik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagaraja, G K" uniqKey="Nagaraja G">G.K. Nagaraja</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chandrashekar, K R" uniqKey="Chandrashekar K">K.R. Chandrashekar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sheik, S" uniqKey="Sheik S">S. Sheik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sheik, S" uniqKey="Sheik S">S. Sheik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nairy, R" uniqKey="Nairy R">R. Nairy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagaraja, G K" uniqKey="Nagaraja G">G.K. Nagaraja</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Prabhu, A" uniqKey="Prabhu A">A. Prabhu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rekha, P D" uniqKey="Rekha P">P.D. Rekha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Prashantha, K" uniqKey="Prashantha K">K. Prashantha</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Woraphatphadung, T" uniqKey="Woraphatphadung T">T. Woraphatphadung</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sajomsang, W" uniqKey="Sajomsang W">W. Sajomsang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonil, P" uniqKey="Gonil P">P. Gonil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saesoo, S" uniqKey="Saesoo S">S. Saesoo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Opanasopit, P" uniqKey="Opanasopit P">P. Opanasopit</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bidgoli, H" uniqKey="Bidgoli H">H. Bidgoli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khodadadi, A A" uniqKey="Khodadadi A">A.A. Khodadadi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mortazavi, Y" uniqKey="Mortazavi Y">Y. Mortazavi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vaidya, A A" uniqKey="Vaidya A">A.A. Vaidya</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hussain, I" uniqKey="Hussain I">I. Hussain</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gaugler, M" uniqKey="Gaugler M">M. Gaugler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, D A" uniqKey="Smith D">D.A. Smith</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vasnev, V A" uniqKey="Vasnev V">V.A. Vasnev</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tarasov, A I" uniqKey="Tarasov A">A.I. Tarasov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Markova, G D" uniqKey="Markova G">G.D. Markova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vinogradova, S V" uniqKey="Vinogradova S">S.V. Vinogradova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garkusha, O G" uniqKey="Garkusha O">O.G. Garkusha</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kurita, Y" uniqKey="Kurita Y">Y. Kurita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Isogai, A" uniqKey="Isogai A">A. Isogai</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ma, G" uniqKey="Ma G">G. Ma</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, D" uniqKey="Yang D">D. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Y" uniqKey="Zhou Y">Y. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xiao, M" uniqKey="Xiao M">M. Xiao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kennedy, J F" uniqKey="Kennedy J">J.F. Kennedy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nie, J" uniqKey="Nie J">J. Nie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, T C" uniqKey="Yang T">T.-C. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chou, C C" uniqKey="Chou C">C.-C. Chou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, C F" uniqKey="Li C">C.-F. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burr, S J" uniqKey="Burr S">S.J. Burr</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, P A" uniqKey="Williams P">P.A. Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ratcliffe, I" uniqKey="Ratcliffe I">I. Ratcliffe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Onesippe, C" uniqKey="Onesippe C">C. Onésippe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lagerge, S" uniqKey="Lagerge S">S. Lagerge</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palacio, D A" uniqKey="Palacio D">D.A. Palacio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Urbano, B F" uniqKey="Urbano B">B.F. Urbano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palencia, M" uniqKey="Palencia M">M. Palencia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rivas, B L" uniqKey="Rivas B">B.L. Rivas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Z" uniqKey="Chen Z">Z. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, X" uniqKey="Yao X">X. Yao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, L" uniqKey="Liu L">L. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guan, J" uniqKey="Guan J">J. Guan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, M" uniqKey="Liu M">M. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Z" uniqKey="Li Z">Z. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, S" uniqKey="Huang S">S. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, J" uniqKey="Wu J">J. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tian, F" uniqKey="Tian F">F. Tian</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Viswanathan, N" uniqKey="Viswanathan N">N. Viswanathan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meenakshi, S" uniqKey="Meenakshi S">S. Meenakshi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guan, J" uniqKey="Guan J">J. Guan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, J" uniqKey="Wu J">J. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ding, S" uniqKey="Ding S">S. Ding</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dong, A" uniqKey="Dong A">A. Dong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deng, L" uniqKey="Deng L">L. Deng</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ercelen, S" uniqKey="Ercelen S">S. Ercelen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duportail, G" uniqKey="Duportail G">G. Duportail</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grandfils, C" uniqKey="Grandfils C">C. Grandfils</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desbrieres, J" uniqKey="Desbrieres J">J. Desbrieres</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karaeva, S" uniqKey="Karaeva S">S. Karaeva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tikhonov, V" uniqKey="Tikhonov V">V. Tikhonov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mely, Y" uniqKey="Mely Y">Y. Mely</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Babak, V" uniqKey="Babak V">V. Babak</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Viswanathan, N" uniqKey="Viswanathan N">N. Viswanathan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meenakshi, S" uniqKey="Meenakshi S">S. Meenakshi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mohammadi, E" uniqKey="Mohammadi E">E. Mohammadi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Daraei, H" uniqKey="Daraei H">H. Daraei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ghanbari, R" uniqKey="Ghanbari R">R. Ghanbari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dehestani Athar, S" uniqKey="Dehestani Athar S">S. Dehestani Athar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zandsalimi, Y" uniqKey="Zandsalimi Y">Y. Zandsalimi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziaee, A" uniqKey="Ziaee A">A. Ziaee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maleki, A" uniqKey="Maleki A">A. Maleki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yetilmezsoy, K" uniqKey="Yetilmezsoy K">K. Yetilmezsoy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kurniasih, M" uniqKey="Kurniasih M">M. Kurniasih</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cahyati, T" uniqKey="Cahyati T">T. Cahyati</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dewi, R S" uniqKey="Dewi R">R.S. Dewi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moaddab, M" uniqKey="Moaddab M">M. Moaddab</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nourmohammadi, J" uniqKey="Nourmohammadi J">J. Nourmohammadi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rezayan, A H" uniqKey="Rezayan A">A.H. Rezayan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shen, J" uniqKey="Shen J">J. Shen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, B" uniqKey="Jin B">B. Jin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qi, Y C" uniqKey="Qi Y">Y.C. Qi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jiang, Q Y" uniqKey="Jiang Q">Q.Y. Jiang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gao, X F" uniqKey="Gao X">X.F. Gao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Viswanathan, N" uniqKey="Viswanathan N">N. Viswanathan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sundaram, C S" uniqKey="Sundaram C">C.S. Sundaram</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meenakshi, S" uniqKey="Meenakshi S">S. Meenakshi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xu, Y" uniqKey="Xu Y">Y. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dang, Q" uniqKey="Dang Q">Q. Dang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, C" uniqKey="Liu C">C. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yan, J" uniqKey="Yan J">J. Yan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fan, B" uniqKey="Fan B">B. Fan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cai, J" uniqKey="Cai J">J. Cai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, A" uniqKey="Zhang A">A. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pan, G" uniqKey="Pan G">G. Pan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yan, H" uniqKey="Yan H">H. Yan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bai, R" uniqKey="Bai R">R. Bai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yong, H" uniqKey="Yong H">H. Yong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bodnar, E D" uniqKey="Bodnar E">E.D. Bodnar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perreault, H" uniqKey="Perreault H">H. Perreault</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shariatinia, Z" uniqKey="Shariatinia Z">Z. Shariatinia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, H T" uniqKey="Lu H">H.T. Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lu, T W" uniqKey="Lu T">T.W. Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, C H" uniqKey="Chen C">C.H. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lu, K Y" uniqKey="Lu K">K.Y. Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mi, F L" uniqKey="Mi F">F.L. Mi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, E" uniqKey="Zhang E">E. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xing, R" uniqKey="Xing R">R. Xing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, S" uniqKey="Liu S">S. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, K" uniqKey="Li K">K. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qin, Y" uniqKey="Qin Y">Y. Qin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, H" uniqKey="Yu H">H. Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, P" uniqKey="Li P">P. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bukzem, A L" uniqKey="Bukzem A">A.L. Bukzem</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Signini, R" uniqKey="Signini R">R. Signini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, D M" uniqKey="Dos Santos D">D.M. Dos Santos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liao, L M" uniqKey="Liao L">L.M. Liao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ascheri, D P" uniqKey="Ascheri D">D.P. Ascheri</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="He, G" uniqKey="He G">G. He</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, X" uniqKey="Chen X">X. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yin, Y" uniqKey="Yin Y">Y. Yin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zheng, H" uniqKey="Zheng H">H. Zheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xiong, X" uniqKey="Xiong X">X. Xiong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Du, Y" uniqKey="Du Y">Y. Du</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, K" uniqKey="Chen K">K. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, B" uniqKey="Guo B">B. Guo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luo, J" uniqKey="Luo J">J. Luo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, X" uniqKey="Huang X">X. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, C" uniqKey="Xu C">C. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheng, H" uniqKey="Cheng H">H. Cheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, R" uniqKey="Sun R">R. Sun</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jang, S C" uniqKey="Jang S">S.-C. Jang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tsen, W C" uniqKey="Tsen W">W.-C. Tsen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chuang, F S" uniqKey="Chuang F">F.-S. Chuang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gong, C" uniqKey="Gong C">C. Gong</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rahimi, M" uniqKey="Rahimi M">M. Rahimi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ahmadi, R" uniqKey="Ahmadi R">R. Ahmadi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samadi Kafil, H" uniqKey="Samadi Kafil H">H. Samadi Kafil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shafiei Irannejad, V" uniqKey="Shafiei Irannejad V">V. Shafiei-Irannejad</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Senra, T D A" uniqKey="Senra T">T.D.A. Senra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campana Filho, S P" uniqKey="Campana Filho S">S.P. Campana-Filho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desbrieres, J" uniqKey="Desbrieres J">J. Desbrières</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xue, H" uniqKey="Xue H">H. Xue</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, L" uniqKey="Hu L">L. Hu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xiong, Y" uniqKey="Xiong Y">Y. Xiong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhu, X" uniqKey="Zhu X">X. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wei, C" uniqKey="Wei C">C. Wei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cao, F" uniqKey="Cao F">F. Cao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, W" uniqKey="Zhou W">W. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, Y" uniqKey="Sun Y">Y. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Endo, Y" uniqKey="Endo Y">Y. Endo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, M" uniqKey="Liu M">M. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Asasutjarit, R" uniqKey="Asasutjarit R">R. Asasutjarit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Theerachayanan, T" uniqKey="Theerachayanan T">T. Theerachayanan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kewsuwan, P" uniqKey="Kewsuwan P">P. Kewsuwan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Veeranondha, S" uniqKey="Veeranondha S">S. Veeranondha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fuongfuchat, A" uniqKey="Fuongfuchat A">A. Fuongfuchat</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ritthidej, G C" uniqKey="Ritthidej G">G.C. Ritthidej</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tan, W" uniqKey="Tan W">W. Tan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, G" uniqKey="Wang G">G. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yin, X" uniqKey="Yin X">X. Yin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dong, F" uniqKey="Dong F">F. Dong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, Z" uniqKey="Guo Z">Z. Guo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, A D" uniqKey="Kulkarni A">A.D. Kulkarni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patel, H M" uniqKey="Patel H">H.M. Patel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Surana, S J" uniqKey="Surana S">S.J. Surana</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vanjari, Y H" uniqKey="Vanjari Y">Y.H. Vanjari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belgamwar, V S" uniqKey="Belgamwar V">V.S. Belgamwar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pardeshi, C V" uniqKey="Pardeshi C">C.V. Pardeshi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pardeshi, C V" uniqKey="Pardeshi C">C.V. Pardeshi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belgamwar, V S" uniqKey="Belgamwar V">V.S. Belgamwar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, M" uniqKey="Wu M">M. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Long, Z" uniqKey="Long Z">Z. Long</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xiao, H" uniqKey="Xiao H">H. Xiao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dong, C" uniqKey="Dong C">C. Dong</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duan, Y" uniqKey="Duan Y">Y. Duan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, J" uniqKey="Huang J">J. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zheng, Q" uniqKey="Zheng Q">Q. Zheng</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Y" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xing, R" uniqKey="Xing R">R. Xing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, S" uniqKey="Liu S">S. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qin, Y" uniqKey="Qin Y">Y. Qin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, K" uniqKey="Li K">K. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, H" uniqKey="Yu H">H. Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, P" uniqKey="Li P">P. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benediktsd Ttir, B E" uniqKey="Benediktsd Ttir B">B.E. Benediktsdóttir</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baldursson, " uniqKey="Baldursson ">Ó. Baldursson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Masson, M" uniqKey="Masson M">M. Másson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wei, L" uniqKey="Wei L">L. Wei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mi, Y" uniqKey="Mi Y">Y. Mi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dong, F" uniqKey="Dong F">F. Dong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, Z" uniqKey="Guo Z">Z. Guo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, H" uniqKey="Li H">H. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bao, X" uniqKey="Bao X">X. Bao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, G" uniqKey="Xu G">G. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, P" uniqKey="Yao P">P. Yao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, B" uniqKey="Xie B">B. Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xia, K" uniqKey="Xia K">K. Xia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, C" uniqKey="Zhao C">C. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, D" uniqKey="Li D">D. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Han, J" uniqKey="Han J">J. Han</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, W" uniqKey="Liu W">W. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qin, Y" uniqKey="Qin Y">Y. Qin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, S" uniqKey="Liu S">S. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xing, R" uniqKey="Xing R">R. Xing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, H" uniqKey="Yu H">H. Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, X" uniqKey="Chen X">X. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, K" uniqKey="Li K">K. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, P" uniqKey="Li P">P. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Y" uniqKey="Zhou Y">Y. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, H" uniqKey="Yang H">H. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mao, J" uniqKey="Mao J">J. Mao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gu, S" uniqKey="Gu S">S. Gu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, W" uniqKey="Xu W">W. Xu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramasamy, P" uniqKey="Ramasamy P">P. Ramasamy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Subhapradha, N" uniqKey="Subhapradha N">N. Subhapradha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thinesh, T" uniqKey="Thinesh T">T. Thinesh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Selvin, J" uniqKey="Selvin J">J. Selvin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Selvan, K M" uniqKey="Selvan K">K.M. Selvan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shanmugam, V" uniqKey="Shanmugam V">V. Shanmugam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shanmugam, A" uniqKey="Shanmugam A">A. Shanmugam</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Y" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xing, R" uniqKey="Xing R">R. Xing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, S" uniqKey="Liu S">S. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qin, Y" uniqKey="Qin Y">Y. Qin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, K" uniqKey="Li K">K. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, H" uniqKey="Yu H">H. Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, P" uniqKey="Li P">P. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dimassi, S" uniqKey="Dimassi S">S. Dimassi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tabary, N" uniqKey="Tabary N">N. Tabary</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chai, F" uniqKey="Chai F">F. Chai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blanchemain, N" uniqKey="Blanchemain N">N. Blanchemain</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martel, B" uniqKey="Martel B">B. Martel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cao, J" uniqKey="Cao J">J. Cao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="You, J" uniqKey="You J">J. You</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, J" uniqKey="Zhou J">J. Zhou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bakshi, P S" uniqKey="Bakshi P">P.S. Bakshi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Selvakumar, D" uniqKey="Selvakumar D">D. Selvakumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kadirvelu, K" uniqKey="Kadirvelu K">K. Kadirvelu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, N S" uniqKey="Kumar N">N.S. Kumar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khutoryanskiy, V V" uniqKey="Khutoryanskiy V">V.V. Khutoryanskiy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xia, Y" uniqKey="Xia Y">Y. Xia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fan, Q" uniqKey="Fan Q">Q. Fan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hao, D" uniqKey="Hao D">D. Hao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, J" uniqKey="Wu J">J. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ma, G" uniqKey="Ma G">G. Ma</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Su, Z" uniqKey="Su Z">Z. Su</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, A" uniqKey="Mahmood A">A. Mahmood</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lanthaler, M" uniqKey="Lanthaler M">M. Lanthaler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laffleur, F" uniqKey="Laffleur F">F. Laffleur</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huck, C W" uniqKey="Huck C">C.W. Huck</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bernkop Schnurch, A" uniqKey="Bernkop Schnurch A">A. Bernkop-Schnurch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ayensu, I" uniqKey="Ayensu I">I. Ayensu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boateng, J S" uniqKey="Boateng J">J.S. Boateng</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boateng, J S" uniqKey="Boateng J">J.S. Boateng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ayensu, I" uniqKey="Ayensu I">I. Ayensu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joshua, S B" uniqKey="Joshua S">S.B. Joshua</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="John, C M" uniqKey="John C">C.M. John</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harshavardhan, P" uniqKey="Harshavardhan P">P. Harshavardhan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Isaac, A" uniqKey="Isaac A">A. Isaac</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Le Vinh, B" uniqKey="Le Vinh B">B. Le-Vinh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Le, N N" uniqKey="Le N">N.N. Le</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nazir, I" uniqKey="Nazir I">I. Nazir</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matuszczak, B" uniqKey="Matuszczak B">B. Matuszczak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bernkop Schnurch, A" uniqKey="Bernkop Schnurch A">A. Bernkop-Schnurch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Uccello Barretta, G" uniqKey="Uccello Barretta G">G. Uccello-Barretta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balzano, F" uniqKey="Balzano F">F. Balzano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aiello, F" uniqKey="Aiello F">F. Aiello</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Senatore, A" uniqKey="Senatore A">A. Senatore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fabiano, A" uniqKey="Fabiano A">A. Fabiano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zambito, Y" uniqKey="Zambito Y">Y. Zambito</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Q" uniqKey="Liu Q">Q. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, C" uniqKey="Zhang C">C. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zheng, X" uniqKey="Zheng X">X. Zheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shao, X" uniqKey="Shao X">X. Shao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Q" uniqKey="Zhang Q">Q. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jiang, X" uniqKey="Jiang X">X. Jiang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, C" uniqKey="Li C">C. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, N" uniqKey="Zhang N">N. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ji, J" uniqKey="Ji J">J. Ji</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhu, J" uniqKey="Zhu J">J. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ma, Y" uniqKey="Ma Y">Y. Ma</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nagappan, S" uniqKey="Nagappan S">S. Nagappan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, D B" uniqKey="Lee D">D.B. Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seo, D J" uniqKey="Seo D">D.J. Seo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Park, S S" uniqKey="Park S">S.S. Park</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ha, C S" uniqKey="Ha C">C.-S. Ha</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matsuda, T" uniqKey="Matsuda T">T. Matsuda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jadhav, N" uniqKey="Jadhav N">N. Jadhav</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kashi, K B" uniqKey="Kashi K">K.B. Kashi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jensen, M" uniqKey="Jensen M">M. Jensen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelling, V J" uniqKey="Gelling V">V.J. Gelling</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pan, D" uniqKey="Pan D">D. Pan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wan, Y" uniqKey="Wan Y">Y. Wan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Z" uniqKey="Wang Z">Z. Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yuan, Z" uniqKey="Yuan Z">Z. Yuan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Han, H" uniqKey="Han H">H. Han</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, T" uniqKey="Li T">T. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, L" uniqKey="Li L">L. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, X" uniqKey="Guo X">X. Guo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, L" uniqKey="Zhu L">L. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bratlie, K M" uniqKey="Bratlie K">K.M. Bratlie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lv, X" uniqKey="Lv X">X. Lv</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, Y" uniqKey="Zhao Y">Y. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hou, M" uniqKey="Hou M">M. Hou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fonseca Santos, B" uniqKey="Fonseca Santos B">B. Fonseca-Santos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chorilli, M" uniqKey="Chorilli M">M. Chorilli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, J H" uniqKey="Park J">J.H. Park</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saravanakumar, G" uniqKey="Saravanakumar G">G. Saravanakumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, K" uniqKey="Kim K">K. Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kwon, I C" uniqKey="Kwon I">I.C. Kwon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duan, H" uniqKey="Duan H">H. Duan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lu, S" uniqKey="Lu S">S. Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gao, C" uniqKey="Gao C">C. Gao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bai, X" uniqKey="Bai X">X. Bai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qin, H" uniqKey="Qin H">H. Qin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wei, Y" uniqKey="Wei Y">Y. Wei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, X" uniqKey="Wu X">X. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, M" uniqKey="Liu M">M. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kavianinia, I" uniqKey="Kavianinia I">I. Kavianinia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plieger, P G" uniqKey="Plieger P">P.G. Plieger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cave, N J" uniqKey="Cave N">N.J. Cave</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gopakumar, G" uniqKey="Gopakumar G">G. Gopakumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dunowska, M" uniqKey="Dunowska M">M. Dunowska</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kandile, N G" uniqKey="Kandile N">N.G. Kandile</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harding, D R" uniqKey="Harding D">D.R. Harding</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kavianinia, I" uniqKey="Kavianinia I">I. Kavianinia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plieger, P G" uniqKey="Plieger P">P.G. Plieger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kandile, N G" uniqKey="Kandile N">N.G. Kandile</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harding, D R K" uniqKey="Harding D">D.R.K. Harding</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, G Q" uniqKey="Huang G">G.Q. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z K" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z.K. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheng, L Y" uniqKey="Cheng L">L.Y. Cheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xiao, J X" uniqKey="Xiao J">J.X. Xiao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="El Marakby, E M" uniqKey="El Marakby E">E.M. El-Marakby</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hathout, R M" uniqKey="Hathout R">R.M. Hathout</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taha, I" uniqKey="Taha I">I. Taha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mansour, S" uniqKey="Mansour S">S. Mansour</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mortada, N D" uniqKey="Mortada N">N.D. Mortada</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Z X" uniqKey="Yuan Z">Z.X. Yuan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, X" uniqKey="Sun X">X. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gong, T" uniqKey="Gong T">T. Gong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ding, H" uniqKey="Ding H">H. Ding</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fu, Y" uniqKey="Fu Y">Y. Fu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z R" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z.R. Zhang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, P" uniqKey="Zhou P">P. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, X" uniqKey="Sun X">X. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z. Zhang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosiere, R" uniqKey="Rosiere R">R. Rosiere</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Woensel, M" uniqKey="Van Woensel M">M. Van Woensel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelbcke, M" uniqKey="Gelbcke M">M. Gelbcke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mathieu, V" uniqKey="Mathieu V">V. Mathieu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hecq, J" uniqKey="Hecq J">J. Hecq</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mathivet, T" uniqKey="Mathivet T">T. Mathivet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vermeersch, M" uniqKey="Vermeersch M">M. Vermeersch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Antwerpen, P" uniqKey="Van Antwerpen P">P. Van Antwerpen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amighi, K" uniqKey="Amighi K">K. Amighi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wauthoz, N" uniqKey="Wauthoz N">N. Wauthoz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, K H" uniqKey="Wu K">K.H. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, J C" uniqKey="Wang J">J.C. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, J Y" uniqKey="Huang J">J.Y. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, C Y" uniqKey="Huang C">C.Y. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheng, Y H" uniqKey="Cheng Y">Y.H. Cheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, N T" uniqKey="Liu N">N.T. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, B J M" uniqKey="Gutierrez B">B.J.M. Gutiérrez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Conceicao, K" uniqKey="Conceicao K">K. Conceição</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Andrade, V M" uniqKey="De Andrade V">V.M. de Andrade</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trava Airoldi, V J" uniqKey="Trava Airoldi V">V.J. Trava-Airoldi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capote, G" uniqKey="Capote G">G. Capote</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Negi, K" uniqKey="Negi K">K. Negi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Umar, A" uniqKey="Umar A">A. Umar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chauhan, M S" uniqKey="Chauhan M">M.S. Chauhan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akhtar, M S" uniqKey="Akhtar M">M.S. Akhtar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sekar, A D" uniqKey="Sekar A">A.D. Sekar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, V" uniqKey="Kumar V">V. Kumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muthukumar, H" uniqKey="Muthukumar H">H. Muthukumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gopinath, P" uniqKey="Gopinath P">P. Gopinath</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matheswaran, M" uniqKey="Matheswaran M">M. Matheswaran</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Karimi Alavijeh, R" uniqKey="Karimi Alavijeh R">R. Karimi Alavijeh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beheshti, S" uniqKey="Beheshti S">S. Beheshti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akhbari, K" uniqKey="Akhbari K">K. Akhbari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morsali, A" uniqKey="Morsali A">A. Morsali</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kwak, H W" uniqKey="Kwak H">H.W. Kwak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, J E" uniqKey="Kim J">J.E. Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, K H" uniqKey="Lee K">K.H. Lee</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pajares Chamorro, N" uniqKey="Pajares Chamorro N">N. Pajares-Chamorro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shook, J" uniqKey="Shook J">J. Shook</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hammer, N D" uniqKey="Hammer N">N.D. Hammer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chatzistavrou, X" uniqKey="Chatzistavrou X">X. Chatzistavrou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ratova, M" uniqKey="Ratova M">M. Ratova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mills, A" uniqKey="Mills A">A. Mills</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Belbekhouche, S" uniqKey="Belbekhouche S">S. Belbekhouche</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bousserrhine, N" uniqKey="Bousserrhine N">N. Bousserrhine</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alphonse, V" uniqKey="Alphonse V">V. Alphonse</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Le Floch, F" uniqKey="Le Floch F">F. Le Floch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Charif Mechiche, Y" uniqKey="Charif Mechiche Y">Y. Charif Mechiche</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menidjel, I" uniqKey="Menidjel I">I. Menidjel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carbonnier, B" uniqKey="Carbonnier B">B. Carbonnier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wiarachai, O" uniqKey="Wiarachai O">O. Wiarachai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thongchul, N" uniqKey="Thongchul N">N. Thongchul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kiatkamjornwong, S" uniqKey="Kiatkamjornwong S">S. Kiatkamjornwong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoven, V P" uniqKey="Hoven V">V.P. Hoven</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vallapa, N" uniqKey="Vallapa N">N. Vallapa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiarachai, O" uniqKey="Wiarachai O">O. Wiarachai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thongchul, N" uniqKey="Thongchul N">N. Thongchul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pan, J" uniqKey="Pan J">J. Pan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tangpasuthadol, V" uniqKey="Tangpasuthadol V">V. Tangpasuthadol</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kiatkamjornwong, S" uniqKey="Kiatkamjornwong S">S. Kiatkamjornwong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoven, V P" uniqKey="Hoven V">V.P. Hoven</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sajomsang, W" uniqKey="Sajomsang W">W. Sajomsang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tantayanon, S" uniqKey="Tantayanon S">S. Tantayanon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tangpasuthadol, V" uniqKey="Tangpasuthadol V">V. Tangpasuthadol</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Daly, W H" uniqKey="Daly W">W.H. Daly</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sajomsang, W" uniqKey="Sajomsang W">W. Sajomsang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonil, P" uniqKey="Gonil P">P. Gonil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tantayanon, S" uniqKey="Tantayanon S">S. Tantayanon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wei, L" uniqKey="Wei L">L. Wei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mi, Y" uniqKey="Mi Y">Y. Mi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dong, F" uniqKey="Dong F">F. Dong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lei, C" uniqKey="Lei C">C. Lei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, Z" uniqKey="Guo Z">Z. Guo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Oliveira Pedro, R" uniqKey="De Oliveira Pedro R">R. De Oliveira Pedro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takaki, M" uniqKey="Takaki M">M. Takaki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gorayeb, T C" uniqKey="Gorayeb T">T.C. Gorayeb</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Del Bianchi, V L" uniqKey="Del Bianchi V">V.L. Del Bianchi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomeo, J C" uniqKey="Thomeo J">J.C. Thomeo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tiera, M J" uniqKey="Tiera M">M.J. Tiera</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Oliveira Tiera, V A" uniqKey="De Oliveira Tiera V">V.A. de Oliveira Tiera</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xu, T" uniqKey="Xu T">T. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xin, M" uniqKey="Xin M">M. Xin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, M" uniqKey="Li M">M. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, H" uniqKey="Huang H">H. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, S" uniqKey="Zhou S">S. Zhou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pardeshi, C V" uniqKey="Pardeshi C">C.V. Pardeshi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belgamwar, V S" uniqKey="Belgamwar V">V.S. Belgamwar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gambari, L" uniqKey="Gambari L">L. Gambari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amore, E" uniqKey="Amore E">E. Amore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raggio, R" uniqKey="Raggio R">R. Raggio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonani, W" uniqKey="Bonani W">W. Bonani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barone, M" uniqKey="Barone M">M. Barone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lisignoli, G" uniqKey="Lisignoli G">G. Lisignoli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grigolo, B" uniqKey="Grigolo B">B. Grigolo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Motta, A" uniqKey="Motta A">A. Motta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grassi, F" uniqKey="Grassi F">F. Grassi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moreno Madrid, A P" uniqKey="Moreno Madrid A">A.P. Moreno Madrid</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vrech, S M" uniqKey="Vrech S">S.M. Vrech</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanchez, M A" uniqKey="Sanchez M">M.A. Sanchez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, A P" uniqKey="Rodriguez A">A.P. Rodriguez</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ranganathan, S" uniqKey="Ranganathan S">S. Ranganathan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balagangadharan, K" uniqKey="Balagangadharan K">K. Balagangadharan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Selvamurugan, N" uniqKey="Selvamurugan N">N. Selvamurugan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farokhi, M" uniqKey="Farokhi M">M. Farokhi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mottaghitalab, F" uniqKey="Mottaghitalab F">F. Mottaghitalab</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samani, S" uniqKey="Samani S">S. Samani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shokrgozar, M A" uniqKey="Shokrgozar M">M.A. Shokrgozar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kundu, S C" uniqKey="Kundu S">S.C. Kundu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reis, R L" uniqKey="Reis R">R.L. Reis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fatahi, Y" uniqKey="Fatahi Y">Y. Fatahi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaplan, D L" uniqKey="Kaplan D">D.L. Kaplan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marins, N H" uniqKey="Marins N">N.H. Marins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, B E J" uniqKey="Lee B">B.E.J. Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rm, E S" uniqKey="Rm E">E.S. RM</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raghavan, A" uniqKey="Raghavan A">A. Raghavan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Villarreal Carreno, N L" uniqKey="Villarreal Carreno N">N.L. Villarreal Carreno</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grandfield, K" uniqKey="Grandfield K">K. Grandfield</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, X Y" uniqKey="Zhang X">X.Y. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Y P" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y.P. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Han, J" uniqKey="Han J">J. Han</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mo, J" uniqKey="Mo J">J. Mo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dong, P F" uniqKey="Dong P">P.F. Dong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhuo, Y H" uniqKey="Zhuo Y">Y.H. Zhuo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feng, Y" uniqKey="Feng Y">Y. Feng</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mishra, D" uniqKey="Mishra D">D. Mishra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhunia, B" uniqKey="Bhunia B">B. Bhunia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Banerjee, I" uniqKey="Banerjee I">I. Banerjee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Datta, P" uniqKey="Datta P">P. Datta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dhara, S" uniqKey="Dhara S">S. Dhara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maiti, T K" uniqKey="Maiti T">T.K. Maiti</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yu, Z" uniqKey="Yu Z">Z. Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xiao, C" uniqKey="Xiao C">C. Xiao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, Y" uniqKey="Huang Y">Y. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, M" uniqKey="Chen M">M. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wei, W" uniqKey="Wei W">W. Wei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, X" uniqKey="Yang X">X. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, H" uniqKey="Zhou H">H. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bi, X" uniqKey="Bi X">X. Bi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lu, L" uniqKey="Lu L">L. Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruan, J" uniqKey="Ruan J">J. Ruan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, T Y" uniqKey="Chen T">T.-Y. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, H C" uniqKey="Huang H">H.-C. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cao, J L" uniqKey="Cao J">J.-L. Cao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xin, Y J" uniqKey="Xin Y">Y.-J. Xin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luo, W F" uniqKey="Luo W">W.-F. Luo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ao, N J" uniqKey="Ao N">N.-J. Ao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, X" uniqKey="Zhao X">X. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, L" uniqKey="Zhou L">L. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zou, Q" uniqKey="Zou Q">Q. Zou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Du, C" uniqKey="Du C">C. Du</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Romero, R" uniqKey="Romero R">R. Romero</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chubb, L" uniqKey="Chubb L">L. Chubb</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Travers, J K" uniqKey="Travers J">J.K. Travers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzales, T R" uniqKey="Gonzales T">T.R. Gonzales</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ehrhart, N P" uniqKey="Ehrhart N">N.P. Ehrhart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kipper, M J" uniqKey="Kipper M">M.J. Kipper</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cui, Z K" uniqKey="Cui Z">Z.K. Cui</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S. Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baljon, J J" uniqKey="Baljon J">J.J. Baljon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, B M" uniqKey="Wu B">B.M. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aghaloo, T" uniqKey="Aghaloo T">T. Aghaloo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, M" uniqKey="Lee M">M. Lee</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rengifo, A F C" uniqKey="Rengifo A">A.F.C. Rengifo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stefanes, N M" uniqKey="Stefanes N">N.M. Stefanes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toigo, J" uniqKey="Toigo J">J. Toigo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mendes, C" uniqKey="Mendes C">C. Mendes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Argenta, D F" uniqKey="Argenta D">D.F. Argenta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dotto, M E R" uniqKey="Dotto M">M.E.R. Dotto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Santos Da Silva, M C" uniqKey="Santos Da Silva M">M.C. Santos da Silva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nunes, R J" uniqKey="Nunes R">R.J. Nunes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Caon, T" uniqKey="Caon T">T. Caon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parize, A L" uniqKey="Parize A">A.L. Parize</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Almodovar, J" uniqKey="Almodovar J">J. Almodovar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kipper, M J" uniqKey="Kipper M">M.J. Kipper</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, H T" uniqKey="Lu H">H.T. Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lu, T W" uniqKey="Lu T">T.W. Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, C H" uniqKey="Chen C">C.H. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mi, F L" uniqKey="Mi F">F.L. Mi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Qu, C" uniqKey="Qu C">C. Qu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bao, Z" uniqKey="Bao Z">Z. Bao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Z" uniqKey="Wang Z">Z. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ren, J" uniqKey="Ren J">J. Ren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Z" uniqKey="Zhou Z">Z. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tian, M" uniqKey="Tian M">M. Tian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheng, X" uniqKey="Cheng X">X. Cheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, X" uniqKey="Chen X">X. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feng, C" uniqKey="Feng C">C. Feng</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qian, J" uniqKey="Qian J">J. Qian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, N" uniqKey="Zhao N">N. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, T" uniqKey="Liu T">T. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, W" uniqKey="Xu W">W. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suo, A" uniqKey="Suo A">A. Suo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, B" uniqKey="Wang B">B. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, S" uniqKey="Wang S">S. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Q" uniqKey="Zhang Q">Q. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deng, Y" uniqKey="Deng Y">Y. Deng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peng, L" uniqKey="Peng L">L. Peng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zuo, X" uniqKey="Zuo X">X. Zuo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Piao, M" uniqKey="Piao M">M. Piao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuang, X" uniqKey="Kuang X">X. Kuang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sheng, S" uniqKey="Sheng S">S. Sheng</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ewart, D" uniqKey="Ewart D">D. Ewart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peterson, E J" uniqKey="Peterson E">E.J. Peterson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Steer, C J" uniqKey="Steer C">C.J. Steer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shamsi, M" uniqKey="Shamsi M">M. Shamsi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mohammadi, A" uniqKey="Mohammadi A">A. Mohammadi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manshadi, M K D" uniqKey="Manshadi M">M.K.D. Manshadi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanati Nezhad, A" uniqKey="Sanati Nezhad A">A. Sanati-Nezhad</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Su, C" uniqKey="Su C">C. Su</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, R" uniqKey="Li R">R. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, W" uniqKey="Wu W">W. Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fawcett, J P" uniqKey="Fawcett J">J.P. Fawcett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gu, J" uniqKey="Gu J">J. Gu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jiang, W Z" uniqKey="Jiang W">W.-Z. Jiang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cai, Y" uniqKey="Cai Y">Y. Cai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, H Y" uniqKey="Li H">H.-Y. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rassu, G" uniqKey="Rassu G">G. Rassu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gavini, E" uniqKey="Gavini E">E. Gavini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jonassen, H" uniqKey="Jonassen H">H. Jonassen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zambito, Y" uniqKey="Zambito Y">Y. Zambito</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fogli, S" uniqKey="Fogli S">S. Fogli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Breschi, M C" uniqKey="Breschi M">M.C. Breschi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giunchedi, P" uniqKey="Giunchedi P">P. Giunchedi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, F" uniqKey="Wang F">F. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Q" uniqKey="Zhang Q">Q. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, K" uniqKey="Huang K">K. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shao, W" uniqKey="Shao W">W. Shao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, D" uniqKey="Yao D">D. Yao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C. Huang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peng, H H" uniqKey="Peng H">H.H. Peng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hong, D X" uniqKey="Hong D">D.X. Hong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guan, Y X" uniqKey="Guan Y">Y.X. Guan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, S J" uniqKey="Yao S">S.J. Yao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chu, L" uniqKey="Chu L">L. Chu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feng, Z" uniqKey="Feng Z">Z. Feng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tian, Q" uniqKey="Tian Q">Q. Tian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, X" uniqKey="Yao X">X. Yao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, X" uniqKey="Zhao X">X. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tan, H" uniqKey="Tan H">H. Tan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Qu, G" uniqKey="Qu G">G. Qu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hou, S" uniqKey="Hou S">S. Hou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qu, D" uniqKey="Qu D">D. Qu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tian, C" uniqKey="Tian C">C. Tian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhu, J" uniqKey="Zhu J">J. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xue, L" uniqKey="Xue L">L. Xue</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ju, C" uniqKey="Ju C">C. Ju</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, C" uniqKey="Zhang C">C. Zhang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cuggino, J C" uniqKey="Cuggino J">J.C. Cuggino</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blanco, E R O" uniqKey="Blanco E">E.R.O. Blanco</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gugliotta, L M" uniqKey="Gugliotta L">L.M. Gugliotta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alvarez Igarzabal, C I" uniqKey="Alvarez Igarzabal C">C.I. Alvarez Igarzabal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Calderon, M" uniqKey="Calderon M">M. Calderon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, L" uniqKey="Hu L">L. Hu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, D" uniqKey="Li D">D. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, P" uniqKey="Zhang P">P. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yan, G" uniqKey="Yan G">G. Yan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tang, R" uniqKey="Tang R">R. Tang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, M" uniqKey="Xu M">M. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheng, X" uniqKey="Cheng X">X. Cheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kong, M" uniqKey="Kong M">M. Kong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feng, C" uniqKey="Feng C">C. Feng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, X" uniqKey="Chen X">X. Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bulbul, Y E" uniqKey="Bulbul Y">Y.E. Bulbul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eskitoros Togay, S M" uniqKey="Eskitoros Togay S">S.M. Eskitoros-Togay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demirtas Korkmaz, F" uniqKey="Demirtas Korkmaz F">F. Demirtas-Korkmaz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dilsiz, N" uniqKey="Dilsiz N">N. Dilsiz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ozlu, B" uniqKey="Ozlu B">B. Ozlu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kabay, G" uniqKey="Kabay G">G. Kabay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bocek, I" uniqKey="Bocek I">I. Bocek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yilmaz, M" uniqKey="Yilmaz M">M. Yilmaz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Piskin, A K" uniqKey="Piskin A">A.K. Piskin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shim, B S" uniqKey="Shim B">B.S. Shim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mutlu, M" uniqKey="Mutlu M">M. Mutlu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gajendiran, M" uniqKey="Gajendiran M">M. Gajendiran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jo, H" uniqKey="Jo H">H. Jo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, K" uniqKey="Kim K">K. Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balasubramanian, S" uniqKey="Balasubramanian S">S. Balasubramanian</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Safdar, R" uniqKey="Safdar R">R. Safdar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Omar, A A" uniqKey="Omar A">A.A. Omar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arunagiri, A" uniqKey="Arunagiri A">A. Arunagiri</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Regupathi, I" uniqKey="Regupathi I">I. Regupathi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thanabalan, M" uniqKey="Thanabalan M">M. Thanabalan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bajracharya, R" uniqKey="Bajracharya R">R. Bajracharya</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Song, J G" uniqKey="Song J">J.G. Song</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Back, S Y" uniqKey="Back S">S.Y. Back</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Han, H K" uniqKey="Han H">H.-K. Han</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, S H" uniqKey="Lee S">S.H. Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Song, J G" uniqKey="Song J">J.G. Song</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Han, H K" uniqKey="Han H">H.K. Han</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Du, Z" uniqKey="Du Z">Z. Du</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, T" uniqKey="Zhang T">T. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, Y" uniqKey="Yu Y">Y. Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhai, J" uniqKey="Zhai J">J. Zhai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, H" uniqKey="Huang H">H. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wei, S" uniqKey="Wei S">S. Wei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ding, L" uniqKey="Ding L">L. Ding</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, B" uniqKey="Liu B">B. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rekha, M R" uniqKey="Rekha M">M.R. Rekha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharma, C P" uniqKey="Sharma C">C.P. Sharma</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsai, L C" uniqKey="Tsai L">L.C. Tsai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, C H" uniqKey="Chen C">C.H. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lin, C W" uniqKey="Lin C">C.W. Lin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ho, Y C" uniqKey="Ho Y">Y.C. Ho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mi, F L" uniqKey="Mi F">F.L. Mi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gao, M" uniqKey="Gao M">M. Gao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, Y" uniqKey="Sun Y">Y. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kou, Y" uniqKey="Kou Y">Y. Kou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shen, X" uniqKey="Shen X">X. Shen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huo, Y" uniqKey="Huo Y">Y. Huo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, C" uniqKey="Liu C">C. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, Z" uniqKey="Sun Z">Z. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mao, S" uniqKey="Mao S">S. Mao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Trivedi, A" uniqKey="Trivedi A">A. Trivedi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoffman, J" uniqKey="Hoffman J">J. Hoffman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arora, R" uniqKey="Arora R">R. Arora</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gollomp, K L" uniqKey="Gollomp K">K.L. Gollomp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doshi, B S" uniqKey="Doshi B">B.S. Doshi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arruda, V R" uniqKey="Arruda V">V.R. Arruda</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gallego, I" uniqKey="Gallego I">I. Gallego</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Villate Beitia, I" uniqKey="Villate Beitia I">I. Villate-Beitia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinez Navarrete, G" uniqKey="Martinez Navarrete G">G. Martinez-Navarrete</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menendez, M" uniqKey="Menendez M">M. Menendez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopez Mendez, T" uniqKey="Lopez Mendez T">T. Lopez-Mendez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soto Sanchez, C" uniqKey="Soto Sanchez C">C. Soto-Sanchez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zarate, J" uniqKey="Zarate J">J. Zarate</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Puras, G" uniqKey="Puras G">G. Puras</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fernandez, E" uniqKey="Fernandez E">E. Fernandez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pedraz, J L" uniqKey="Pedraz J">J.L. Pedraz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kamel, M" uniqKey="Kamel M">M. Kamel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="El Sayed, A" uniqKey="El Sayed A">A. El-Sayed</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kochhar, S" uniqKey="Kochhar S">S. Kochhar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Excler, J L" uniqKey="Excler J">J.L. Excler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bok, K" uniqKey="Bok K">K. Bok</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gurwith, M" uniqKey="Gurwith M">M. Gurwith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcneil, M M" uniqKey="Mcneil M">M.M. McNeil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seligman, S J" uniqKey="Seligman S">S.J. Seligman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khuri Bulos, N" uniqKey="Khuri Bulos N">N. Khuri-Bulos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klug, B" uniqKey="Klug B">B. Klug</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laderoute, M" uniqKey="Laderoute M">M. Laderoute</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Robertson, J S" uniqKey="Robertson J">J.S. Robertson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mashal, M" uniqKey="Mashal M">M. Mashal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Attia, N" uniqKey="Attia N">N. Attia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinez Navarrete, G" uniqKey="Martinez Navarrete G">G. Martinez-Navarrete</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soto Sanchez, C" uniqKey="Soto Sanchez C">C. Soto-Sanchez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fernandez, E" uniqKey="Fernandez E">E. Fernandez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grijalvo, S" uniqKey="Grijalvo S">S. Grijalvo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eritja, R" uniqKey="Eritja R">R. Eritja</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Puras, G" uniqKey="Puras G">G. Puras</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pedraz, J L" uniqKey="Pedraz J">J.L. Pedraz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Massaro, M" uniqKey="Massaro M">M. Massaro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barone, G" uniqKey="Barone G">G. Barone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Biddeci, G" uniqKey="Biddeci G">G. Biddeci</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cavallaro, G" uniqKey="Cavallaro G">G. Cavallaro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Di Blasi, F" uniqKey="Di Blasi F">F. Di Blasi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lazzara, G" uniqKey="Lazzara G">G. Lazzara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nicotra, G" uniqKey="Nicotra G">G. Nicotra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spinella, C" uniqKey="Spinella C">C. Spinella</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spinelli, G" uniqKey="Spinelli G">G. Spinelli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riela, S" uniqKey="Riela S">S. Riela</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kean, T" uniqKey="Kean T">T. Kean</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roth, S" uniqKey="Roth S">S. Roth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thanou, M" uniqKey="Thanou M">M. Thanou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Javan, B" uniqKey="Javan B">B. Javan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atyabi, F" uniqKey="Atyabi F">F. Atyabi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shahbazi, M" uniqKey="Shahbazi M">M. Shahbazi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nam, J P" uniqKey="Nam J">J.P. Nam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nah, J W" uniqKey="Nah J">J.W. Nah</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jaiswal, S" uniqKey="Jaiswal S">S. Jaiswal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dutta, P K" uniqKey="Dutta P">P.K. Dutta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S. Kumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koh, J" uniqKey="Koh J">J. Koh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pandey, S" uniqKey="Pandey S">S. Pandey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mallick, S" uniqKey="Mallick S">S. Mallick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Song, S J" uniqKey="Song S">S.J. Song</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bae, Y" uniqKey="Bae Y">Y. Bae</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Choi, J S" uniqKey="Choi J">J.S. Choi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tang, Y" uniqKey="Tang Y">Y. Tang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, Y" uniqKey="Xie Y">Y. Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dou, Y" uniqKey="Dou Y">Y. Dou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iravani Kashkouli, K" uniqKey="Iravani Kashkouli K">K. Iravani Kashkouli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Torkzadeh Mahani, M" uniqKey="Torkzadeh Mahani M">M. Torkzadeh-Mahani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mosaddegh, E" uniqKey="Mosaddegh E">E. Mosaddegh</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wen, L" uniqKey="Wen L">L. Wen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y. Hu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meng, T" uniqKey="Meng T">T. Meng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tan, Y" uniqKey="Tan Y">Y. Tan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, M" uniqKey="Zhao M">M. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dai, S" uniqKey="Dai S">S. Dai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yuan, H" uniqKey="Yuan H">H. Yuan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, F" uniqKey="Hu F">F. Hu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, J T" uniqKey="Lin J">J.T. Lin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Z K" uniqKey="Liu Z">Z.K. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhu, Q L" uniqKey="Zhu Q">Q.L. Zhu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rong, X H" uniqKey="Rong X">X.H. Rong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liang, C L" uniqKey="Liang C">C.L. Liang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ma, D" uniqKey="Ma D">D. Ma</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, J" uniqKey="Sun J">J. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, G H" uniqKey="Wang G">G.H. Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kamra, M" uniqKey="Kamra M">M. Kamra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moitra, P" uniqKey="Moitra P">P. Moitra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ponnalagu, D" uniqKey="Ponnalagu D">D. Ponnalagu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karande, A A" uniqKey="Karande A">A.A. Karande</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhattacharya, S" uniqKey="Bhattacharya S">S. Bhattacharya</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nastiuk, K L" uniqKey="Nastiuk K">K.L. Nastiuk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krolewski, J J" uniqKey="Krolewski J">J.J. Krolewski</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sousa, A" uniqKey="Sousa A">A. Sousa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Almeida, A M" uniqKey="Almeida A">A.M. Almeida</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faria, R" uniqKey="Faria R">R. Faria</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Konate, K" uniqKey="Konate K">K. Konate</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boisguerin, P" uniqKey="Boisguerin P">P. Boisguerin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Queiroz, J A" uniqKey="Queiroz J">J.A. Queiroz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costa, D" uniqKey="Costa D">D. Costa</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gao, Y" uniqKey="Gao Y">Y. Gao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Z Y" uniqKey="Wang Z">Z.Y. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huo, H" uniqKey="Huo H">H. Huo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, T" uniqKey="Wang T">T. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jiang, T" uniqKey="Jiang T">T. Jiang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, S" uniqKey="Wang S">S. Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, J" uniqKey="Yao J">J. Yao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fang, J" uniqKey="Fang J">J. Fang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bian, F" uniqKey="Bian F">F. Bian</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, F" uniqKey="Zhou F">F. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jia, X" uniqKey="Jia X">X. Jia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, Q" uniqKey="Yang Q">Q. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, Y" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhao, Y" uniqKey="Zhao Y">Y. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fan, Y" uniqKey="Fan Y">Y. Fan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yuan, X" uniqKey="Yuan X">X. Yuan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mai, Q" uniqKey="Mai Q">Q. Mai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shen, S" uniqKey="Shen S">S. Shen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tang, C" uniqKey="Tang C">C. Tang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yin, C" uniqKey="Yin C">C. Yin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suk, J S" uniqKey="Suk J">J.S. Suk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, Q" uniqKey="Xu Q">Q. Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, N" uniqKey="Kim N">N. Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hanes, J" uniqKey="Hanes J">J. Hanes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ensign, L M" uniqKey="Ensign L">L.M. Ensign</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chuan, D" uniqKey="Chuan D">D. Chuan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, T" uniqKey="Jin T">T. Jin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fan, R" uniqKey="Fan R">R. Fan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, L" uniqKey="Zhou L">L. Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, G" uniqKey="Guo G">G. Guo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tokuhara, D" uniqKey="Tokuhara D">D. Tokuhara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurashima, Y" uniqKey="Kurashima Y">Y. Kurashima</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamioka, M" uniqKey="Kamioka M">M. Kamioka</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nakayama, T" uniqKey="Nakayama T">T. Nakayama</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ernst, P" uniqKey="Ernst P">P. Ernst</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kiyono, H" uniqKey="Kiyono H">H. Kiyono</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Unen, V" uniqKey="Van Unen V">V. Van Unen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, N" uniqKey="Li N">N. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Molendijk, I" uniqKey="Molendijk I">I. Molendijk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Temurhan, M" uniqKey="Temurhan M">M. Temurhan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hollt, T" uniqKey="Hollt T">T. Hollt</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Der Meulen De Jong, A E" uniqKey="Van Der Meulen De Jong A">A.E. van der Meulen-de Jong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Verspaget, H W" uniqKey="Verspaget H">H.W. Verspaget</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mearin, M L" uniqKey="Mearin M">M.L. Mearin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mulder, C J" uniqKey="Mulder C">C.J. Mulder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Bergen, J" uniqKey="Van Bergen J">J. van Bergen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, T L" uniqKey="Thomas T">T.L. Thomas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, N" uniqKey="Wang N">N. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, M" uniqKey="Chen M">M. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, T" uniqKey="Wang T">T. Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shan, C" uniqKey="Shan C">C. Shan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, B" uniqKey="Sun B">B. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dalloul, R A" uniqKey="Dalloul R">R.A. Dalloul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhai, Z" uniqKey="Zhai Z">Z. Zhai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, P" uniqKey="Sun P">P. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, M" uniqKey="Li M">M. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, S" uniqKey="Yang S">S. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luan, W" uniqKey="Luan W">W. Luan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilson, H L" uniqKey="Wilson H">H.L. Wilson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Obradovic, M R" uniqKey="Obradovic M">M.R. Obradovic</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dabaghian, M" uniqKey="Dabaghian M">M. Dabaghian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Latifi, A M" uniqKey="Latifi A">A.M. Latifi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tebianian, M" uniqKey="Tebianian M">M. Tebianian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Najminejad, H" uniqKey="Najminejad H">H. NajmiNejad</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ebrahimi, S M" uniqKey="Ebrahimi S">S.M. Ebrahimi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, B" uniqKey="Singh B">B. Singh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maharjan, S" uniqKey="Maharjan S">S. Maharjan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho, K H" uniqKey="Cho K">K.H. Cho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cui, L" uniqKey="Cui L">L. Cui</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Park, I K" uniqKey="Park I">I.K. Park</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Choi, Y J" uniqKey="Choi Y">Y.J. Choi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho, C S" uniqKey="Cho C">C.S. Cho</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dai, C" uniqKey="Dai C">C. Dai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kang, H" uniqKey="Kang H">H. Kang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, W" uniqKey="Yang W">W. Yang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sun, J" uniqKey="Sun J">J. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, C" uniqKey="Liu C">C. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheng, G" uniqKey="Cheng G">G. Cheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rong, G" uniqKey="Rong G">G. Rong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, Z" uniqKey="Jin Z">Z. Jin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nevagi, R J" uniqKey="Nevagi R">R.J. Nevagi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dai, W" uniqKey="Dai W">W. Dai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khalil, Z G" uniqKey="Khalil Z">Z.G. Khalil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hussein, W M" uniqKey="Hussein W">W.M. Hussein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capon, R J" uniqKey="Capon R">R.J. Capon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Skwarczynski, M" uniqKey="Skwarczynski M">M. Skwarczynski</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toth, I" uniqKey="Toth I">I. Toth</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sayin, B" uniqKey="Sayin B">B. Sayin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Somavarapu, S" uniqKey="Somavarapu S">S. Somavarapu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, X W" uniqKey="Li X">X.W. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sesardic, D" uniqKey="Sesardic D">D. Sesardic</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Senel, S" uniqKey="Senel S">S. Senel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpar, O H" uniqKey="Alpar O">O.H. Alpar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nevagi, R J" uniqKey="Nevagi R">R.J. Nevagi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khalil, Z G" uniqKey="Khalil Z">Z.G. Khalil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hussein, W M" uniqKey="Hussein W">W.M. Hussein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Powell, J" uniqKey="Powell J">J. Powell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Batzloff, M R" uniqKey="Batzloff M">M.R. Batzloff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capon, R J" uniqKey="Capon R">R.J. Capon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Good, M F" uniqKey="Good M">M.F. Good</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Skwarczynski, M" uniqKey="Skwarczynski M">M. Skwarczynski</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toth, I" uniqKey="Toth I">I. Toth</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, K" uniqKey="Zhao K">K. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shi, C" uniqKey="Shi C">C. Shi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, Z" uniqKey="Jin Z">Z. Jin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cui, S" uniqKey="Cui S">S. Cui</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, K" uniqKey="Zhao K">K. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, L" uniqKey="Yu L">L. Yu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duan, X" uniqKey="Duan X">X. Duan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Han, J" uniqKey="Han J">J. Han</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, X" uniqKey="Wang X">X. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, Z" uniqKey="Jin Z">Z. Jin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31940963</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7014278</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms21020487</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-21-00487</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Wenqian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meng</surname>
<given-names>Qiuyu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Qi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Jinbao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Mo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-21-00487">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-21-00487">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>Zheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-21-00487">1</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6139-1912</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Kai</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-21-00487">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-21-00487">3</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-ijms-21-00487"><label>1</label>
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>wangwenqian3104@163.com</email>
(W.W.);<email>m940584524@163.com</email>
(Q.M.);<email>liqi114013@163.com</email>
(Q.L.);<email>ljb19970107@163.com</email>
(J.L.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-ijms-21-00487"><label>2</label>
Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;<email>zhoumo_wk@hotmail.com</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af3-ijms-21-00487"><label>3</label>
Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-21-00487"><label>*</label>
Correspondence: <email>jinzheng@hlju.edu.cn</email>
(Z.J.); <email>zybin395@126.com</email>
(K.Z.); Tel.: +86-451-8660-8131 (Z.J.); +86-451-8660-8586 (K.Z.)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>1</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>487</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>chitosan derivative</kwd>
<kwd>nanoparticles</kwd>
<kwd>biomedicine</kwd>
<kwd>drug delivery</kwd>
<kwd>immunology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-ijms-21-00487"><title>1. Introduction</title>
<p>With the improvement of living standards, people have been paying more attention to the development of health and medical technology. In recent years, many polymer compounds, extracted from starch, liver sugar, inulin, cellulose, chitin, and alginates, have been widely used in biology, medicine, beauty, healthcare, and other fields [<xref rid="B1-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
,<xref rid="B2-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
,<xref rid="B3-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. Here, chitosan is one area of focus. Chitosan is a deacetylated product of chitin, which is an abundant natural resource that features less storage than cellulose [<xref rid="B4-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
,<xref rid="B5-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
]. Chitosan is a renewable natural alkaline polysaccharide that has no toxicity and no side effects, and it features good moisturizing and adsorption properties. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved that chitosan is safe in the use of foods and drugs.</p>
<p>However, chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which limits its applications in various fields. Chitosan derivatives can be obtained by the chemical modification of chitosan-reactive functional groups. Here, the −OH and −NH<sub>2</sub>
active groups on the chitosan molecule are prone to chemical reactions [<xref rid="B6-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
,<xref rid="B7-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]. Chemical modification can not only improve the physical and chemical properties of chitosan, it can also retain the unique properties of chitosan and expand the application range of chitosan derivatives. Modified chitosan derivatives have better biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, and they still possess the original bactericidal, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral pharmacological effects, including the ability to induce erythrocyte aggregation, promote platelet activation, and activate complement systems other than that of chitosan [<xref rid="B8-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
,<xref rid="B9-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
,<xref rid="B10-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
,<xref rid="B11-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
,<xref rid="B12-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
,<xref rid="B13-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
]. At present, chitosan derivatives have been widely used in both medical materials and biomedicine. With the development of nanotechnology, chitosan derivatives have been prepared as nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, microspheres, and micelles. Chitosan derivatives can be used as targeted delivery vehicles for drugs, as well as adjuvants and delivery carriers for vaccines [<xref rid="B14-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
,<xref rid="B15-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
,<xref rid="B16-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
,<xref rid="B17-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
,<xref rid="B18-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
,<xref rid="B19-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
,<xref rid="B20-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]. Therefore, chitosan derivatives and their nanomaterials can be widely used and expanded upon in terms of the fields of chitosan application [<xref rid="B21-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
,<xref rid="B22-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
]. The properties of materials determine their applications, so this review focuses on the preparation of chitosan derivatives with excellent solubility, pH sensitivity, targeting, and mucosal adhesion; additionally, this review introduces the application fields of chitosan derivatives in medicine in three aspects, namely as drug carriers, drug materials, and for mucosal immunity. The effects of chemical modification and different material states (nanoparticles, fibers, gels, etc.) of the properties of chitosan derivatives have been researched. We hope that the review can provide some guidance for research on improving the good properties of chitosan and expanding the potential applications of chitosan.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2-ijms-21-00487"><title>2. Modification of Chitosan</title>
<p>Functional groups on the chitosan molecules include C<sub>3</sub>
–OH, C<sub>6</sub>
–OH, C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
, and acetyl amino and glycoside bonds [<xref rid="B6-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
]. Among them, the acetyl amino bond is as stable as the glycosidic bond, which is not easy to fracture. C<sub>3</sub>
–OH belongs to a secondary hydroxyl, it cannot rotate freely, and its steric hindrance is so big that it does not easily react. The active chemical properties of C<sub>6</sub>
–OH and C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
take advantage of these groups in chitosan molecules to introduce other groups through various kinds of molecular design. The chemical modification of chitosan can improve its physical and chemical properties, as well as expand its applications and relevant research fields [<xref rid="B23-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
,<xref rid="B24-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
,<xref rid="B25-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
]. A schematic diagram of chitosan modification is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f001">Figure 1</xref>
.</p>
<sec id="sec2dot1-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.1. Improving the Solubility of Chitosan</title>
<p>Though chitosan has a wide range of applications, its intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds are highly crystalline, which makes it almost insoluble in water and therefore limits its applications to some extent. Therefore, it is important to improve the water solubility of chitosan. At present, there are generally three considered methods for improving the solubility of chitosan: (1) Chitin deacetylation, where the chitosan, after deacetylation, can only be dissolved in an acidic solution, thus limiting its applications; (2) chemical modification, where a hydrophilic group is introduced on an amino group or a hydroxyl group in a chitosan molecule. At the same time, this method destroys the original hydrogen bond and crystallinity of chitosan; (3) chitosan degrades into a water-soluble product of small molecules under the action of an enzyme, where the molecular weight distribution of chitosan during the degradation is extremely uneven and the product is difficult to separate. Therefore, chemical modification is often used to improve the water solubility of chitosan.</p>
<sec id="sec2dot1dot1-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.1.1. Destruction of Hydrogen Bonding</title>
<sec><title>Acylated Modified Chitosan</title>
<p>Acylation modification is the most common modification of chitosan. The acylation of chitosan refers to the reaction of chitosan with a variety of organic acids and derivatives of organic acids (mainly anhydride and acyl chloride), introducing aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups to the molecular chain [<xref rid="B26-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
]. The acylation reaction destroys the intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of chitosan, which weakens its crystallinity and enhances its water solubility. There are two hydroxyl groups on the molecular chain of chitosan, with one being the primary hydroxyl group of C<sub>6</sub>
–OH and the other being the secondary hydroxyl group of C<sub>3</sub>
–OH. The primary hydroxyl group is free to rotate in the spatial conformation, with low steric hindrance, while the secondary hydroxyl group is not able to rotate, with high steric hindrance, and the activity of C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
is higher than that of the primary hydroxyl group. Therefore, the order of activity of the acylation reaction is C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
> C<sub>6</sub>
–OH > C<sub>3</sub>
–OH [<xref rid="B27-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
,<xref rid="B28-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]. An acylation reaction that occurs with C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
to form an amide is called N-acylation [<xref rid="B29-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
]. An ester is formed by the acylation reaction of C<sub>6</sub>
–OH when there is a protective functional group on C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
, and this is referred to as O-acylation [<xref rid="B30-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
].</p>
<p>N-acylated chitosan derivatives show enhanced biocompatibility, anticoagulability, and blood compatibility. Moreover, N-acylated chitosan derivatives do not cause an inflammatory reaction in the human body, so N-acylated chitosan can be used as a carrier or sustained release agent in pharmaceutical applications [<xref rid="B24-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
,<xref rid="B29-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
,<xref rid="B31-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
,<xref rid="B32-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]. A schematic diagram of the N-acylation reaction of chitosan is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f002">Figure 2</xref>
A.</p>
<p>The solubility of N-acylated chitosan depends on the degree of substitution (DS) and the length of the side chain. Studies have shown that when the DS is less than 50%, the DS is proportional to the solubility; the higher the DS is, the greater the solubility. The length of the side chain is proportional to the crystallinity, and a longer side chain results in a higher crystallinity and lower relative solubility [<xref rid="B6-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
,<xref rid="B29-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
]. N-acylated chitosan, with high solubility, can be used as a carrier for hydrophobic drugs [<xref rid="B33-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
], while N-acylated chitosan, with high crystallinity, can increase fiber toughness and thermal stability, making it suitable for applications such as use in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fiber film materials [<xref rid="B34-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
,<xref rid="B35-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]. Additionally, N-acylated chitosan can also be used as a template additive for bone tissue materials, such as 3D templates for hydroxyapatite [<xref rid="B24-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
].</p>
<p>C<sub>6</sub>
–OH does not react until C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
completely reacts [<xref rid="B36-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
]. If only O-acylated chitosan is required, it is necessary to add a solvent to protect the ammonium group, such as trifluoroacetic acid or methanesulfonic acid [<xref rid="B37-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
,<xref rid="B38-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
,<xref rid="B39-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]. Methanesulfonic acid is both a solvent and a catalyst in the chitosan O-acylation process [<xref rid="B37-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
,<xref rid="B38-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]. A schematic diagram of the O-acylation reaction of chitosan is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f002">Figure 2</xref>
B.</p>
<p>O-acylation modification destroys the hydrogen bond structure of chitosan and improves its fat solubility and hydrophobicity. However, the properties of O-acylated chitosan and N-acylated chitosan are also different. O-acylated chitosan is lipid-soluble and can be dissolved in non-polar solvents such as pyridine and chloroform [<xref rid="B37-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
], while N-acylated chitosan improves water solubility [<xref rid="B29-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
,<xref rid="B31-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
]. O-acylated chitosan is commonly used in the films of fibers or polymeric materials to enhance the hydrophobicity and stability of the material [<xref rid="B30-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
,<xref rid="B38-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]. N-acylated chitosan can be used as a carrier or a sustained release agent in the delivery of drugs and can also be used as a material additive in biological scaffolds [<xref rid="B28-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
,<xref rid="B29-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Alkylation Modified Chitosan</title>
<p>An alkyl group can be introduced into chitosan, and this leads to the latter having significantly weakened intermolecular hydrogen bonds, leading to an improvement in its solubility [<xref rid="B40-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]. However, the alkyl group is a hydrophobic group. The solubility is lowered when alkyl chain that is too long is introduced, showing that the solubility of a chitosan derivative can be controlled by manipulating the length of an alkyl chain [<xref rid="B41-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
,<xref rid="B42-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
]. An alkylation reaction is caused by the introduction of an alkyl group to the C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
, C<sub>6</sub>
–OH, or C<sub>3</sub>
–OH groups of chitosan to form an alkyl group-containing chitosan derivative. N-alkylation occurs with the alkylation of the C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
group in chitosan, and O-alkylation occurs with the alkylation of the C<sub>6</sub>
–OH or C<sub>3</sub>
–OH groups in chitosan [<xref rid="B43-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
,<xref rid="B44-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
]. Here, the C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
group has strong nucleophilic lone pair electrons, and, thus, N-alkylation is more likely to occur.</p>
<p>N-alkylated chitosan can be prepared from a halogenated alkane. The reaction equation of this process is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f003">Figure 3</xref>
A [<xref rid="B45-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
]. The material can also be prepared from higher fatty aldehydes and long chain fatty acyl groups. In this case, the reaction equation is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f003">Figure 3</xref>
B [<xref rid="B46-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
,<xref rid="B47-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
,<xref rid="B48-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
]. Alkylated chitosan can be used to prepare medical gauze due to its coagulation and antibacterial properties [<xref rid="B42-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
,<xref rid="B47-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
,<xref rid="B49-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
], and it can be used to absorb anionic surfactants in water purification engineering due to its positive charge [<xref rid="B50-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2dot1dot2-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.1.2. Introduction of Hydrophilic Group</title>
<p>A hydrophilic group has an atomic group that is soluble in water or that which is readily compatible with water. Common hydrophilic groups include the carboxylic acid group, the quaternary ammonium group, the sulfonic acid group, the phosphoric acid group, amino group, ether bonds composed of an oxygen group, the hydroxyl group, the carboxylate group, and the block polyether group.</p>
<sec><title>Carboxylated Chitosan</title>
<p>A carboxylation reaction mainly utilizes glyoxylic acid or chloroalkanoic acid to react with the C<sub>6</sub>
–OH or C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
groups of chitosan, the product of which is a −COOH group [<xref rid="B51-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
]. Carboxylated chitosan has good water solubility and can be dissolved in neutral and alkaline solutions. Carboxylated chitosan also has better thickening, heat preservation, film formation, flocculation, and kneading properties than chitosan. At the same time, carboxylated chitosan has wider applications than chitosan in the industrial, agricultural, medical, health, and biochemical fields [<xref rid="B47-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
,<xref rid="B50-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>
,<xref rid="B52-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>
,<xref rid="B53-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>
,<xref rid="B54-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
,<xref rid="B55-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>
,<xref rid="B56-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>
,<xref rid="B57-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
].</p>
<p>Most studies on carboxylated chitosan have concerned carboxymethylation reactions [<xref rid="B58-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>
,<xref rid="B59-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
,<xref rid="B60-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
]. The steric hindrance effect on the chitosan C<sub>3</sub>
–OH group makes the carboxymethylation of the C<sub>3</sub>
–OH group more difficult. Therefore, the carboxylation reaction mostly occurs with the C<sub>6</sub>
–OH group. Under an alkaline condition, the activity of the C<sub>6</sub>
–OH group on the molecular level of chitosan is greater than that of the C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
group. Therefore, when the DS is less than 1, the product is C<sub>6</sub>
-<italic>O</italic>
-carboxymethyl, and the reaction equation of this is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f004">Figure 4</xref>
A. When the DS is greater than or equal to 1, carboxymethyl substitution occurs simultaneously with the C<sub>6</sub>
–OH and C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
groups to form N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan [<xref rid="B61-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
,<xref rid="B62-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>
], and the reaction equation of this is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f004">Figure 4</xref>
B.</p>
<p>The property of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) is related to the DS, where the DS depends on the amount of the carboxylating agent and the molecular weight of chitosan (CSMW). The relationship between the CSMW and the DS is that the DS decreases with the increase of the CSMW [<xref rid="B63-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
]. CMCS is active in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields due to its antibacterial properties, which promote wound healing, as well as its lipid-lowering, anti-arteriosclerosis, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-coagulation, and hypoglycemic effects [<xref rid="B51-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
,<xref rid="B64-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan</title>
<p>The quaternary ammonium group is a hydrophilic group and is positively charged. The introduction of a quaternary ammonium salt group not only improves water solubility, it also increases chargeability. The quaternization occurs with C<sub>2</sub>
–NH<sub>2</sub>
. Quaternization generally occurs via three methods, namely direct quaternary ammonium substitution, N-alkylation, and the epoxy derivative open loop method [<xref rid="B65-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>
,<xref rid="B66-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>
,<xref rid="B67-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>
,<xref rid="B68-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>
,<xref rid="B69-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>
]. In recent years, the most commonly used quaternary ammonium salts have been GTA (2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) and CTA (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl) [<xref rid="B15-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
,<xref rid="B70-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>
].</p>
<p>N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) is a quaternary ammonium chitosan. TMC can be synthesized by two methods. One method is direct quaternary ammonium substitution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f005">Figure 5</xref>
A) [<xref rid="B71-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
,<xref rid="B72-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
], and the other is the N-alkylation method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f005">Figure 5</xref>
B) [<xref rid="B73-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>
,<xref rid="B74-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>
,<xref rid="B75-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>
]. The epoxy-derivative ring-opening process is the reaction of C<sub>2</sub>
-NH<sub>2</sub>
with GTA or CTA under alkaline conditions. The reaction of chitosan and epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride gives <italic>N</italic>
-2-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC) [<xref rid="B76-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
,<xref rid="B77-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>
]. The reaction equation of this is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f005">Figure 5</xref>
C.</p>
<p>Quaternary ammonium salt increases charging strength and weakens hydrogen bonds, thus increasing water solubility. In addition, a higher DS leads to a better water-solubility and a higher potential [<xref rid="B78-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>
,<xref rid="B79-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
]. Quaternary ammonium chitosan salt also has better antibacterial, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and biological effects, as well as innate mucoadhesiveness and the ability to penetrate mucus layers and bind to epithelial surfaces. Therefore, it is widely used in medicine [<xref rid="B80-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
,<xref rid="B81-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
,<xref rid="B82-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]. Due to its antibacterial properties, quaternary ammonium chitosan can be used in anti-inflammatory drugs or as a filler fiber in materials for dressing wounds [<xref rid="B82-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
,<xref rid="B83-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2dot1dot3-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.1.3. Formation of Hydrophilic Group</title>
<sec><title>Chitosan Esterification Reaction</title>
<p>The esterification reaction of chitosan is the reaction of chitosan with carboxylic acid or an oxy-containing mineral acid. The common acids of chitosan esterification are sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and chlorosulfonic acid [<xref rid="B84-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
,<xref rid="B85-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>
]. Sulfated chitosan has a significant anticoagulant activity due to its structural similarity to heparin, and it can be used as an alternative to anticoagulants [<xref rid="B86-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Chitosan Etherification Modification</title>
<p>The hydroxyl group in the chitosan molecule reacts with a alkylating reagent agent (e.g., dimethyl sulfate, chloroacetic acid, and ethylene oxide) to form a chitosan-etherified derivative. Chitosan-etherified derivatives are soluble in water and have the dual structure and function of high molecular chitosan and low molecular ether [<xref rid="B87-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>
]. The etherified product has good moisture retention, bacteriostasis, and non-toxicity, and it can be used in medical materials and pharmaceutical fields [<xref rid="B88-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2dot2-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.2. Improving Chitosan Mucoadhesion</title>
<p>Mucosal adhesion is the ability of a material to adhere to the mucosa and provide temporary retention. Polymers with mucosal adhesion typically have strong hydrogen bond groups (carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, and sulfate groups) or strong anion/cation charges, such as chitosan and its derivatives [<xref rid="B89-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>
]. Chitosan achieves a mucosal adsorption effect through electrostatic attraction with mucosal proteins, along with hydrogen bonding and the material’s hydrophobic properties [<xref rid="B90-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>
]. Chitosan derivatives generally achieve mucosal adhesion through hydrogen bonding or non-specific, non-covalent, and electrostatic interactions [<xref rid="B91-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>
]. Strong hydrogen bonding groups can also be introduced to improve mucosal adhesion, such as carboxylated chitosan [<xref rid="B89-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>
]. Thiolated chitosan derivatives enhance mucosal adhesion through the formation of covalent bonds between free thiol groups and cysteine-containing glycoproteins in mucus [<xref rid="B91-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>
]. Thiolated chitosan derivatives prepared by the annealing method have stronger adhesion, hydration ability, and drug release properties than thiolated chitosan derivatives that are prepared by other methods [<xref rid="B92-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>
]. Compared with pure drugs, the amount of insulin that is released by thiolated chitosan xerogels has been shown to increase by 1.7 times. Consequently, thiolated chitosan derivatives can be used in oral drug delivery systems [<xref rid="B93-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>
,<xref rid="B94-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>
]. Enhancing the charge of chitosan can improve mucosal adhesion, such as in the case of quaternary ammonium chitosan [<xref rid="B95-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>
,<xref rid="B96-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>
]. Here, ovalbumin was conjugated with N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chitosan. After intranasal administration, the conjugated polymer significantly increased the amount of ovalbumin that was absorbed by mouse mononuclear macrophages and improved the efficiency of transporting ovalbumin to deep neck lymph nodes. After three nasal immunizations with a conjugate, a strong systemic and mucosal immune response in mice was induced. Quaternary ammonium chitosan derivatives can be administered via the nasal cavity to prevent respiratory infection diseases [<xref rid="B97-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>
]. The mucosal adhesion of chitosan derivatives has broad application prospects in both oral and respiratory drug delivery systems.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2dot3-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.3. Improving of Chitosan pH Sensitivity</title>
<p>A pH-sensitive material is a type of material that changes its volume or shape as the pH of its environment changes [<xref rid="B98-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>
,<xref rid="B99-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>
]. A change in the intramolecular or intermolecular force of the polymer can be produced, depending on the change in pH. Here, this is manifested as a macroscopic change in the properties of the polymer. A pH-sensitive material can achieve the controlled release of a drug in a delivery system based on continuous changes in the pH of the gastrointestinal tract in the body. Targeted administration can be achieved according to the difference in pH between the lesion and the normal physiological state of the body [<xref rid="B100-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>
].</p>
<p>pH sensitivity can be increased by introducing a sensitive acyl group in chitosan. A hydrogel with good pH sensitivity was prepared by an alginate and graft copolymer of methoxypolyethylene glycol and carboxymethyl chitosan (mPEG-g-CMC) [<xref rid="B101-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>
]. Hydrogel materials are sensitive to pH reactions. A pH-sensitive hydrogel that was obtained by crosslinking chitosan with polyacrylic acid contained amoxicillin and meloxicam, and its release rate increased with increase of pH [<xref rid="B102-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>
]. The methacrylic chitosan hydrogel swelled at a pH < 5, while it shrunk at a pH ≥ 7.4. Cytocompatibility studies were performed with NIH/3T3 fibroblasts (embryonic fibroblasts); cell proliferation or adhesion was suppressed when seeded on hydrogel surfaces compared to tissue culture plastic, but no measurable cell death was observed. It can be seen that the methacrylic chitosan hydrogel is not toxic to fibroblasts, showing specific wound healing stages and accelerated pH-dependent wound healing [<xref rid="B103-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>
]. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a protein drug, was encapsulated in a hydrogel. Here, the results showed that the release rate was lower at a pH of 1.2 and was increased at a pH of 7.4 [<xref rid="B101-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>
]. A carboxymethyl chitosan/alginate (PECs) hydrogel showed significant pH sensitivity, and the cumulative release amount of a protein at a pH of 7.4 was higher than at a pH of 1.2. Therefore, PECs hydrogels can deliver proteins to the intestine for targeted administration [<xref rid="B104-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2dot4-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.4. Targeting Modification</title>
<p>The targeted delivery of drugs is critical to improving treatment outcomes and reducing side effects. There are currently many ways to deliver drugs to specific sites of action. Chitosan derivatives have been driving the development of safe and effective drug delivery systems due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties [<xref rid="B105-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>
,<xref rid="B106-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>
].</p>
<sec id="sec2dot4dot1-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.4.1. Colon-Specific Delivery</title>
<p>Colon-specific drug delivery systems have been paid increasing attention for the treatment of diseases such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. The main obstacle to delivery here is absorption and degradation via the upper gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, elucidating how to prevent the degradation of drugs in the stomach and small intestine is the research direction of colon-specific drug delivery systems [<xref rid="B107-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>
,<xref rid="B108-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>
].</p>
<p>5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a hydrophilic drug that has been widely used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. The water-soluble amphoteric chitosan derivative (CTAA) is formed by using trimellitic acid chloride, where CTAA is crosslinked with alginate to prepare a film and the CTAA/alginate film can protect 5-FU from being absorbed and degraded by the upper gastrointestinal tract before reaching the colon [<xref rid="B109-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>
]. O-carboxymethyl chitosan (OCMC) is a carboxymethylated derivative. When compared with other natural forms, OCMC has a better water solubility and more desirable pH sensitivity, and, thus, it can be used as a carrier for intestine-targeted drug delivery. Spherical microcapsules (GA-OCMC LbL) with a core-shell structure were prepared by a layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) with the use of gum arabic (GA) and OCMC. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the GA-OCMC LbL not only improved the bioavailability of omeprazole, it also enhanced stability in simulated gastric fluid, indicating that the GA-OCMC LbL is a promising vector for intestine-targeted delivery [<xref rid="B110-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2dot4dot2-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.4.2. Liver-Targeted Delivery</title>
<p>Typically, liver targeting systems employ reticulated endothelial passive capture microparticles or active targeting based on recognition between liver receptors and ligand-bearing microparticles [<xref rid="B111-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>
]. Fatty-acid-modified quaternary ammonium chitosan derivative nanoparticles were used as a carrier to deliver insulin into the liver, and the results showed that the nanoparticles had a higher hepatocyte uptake and a better anti-diabetic efficacy [<xref rid="B80-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
].</p>
<p>Ferulic acid is a promising antioxidant drug that can treat liver cancer. Glycyrrhizic acid and modified chitosan nanoparticles have been used for the liver-targeted delivery of ferulic acid. Here, the results showed a cell viability of 70.6% at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, indicating that the nanoparticles had biocompatibility and non-toxicity. The release of ferulic acid from chitosan nanoparticles loaded with ferulic acid reached 13.34% of the total injected dose after 6 h, showing that the nanoparticles could effectively deliver ferulic acid to the liver [<xref rid="B111-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2dot4dot3-ijms-21-00487"><title>2.4.3. Kidney and Lung Targeted Delivery</title>
<p>Proximal tubular cells and mesenchymal fibroblasts are major targets for the delivery of renal drugs, as they play a key role in many kidney diseases. A carrier that has been successfully used for targeted delivery to the kidneys is acetylated low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC). Here, researchers coupled prednisone with LMWC (19 kDa), and the distribution of prednisone in the kidney was 13 times higher than that of the prednisone alone, which showed that the LMWC could serve as a renal targeting delivery carrier [<xref rid="B112-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>
]. LMWC may be specifically taken up by tubular cells by megalin, and it can be cleared from the kidneys faster than the lysozyme [<xref rid="B113-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>
].</p>
<p>A novel folic acid-grafted polyethylene glycol chitosan copolymer (F-PEG-HTCC) was synthesized, and F-PEG-HTCC nanoparticles loaded with Taxol were prepared. The results showed that the nanoparticles had good pharmacokinetic characteristics after reaching the lungs, where the distribution of paclitaxel was limited to the lungs for 6 h; this showed that the nanoparticle delivery method can effectively reduce the side effects of highly toxic drugs [<xref rid="B114-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-ijms-21-00487"><title>3. Application of Chitosan Derivatives as Biomedical Materials</title>
<sec id="sec3dot1-ijms-21-00487"><title>3.1. Application in the Antibacterial Materials</title>
<p>Antibacterial materials refer to a new class of functional materials that have the function of killing or inhibiting microbes [<xref rid="B115-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>
]. There are many substances in nature that have good bactericidal or microbicidal activities [<xref rid="B116-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>
,<xref rid="B117-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>
,<xref rid="B118-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>
]; however, antibacterial materials are a kind of new functional material that have the ability to inhibit or kill bacteria through the addition of certain antibacterial substances, such as antibacterial plastics, antibacterial fibers and fabrics, antibacterial ceramics, and antibacterial metal materials [<xref rid="B119-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>
,<xref rid="B120-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>
,<xref rid="B121-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>
,<xref rid="B122-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>
]. Chitosan and chitosan derivatives have been widely used as non-toxic or low-toxicity antibacterial materials [<xref rid="B123-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>
]. Among them, chitosan quaternary ammonium salt is the most widely used [<xref rid="B15-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
,<xref rid="B83-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
]. <xref rid="ijms-21-00487-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>
summarizes the antimicrobial species and applications of quaternized chitosan derivatives.</p>
<p>Compared with chitosan, quaternized chitosan has a significantly increased antibacterial activity and can be used in anti-inflammatory drugs or as a filler fiber in materials for dressing wounds [<xref rid="B82-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
,<xref rid="B83-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
]. The antibacterial mechanism of chitosan and quaternized chitosan is still inconclusive. There are only three speculations [<xref rid="B15-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
,<xref rid="B81-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]: (1) Chitosan and chitosan derivatives are positively charged, while bacteria are negatively charged, causing them to attract and interact with each other due to electrostatic adsorption; (2) after adsorbing bacteria, chitosan and chitosan derivatives enter the inside of bacterial cells and bind to DNA, which interferes with the transcription of bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting the growth of bacteria; (3) chitosan and chitosan derivatives inhibit the uptake of trace elements and nutrients that are necessary for cell growth. The antibacterial mechanism of TMC is to form a complex with the cell membrane or interfere with gene expression to achieve an antibacterial effect [<xref rid="B130-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>
]. Cationic molecules are the active site of the polymer. Therefore, with an increase in positive charge, the antibacterial activity of TMC is enhanced. The antibacterial activity of TMC decreases with the decrease of pH under acidic conditions, and the antibacterial activity is lower under weak alkaline conditions than acidic conditions [<xref rid="B72-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
,<xref rid="B75-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>
,<xref rid="B131-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3dot2-ijms-21-00487"><title>3.2. Bone Tissue Engineering Material</title>
<p>Bone tissue engineering (BTE) refers to the high-concentration osteoblasts, bone marrow stromal stem cells or chondrocytes that are isolated from the organism itself and which are cultured in vitro and transplanted into a cell scaffold [<xref rid="B132-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>
,<xref rid="B133-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>
,<xref rid="B134-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>
]. A perfect scaffold must be biodegradable and biocompatible, promote cell adhesion and proliferation, and preserve cell metabolism. An implantable stent must have a high degree of compatibility with the body, with suitable mechanical properties, morphology, porosity, healing, and tissue replacement capabilities [<xref rid="B1-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
].</p>
<p>A bone graft or stent should mimic the structure and properties of the natural bone extracellular matrix (ECM) and provide all the necessary environmental conditions in the natural bone, which is an area of BTE that needs to be addressed. Current synthetic bone tissue engineering materials consist essentially of hydroxyapatite, protein, and polysaccharides [<xref rid="B135-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>
,<xref rid="B136-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>
]. <xref rid="ijms-21-00487-t002" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>
shows the applications of common chitosan derivatives in bone tissue engineering.</p>
<p>CMCS is a commonly used in bone tissue engineering [<xref rid="B137-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>
,<xref rid="B138-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>
,<xref rid="B139-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>
,<xref rid="B140-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>
,<xref rid="B141-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>
]. In addition to the applications shown in <xref rid="ijms-21-00487-t002" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>
, CMCS can also be used to make nanofiber scaffolds [<xref rid="B144-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>
]. In BTE, TMC and heparinoid are commonly used materials for the preparation of periosteal mimics. Almodovar et al. developed an LbL assembly of polyelectrolyte complexes by using TMC as a polycation and heparin as a polyanion, and the LbL assembly was used as a periosteal mimetic to provide osteoprogenitor cells and improve bone and allograft compatibility [<xref rid="B145-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>
]. Hydroxyalkyl chitosan derivatives are also used in BTE; however, only hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS), hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBCS), and hydroxyethyl chitosan (HECS) are currently in use for bone tissue engineering [<xref rid="B146-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>
,<xref rid="B147-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>
,<xref rid="B148-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4-ijms-21-00487"><title>4. Application of Chitosan Derivative Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery</title>
<p>A drug delivery system is a technical system that comprehensively regulates the distribution of drugs in a living body in terms of delivery space, time, and dosage [<xref rid="B149-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>
]. The goal is to deliver the right amount of the drug to the right place at the right time, increasing drug bioavailability and reducing costs and side effects [<xref rid="B150-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>
]. A drug delivery system is a fusion of medicine, engineering (materials, mechanics, and electronics), and pharmacy. The objectives of research here include the drug itself, the drug carrier, and the related delivery technology, as well as the physical and chemical modification of the drug or carrier [<xref rid="B151-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>
,<xref rid="B152-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>
]. Chitosan derivative nanoparticles have better bioadhesion and permeability, which can improve the delivery and transport of drugs. Chitosan derivative nanoparticles have important applications in targeting, sustained release, and increasing drug absorption. At present, chitosan derivative nanoparticles are mainly used for sustained release, the preparation of targeted drugs, and as vectors for gene therapy.</p>
<sec id="sec4dot1-ijms-21-00487"><title>4.1. Delivery Carrier</title>
<p>Chitosan and its derivatives are mainly found as microspheres, nanoparticles, micelles, and gels in delivery carriers [<xref rid="B153-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>
,<xref rid="B154-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>
,<xref rid="B155-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>
]. The particle sizes of these microspheres are generally in the range of 1–500 μm, and the particle sizes of the nanoparticles are smaller than the particle sizes of the microspheres and are within 100 nm. The small size of nanoparticles enables them to pass through various biological barriers in order to deliver drugs to target sites [<xref rid="B156-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>
]. A micelle is a core-shell structural material with good stability, tissue permeability, and sustained drug release properties [<xref rid="B157-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>
]. Amphiphilic chitosan, with a self-assembling micelle, can improve the solubility, biological activity, and targeted delivery of fat-soluble drugs [<xref rid="B158-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>
]. A gel is a material that has a three-dimensional spatial polymerization capability and is capable of accommodating a large amount of water in its slightly crosslinked network structure. Gels have many adjustable properties, including their flexibility and deformability, dispersibility in biological fluids, controlled stability, biodegradability, and chemical function [<xref rid="B159-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">159</xref>
,<xref rid="B160-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>
]. Compared with nanoparticles, gels have better mucoadhesivity and permeability and can transport small molecules, all of which gives them great potential in biomedical fields [<xref rid="B161-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4dot2-ijms-21-00487"><title>4.2. Controlled Drug Delivery</title>
<p>Drug control and sustained release are promising areas of research [<xref rid="B162-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">162</xref>
]. Some drugs have a very short release time and are rapidly consumed, resulting in a decrease in plasma levels. Therefore, more doses of the drug are needed to maintain plasma balance, causing discomfort to the patient. Scientists are working hard to develop novel drug delivery systems in order to provide appropriate drug concentrations to meet therapeutic needs [<xref rid="B163-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">163</xref>
]. The ideal drug release is rapid, at a constant rate, and sustained so that the drug be immediately effective while achieving a long effect [<xref rid="B164-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">164</xref>
]. Chitosan derivative nanoparticles can easily achieve a sustained slow release, increasing bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy while reducing side effects [<xref rid="B165-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">165</xref>
].</p>
<p>Proteins are the drugs of choice for the treatment of various diseases due to their targeting and good biocompatibility. However, protein drugs also have some drawbacks [<xref rid="B166-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">166</xref>
]. For example, proteins are easily degraded by enzymes, have low permeability in the intestinal epithelium, and have poor oral absorption. These factors limit the applications of protein drugs [<xref rid="B167-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">167</xref>
]. In recent years, chitosan derivative nanoparticles have received considerable attention for use as protein drug delivery vehicles. These nanoparticles have received considerable attention and can be used to deliver proteins.</p>
<sec id="sec4dot2dot1-ijms-21-00487"><title>4.2.1. Chitosan Derivative Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Polypeptide</title>
<p>Chitosan derivative nanoparticles interact with peptides through strong hydrogen bonds and static electricity, obtaining peptide-loaded nanoparticles. Nanoparticle-loaded peptides have a better thermal stability and are controllable via in vitro release when compared to free peptides [<xref rid="B168-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">168</xref>
]. Fatty acid-modified quaternary ammonium chitosan nanoparticles loaded with insulin have been shown to have an encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of over 98%, as nanoparticle-loaded insulin is more efficient than a free insulin group [<xref rid="B80-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
]. The oral delivery of insulin needs to overcome the barrier of gastrointestinal tract digestion and absorption [<xref rid="B169-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">169</xref>
]. Fucoidan (FD) has hypoglycemic effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by TMC and FD were loaded with insulin. Here, the TMC/FD NPs were pH sensitive and could protect insulin from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, and TMC/FD NPs enhanced the cellular transport of insulin across the intestinal barrier [<xref rid="B170-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">170</xref>
]. The delivery of insulin by glycerol monocaprylate-modified chitosan nanoparticles has also achieved the same effects as delivery via TMC/FD NPs [<xref rid="B171-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">171</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4dot2dot2-ijms-21-00487"><title>4.2.2. Chitosan Derivative Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Gene</title>
<p>Gene therapy is a promising strategy for challenging diseases. A key step in gene therapy is the successful delivery of genes [<xref rid="B172-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">172</xref>
]. Therefore, a safe and effective gene delivery system is critical for the successful application of gene therapy [<xref rid="B173-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">173</xref>
]. The delivery carriers of genes include viral and non-viral vectors. Compared with non-viral vectors, the transfection rate and immunogenicity of the viral vector are both higher, but the vector is more toxic, the capacity of the target gene is smaller, the targeting specificity is worse, the preparation is more complicated, and the cost is higher. Compared with viral vectors, non-viral vectors feature an ease of production, high yield, and low cost, and they can be widely used for drug delivery [<xref rid="B174-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">174</xref>
,<xref rid="B175-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">175</xref>
,<xref rid="B176-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">176</xref>
,<xref rid="B177-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">177</xref>
,<xref rid="B178-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">178</xref>
]. Chitosan derivative nanoparticles, as non-viral vectors, have excellent solubility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and a higher transfection rate than chitosan nanoparticles [<xref rid="B73-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>
,<xref rid="B98-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>
,<xref rid="B179-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">179</xref>
]. <xref rid="ijms-21-00487-t003" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>
shows a gene delivery carrier-containing a chitosan derivative and its applications.</p>
<p>Genes can regulate signaling networks and promote tumor suppression through chemotherapy, which is important for the treatment of tumors [<xref rid="B189-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">189</xref>
]. However, naked nucleic acids cannot cross cell membranes and are easily degraded by nucleases [<xref rid="B190-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">190</xref>
]. TMC can be further modified to protect genes from degradation by nucleases in serum [<xref rid="B191-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">191</xref>
,<xref rid="B192-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">192</xref>
,<xref rid="B193-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">193</xref>
]. For example, methoxy polyethylene glycol-modified trimethyl chitosan (mPEG-TMC) has been covalently linked to doxorubicin (DOX) and cis-itaconic anhydride (CA) in order to give mPEG-TCD NPs, where anti-tumor effects have shown that the mPEG-TCD NPs exhibit better anti-tumor activities when compared with DOX and plasmid DNA alone [<xref rid="B194-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">194</xref>
,<xref rid="B195-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">195</xref>
]. O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles have been shown to have the ability to inhibit tumor cell migration in vitro [<xref rid="B7-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]. The poly-β-amino ester nanoparticle loading gene, after the addition of thiolated O-carboxymethyl chitosan, showed a higher cell transfection rate, as the loaded genes of the poly-β-amino ester and thiolated O-carboxymethyl chitosan composite nanoparticles had higher cell transfection rates than the nanoparticles of the former alone [<xref rid="B184-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">184</xref>
]. The target ligand can also be used to modify chitosan derivatives in order to improve the targeted delivery of genes. Target ligands have been shown to improve tumor-specific delivery, promote cellular uptake, and reduce side effects [<xref rid="B196-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">196</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec5-ijms-21-00487"><title>5. Applications of Chitosan Derivative Nanoparticles in Mucosal Immunity</title>
<p>The body mainly relies on immune response to destroy and repel pathogenic microorganisms that enter the body for the prevention of infectious diseases. There are three immune defense systems in human and animal bodies, with mucosal immunity being the first defense system against infection. The mucosal immune system refers to lymphoid tissues that are widely distributed in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary mucosa, and some exocrine glands, and this system is the main site for performing local specific immune function [<xref rid="B197-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">197</xref>
,<xref rid="B198-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">198</xref>
].</p>
<p>Nowadays, vaccination is one of the most effective and economical strategies for humans and animals to control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. It is worth noting that, in recent years, with the advancement of immunology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology, etc., some intractable cancers have been included in the scope of vaccination targets, and great therapeutic effects in some patients have been achieved [<xref rid="B199-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">199</xref>
,<xref rid="B200-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">200</xref>
]. Traditionally, vaccines are mainly delivered by intramuscular injection, but this route generally cannot induce effective mucosal immunity. Mucosal vaccines have some advantages compared with traditionally vaccines, and most infections occur at a mucosal surface or spread from mucosal surfaces [<xref rid="B201-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">201</xref>
]. Studies have shown that mucosal administration could provide an early defense against invading pathogens, as the local antibodies of the mucosa work faster than serum antibodies, are higher in level, and have a greater maintenance time [<xref rid="B202-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">202</xref>
,<xref rid="B203-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">203</xref>
]. The process of immunity is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-21-00487-f006">Figure 6</xref>
[<xref rid="B204-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">204</xref>
].</p>
<p>Chitosan and chitosan derivatives can open tight junctions between epithelial cells to facilitate the transmembranal delivery of drugs. Compared with chitosan nanoparticles, chitosan derivative nanoparticles have a better mucoadhesivity, higher water solubility, and promote the better absorption of antigens; thus, chitosan derivative nanoparticles can serve as vaccine adjuvants or delivery carriers in the case of mucosal immunity [<xref rid="B204-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">204</xref>
]. In our previous study, our group prepared a Newcastle disease live vaccine/<italic>O</italic>
-2′-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan nanoparticles, where the results showed that the chickens that were intranasally immunized with the nanoparticles had stronger cellular, humoral, and mucosal immunity than those intramuscularly immunized with the live attenuated Newcastle disease vaccine, indicating that <italic>O</italic>
-2′-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan nanoparticles can be used as vaccine adjuvants and delivery carriers in the case of mucosal immunity [<xref rid="B205-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">205</xref>
].</p>
<p>To achieve a higher mucosal immune effect, composite biological nanomaterials were synthesized [<xref rid="B206-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">206</xref>
,<xref rid="B207-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">207</xref>
]. Reshma et al. prepared a peptide vaccine by binding TMC to a peptide antigen and polyglutamic acid (PGA), and the vaccine induced higher levels of mucosal antibodies compared with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin B subunit [<xref rid="B208-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">208</xref>
]. N-2-HACC and CMCS were synthesized as vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems in our group, where an animal experiment showed that the intranasal N-2-HACC/CMCS nanoparticles produced higher IgG (immunoglobulin G) and sIgA (secretory immunoglobulin A) antibody titers and higher levels of cytokines than the commercially available vaccine did [<xref rid="B209-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">209</xref>
]. Additionally, our team also synthesized chitosan-coated PLGA(poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, and NDV (Newcastle disease virus) energy-containing DNA that was encapsulated in the nanoparticles was prepared to evaluate the mucosal immune response; the results indicated that the nanoparticles induced stronger cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses than the plasmid DNA alone, showing that the chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles could be used as an efficient delivery system for mucosal immunization in the case of DNA vaccines [<xref rid="B210-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">210</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec6-ijms-21-00487"><title>6. Prospects</title>
<p>As a kind of biodegradable polymer material with excellent performance, chitosan is widely used in medical materials and biomedicines. In order to improve the water solubility of chitosan and broaden the scope and fields of its applications, chitosan derivatives with excellent properties, such as hydrophilicity, pH sensitivity, and targeting, have been synthesized through chemical reactions. Chitosan derivatives are promising drug excipients. A drug-loading system, including micelles, nanoparticles, microspheres, and hydrogels, that is prepared by chitosan derivatives, can increase the stability of drugs and release drugs in a sustained and slow manner. Thus, chitosan derivative delivery systems for drugs or vaccines can reduce side effects and improve the bioavailability of drugs, which has increased interest for chitosan derivatives in the field of biomedicine.</p>
<p>In order to improve current drug delivery systems, it is necessary to study the properties of drugs and new carrier materials. It is important to study new biodegradable materials that are non-toxic to humans and the environment that can overcome the shortcomings of specific drugs. The preparation of multifunctional composite nanoparticles is required to prevent the effects of drugs from adverse conditions and to prolong the release of drugs at the target site. Among the existing polymers, chitosan derivatives seem to be more attractive and can be used for the controlled release of drugs, and their modification with new solvents can be converted into drug delivery systems, especially for the controlled release and persistence of the released drugs. With additional research, it is believed that the physical and chemical properties of chitosan derivative nanomaterials can be continuously improved by chemical modification methods and can also be made to be more suitable for use in medical materials and drug delivery systems. Chitosan derivatives will have broader prospects in biomedicine in the future.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back><notes><title>Author Contributions</title>
<p>K.Z. and Z.J. designed and conceived the manuscript. W.W. conducted the article writing work under the supervision of K.Z. and Z.J. W.W., Q.M., Q.L., J.L., M.Z., Z.J. and K.Z. revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</p>
</notes>
<notes><title>Funding</title>
<p>We gratefully acknowledge the Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region to carry out this work. This work was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0500603), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771000), Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China (C2017058), Cultivation Project of Scientific and Technological Achievements for Provincial Universities in Heilongjiang (TSTAU-C2018017) and Technological innovation talent of special funds for outstanding subject leaders in Harbin (2017RAXXJ001).</p>
</notes>
<notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflicts of Interest</title>
<p>The authors declare no competing financial interest.</p>
</notes>
<ref-list><title>References</title>
<ref id="B1-ijms-21-00487"><label>1.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baranwal</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Priyadharshini</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Oggu</surname>
<given-names>G.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bhatnagar</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Srivastava</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chandra</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan: An undisputed bio-fabrication material for tissue engineering and bio-sensing applications</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<fpage>110</fpage>
<lpage>123</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.006</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29339286</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2-ijms-21-00487"><label>2.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kesharwani</surname>
<given-names>S.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kuppast</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bakkari</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tummala</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Pathogen-mimicking vaccine delivery system designed with a bioactive polymer (inulin acetate) for robust humoral and cellular immune responses</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>261</volume>
<fpage>263</fpage>
<lpage>274</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.026</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28669593</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3-ijms-21-00487"><label>3.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kesharwani</surname>
<given-names>S.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kuppast</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rajput</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ali Bakkari</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tummala</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Discovery of inulin acetate as a novel immune-active polymer and vaccine adjuvant: Synthesis, material characterization, and biological evaluation as a toll-like receptor-4 agonist</article-title>
<source>J. Mater. Chem. B</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<fpage>7950</fpage>
<lpage>7960</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/C6TB02181F</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4-ijms-21-00487"><label>4.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bonilla</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chouljenko</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Young</surname>
<given-names>B.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Goribidanur</surname>
<given-names>T.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Blake</surname>
<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bechtel</surname>
<given-names>P.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sathivel</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan and water-soluble chitosan effects on refrigerated catfish fillet quality</article-title>
<source>Food Biosci.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<fpage>100426</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100426</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5-ijms-21-00487"><label>5.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lou</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan coated polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous mat for dye adsorption</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<fpage>919</fpage>
<lpage>925</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.008</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31170493</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6-ijms-21-00487"><label>6.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Razmi</surname>
<given-names>F.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ngadi</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wong</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Inuwa</surname>
<given-names>I.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Opotu</surname>
<given-names>L.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Kinetics, thermodynamics, isotherm and regeneration analysis of chitosan modified pandan adsorbent</article-title>
<source>J. Clean. Prod.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>231</volume>
<fpage>98</fpage>
<lpage>109</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.228</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7-ijms-21-00487"><label>7.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ren</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chang</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and characterization of porous chitosan microspheres and adsorption performance for hexavalent chromium</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<fpage>898</fpage>
<lpage>906</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31170495</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8-ijms-21-00487"><label>8.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Christou</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Philippou</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Krasia-Christoforou</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pashalidis</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Uranium adsorption by polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan blended nanofibers</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>219</volume>
<fpage>298</fpage>
<lpage>305</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.041</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31151529</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9-ijms-21-00487"><label>9.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Iftime</surname>
<given-names>M.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ailiesei</surname>
<given-names>G.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ungureanu</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Marin</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Designing chitosan based eco-friendly multifunctional soil conditioner systems with urea controlled release and water retention</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>223</volume>
<fpage>115040</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115040</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31427019</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10-ijms-21-00487"><label>10.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kaczmarek</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Owczarek</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nadolna</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sionkowska</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The film-forming properties of chitosan with tannic acid addition</article-title>
<source>Mater. Lett.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>245</volume>
<fpage>22</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.matlet.2019.02.090</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11-ijms-21-00487"><label>11.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kritchenkov</surname>
<given-names>A.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Egorov</surname>
<given-names>A.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kurasova</surname>
<given-names>M.N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Volkova</surname>
<given-names>O.V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Meledina</surname>
<given-names>T.V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lipkan</surname>
<given-names>N.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tskhovrebov</surname>
<given-names>A.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kurliuk</surname>
<given-names>A.V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shakola</surname>
<given-names>T.V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dysin</surname>
<given-names>A.P.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Novel non-toxic high efficient antibacterial azido chitosan derivatives with potential application in food coatings</article-title>
<source>Food Chem.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>301</volume>
<fpage>125247</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125247</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31377626</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12-ijms-21-00487"><label>12.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>Y.-H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kang</surname>
<given-names>P.-L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xin</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yen</surname>
<given-names>C.-S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hwang</surname>
<given-names>L.-C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>C.-J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>J.-T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chang</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and evaluation of chitosan biocompatible electronic skin</article-title>
<source>Comput. Ind.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>6</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.compind.2018.03.040</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13-ijms-21-00487"><label>13.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pavoni</surname>
<given-names>J.M.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Luchese</surname>
<given-names>C.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tessaro</surname>
<given-names>I.C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Impact of acid type for chitosan dissolution on the characteristics and biodegradability of cornstarch/chitosan based films</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>138</volume>
<fpage>693</fpage>
<lpage>703</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.089</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31306704</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14-ijms-21-00487"><label>14.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Caracciolo</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vali</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mahmoudi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Challenges in molecular diagnostic research in cancer nanotechnology</article-title>
<source>Nano Today</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<fpage>6</fpage>
<lpage>10</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nantod.2019.06.001</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15-ijms-21-00487"><label>15.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cheah</surname>
<given-names>W.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Show</surname>
<given-names>P.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ng</surname>
<given-names>I.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>G.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chiu</surname>
<given-names>C.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chang</surname>
<given-names>Y.K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Antibacterial activity of quaternized chitosan modified nanofiber membrane</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<fpage>569</fpage>
<lpage>577</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.193</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30584947</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16-ijms-21-00487"><label>16.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Islam</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dmour</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Taha</surname>
<given-names>M.O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Degradability of chitosan micro/nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Heliyon</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<fpage>e01684</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01684</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31193324</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17-ijms-21-00487"><label>17.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leso</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fontana</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Iavicoli</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Biomedical nanotechnology: Occupational views</article-title>
<source>Nano Today</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nantod.2018.11.002</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18-ijms-21-00487"><label>18.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nguyen</surname>
<given-names>N.T.-P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nguyen</surname>
<given-names>L.V.-H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thanh</surname>
<given-names>N.T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Toi</surname>
<given-names>V.V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ngoc Quyen</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tran</surname>
<given-names>P.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>David Wang</surname>
<given-names>H.-M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nguyen</surname>
<given-names>T.-H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Stabilization of silver nanoparticles in chitosan and gelatin hydrogel and its applications</article-title>
<source>Mater. Lett.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>248</volume>
<fpage>241</fpage>
<lpage>245</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.matlet.2019.03.103</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19-ijms-21-00487"><label>19.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sah</surname>
<given-names>A.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dewangan</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Suresh</surname>
<given-names>P.K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Potential of chitosan-based carrier for periodontal drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>178</volume>
<fpage>185</fpage>
<lpage>198</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.044</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20-ijms-21-00487"><label>20.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xing</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qin</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Advances in chitosan-based nanoparticles for oncotherapy</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>222</volume>
<fpage>115004</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31320066</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21-ijms-21-00487"><label>21.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Luo</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fei</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The thiolated chitosan: Synthesis, gelling and antibacterial capability</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>139</volume>
<fpage>521</fpage>
<lpage>530</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.001</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31377297</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22-ijms-21-00487"><label>22.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Taher</surname>
<given-names>F.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ibrahim</surname>
<given-names>S.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>El-Aziz</surname>
<given-names>A.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Abou El-Nour</surname>
<given-names>M.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>El-Sheikh</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>El-Husseiny</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mohamed</surname>
<given-names>M.M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Anti-proliferative effect of chitosan nanoparticles (extracted from crayfish Procambarus clarkii, Crustacea: Cambaridae) against MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cell lines</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<fpage>478</fpage>
<lpage>487</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.151</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30572045</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23-ijms-21-00487"><label>23.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Braz</surname>
<given-names>E.M.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Silva</surname>
<given-names>S.C.C.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sousa Brito</surname>
<given-names>C.A.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Brito</surname>
<given-names>L.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Barreto</surname>
<given-names>H.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname>
<given-names>F.A.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Santos</surname>
<given-names>L.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lobo</surname>
<given-names>A.O.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Osajima</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sousa</surname>
<given-names>K.S.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Spectroscopic, thermal characterizations and bacteria inhibition of chemically modified chitosan with phthalic anhydride</article-title>
<source>Mater. Chem. Phys.</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>240</volume>
<fpage>122053</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122053</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24-ijms-21-00487"><label>24.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Medeiros Borsagli</surname>
<given-names>F.G.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname>
<given-names>I.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mansur</surname>
<given-names>H.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Amino acid-grafted and N-acylated chitosan thiomers: Construction of 3D bio-scaffolds for potential cartilage repair applications</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<fpage>270</fpage>
<lpage>282</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.133</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29578009</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25-ijms-21-00487"><label>25.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zain U.L.</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Recent progress on synthesis, property and application of modified chitosan: An overview</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<fpage>333</fpage>
<lpage>344</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27044349</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26-ijms-21-00487"><label>26.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dang</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fan</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and characterization of N-benzoyl-O-acetyl-chitosan</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<fpage>52</fpage>
<lpage>58</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25783016</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27-ijms-21-00487"><label>27.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lizardi-Mendoza</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Argüelles Monal</surname>
<given-names>W.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Goycoolea Valencia</surname>
<given-names>F.M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chemical characteristics and functional properties of chitosan</article-title>
<source>Chitosan in the Preservation of Agricultural Commodities</source>
<person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Bautista-Baños</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Romanazzi</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jiménez-Aparicio</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA, USA</publisher-loc>
<year>2016</year>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28-ijms-21-00487"><label>28.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shibano</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nishida</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Saito</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kamitakahara</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Takano</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Facile synthesis of acyl chitosan isothiocyanates and their application to porphyrin-appended chitosan derivative</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<fpage>279</fpage>
<lpage>285</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.099</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25256486</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29-ijms-21-00487"><label>29.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Remawi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Application of N-hexoyl chitosan derivatives with high degree of substitution in the preparation of super-disintegrating pharmaceutical matrices</article-title>
<source>J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>41</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.001</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30-ijms-21-00487"><label>30.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>O-acylation of chitosan nanofibers by short-chain and long-chain fatty acids</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>177</volume>
<fpage>203</fpage>
<lpage>209</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.132</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28962759</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31-ijms-21-00487"><label>31.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Azmy</surname>
<given-names>E.A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hashem</surname>
<given-names>H.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mohamed</surname>
<given-names>E.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Negm</surname>
<given-names>N.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis, characterization, swelling and antimicrobial efficacies of chemically modified chitosan biopolymer</article-title>
<source>J. Mol. Liq.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>284</volume>
<fpage>748</fpage>
<lpage>754</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.054</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32-ijms-21-00487"><label>32.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sutirman</surname>
<given-names>Z.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sanagi</surname>
<given-names>M.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Abd Karim</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Abu Naim</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wan Ibrahim</surname>
<given-names>W.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>New crosslinked-chitosan graft poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>107 Pt A</volume>
<fpage>891</fpage>
<lpage>897</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.061</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28935540</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33-ijms-21-00487"><label>33.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nanda</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Manjappa</surname>
<given-names>A.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chuttani</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Balasinor</surname>
<given-names>N.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mishra</surname>
<given-names>A.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ramachandra Murthy</surname>
<given-names>R.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Acylated chitosan anchored paclitaxel loaded liposomes: Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study in Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing mice</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<fpage>367</fpage>
<lpage>379</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.071</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30342146</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34-ijms-21-00487"><label>34.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sheik</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sheik</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nagaraja</surname>
<given-names>G.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chandrashekar</surname>
<given-names>K.R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Thermal, Morphological and Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan Grafted Silk Fibre Reinforced PVA Films</article-title>
<source>Mater. Today Proc.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<fpage>21011</fpage>
<lpage>21017</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.493</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35-ijms-21-00487"><label>35.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sheik</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sheik</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nairy</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nagaraja</surname>
<given-names>G.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Prabhu</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rekha</surname>
<given-names>P.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Prashantha</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Study on the morphological and biocompatible properties of chitosan grafted silk fibre reinforced PVA films for tissue engineering applications</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>116</volume>
<fpage>45</fpage>
<lpage>53</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.019</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29733927</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36-ijms-21-00487"><label>36.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Woraphatphadung</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sajomsang</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gonil</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Saesoo</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Opanasopit</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis and characterization of pH-responsive N-naphthyl-N,O-succinyl chitosan micelles for oral meloxicam delivery</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>106</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.039</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25659677</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37-ijms-21-00487"><label>37.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bidgoli</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Khodadadi</surname>
<given-names>A.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mortazavi</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A hydrophobic/oleophilic chitosan-based sorbent: Toward an effective oil spill remediation technology</article-title>
<source>J. Environ. Chem. Eng.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<fpage>103340</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jece.2019.103340</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38-ijms-21-00487"><label>38.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vaidya</surname>
<given-names>A.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hussain</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gaugler</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>D.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis of graft copolymers of chitosan-poly(caprolactone) by lipase catalysed reactive extrusion</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>217</volume>
<fpage>98</fpage>
<lpage>109</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.081</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31079690</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39-ijms-21-00487"><label>39.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vasnev</surname>
<given-names>V.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tarasov</surname>
<given-names>A.I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Markova</surname>
<given-names>G.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vinogradova</surname>
<given-names>S.V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Garkusha</surname>
<given-names>O.G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis and properties of acylated chitin and chitosan derivatives</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<fpage>184</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.11.019</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40-ijms-21-00487"><label>40.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kurita</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Isogai</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>N-Alkylations of chitosan promoted with sodium hydrogen carbonate under aqueous conditions</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>741</fpage>
<lpage>746</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22197793</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41-ijms-21-00487"><label>41.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xiao</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kennedy</surname>
<given-names>J.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nie</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and characterization of water-soluble N-alkylated chitosan</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>126</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.01.028</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42-ijms-21-00487"><label>42.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>T.-C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chou</surname>
<given-names>C.-C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>C.-F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Antibacterial activity of N-alkylated disaccharide chitosan derivatives</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Food Microbiol.</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>245</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00083-7</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15582734</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43-ijms-21-00487"><label>43.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burr</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>P.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ratcliffe</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis of cationic alkylated chitosans and an investigation of their rheological properties and interaction with anionic surfactant</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>201</volume>
<fpage>615</fpage>
<lpage>623</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.105</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30241861</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44-ijms-21-00487"><label>44.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Onésippe</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lagerge</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Studies of the association of chitosan and alkylated chitosan with oppositely charged sodium dodecyl sulfate</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. A</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>330</volume>
<fpage>201</fpage>
<lpage>206</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.07.054</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45-ijms-21-00487"><label>45.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palacio</surname>
<given-names>D.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Urbano</surname>
<given-names>B.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Palencia</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rivas</surname>
<given-names>B.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation of alkylated chitosan-based polyelectrolyte hydrogels: The effect of monomer charge on polymerization</article-title>
<source>Eur. Polym. J.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<fpage>551</fpage>
<lpage>560</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.024</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46-ijms-21-00487"><label>46.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guan</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tian</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Blood coagulation evaluation of N-alkylated chitosan</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>173</volume>
<fpage>259</fpage>
<lpage>268</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.085</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28732864</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47-ijms-21-00487"><label>47.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Viswanathan</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Meenakshi</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Enhanced fluoride sorption using La(III) incorporated carboxylated chitosan beads</article-title>
<source>J. Colloid Interface Sci.</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>322</volume>
<fpage>375</fpage>
<lpage>383</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcis.2008.03.007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18417146</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48-ijms-21-00487"><label>48.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guan</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ding</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dong</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Deng</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>N-alkylated chitosan/graphene oxide porous sponge for rapid and effective hemostasis in emergency situations</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>219</volume>
<fpage>405</fpage>
<lpage>413</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.028</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31151541</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49-ijms-21-00487"><label>49.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ercelen</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Duportail</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Grandfils</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Desbrieres</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Karaeva</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tikhonov</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mely</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Babak</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Physicochemical properties of low molecular weight alkylated chitosans: A new class of potential nonviral vectors for gene delivery</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>140</fpage>
<lpage>148</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.06.008</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50-ijms-21-00487"><label>50.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Viswanathan</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Meenakshi</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Selective sorption of fluoride using Fe(III) loaded carboxylated chitosan beads</article-title>
<source>J. Fluor. Chem.</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<fpage>503</fpage>
<lpage>509</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.03.005</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51-ijms-21-00487"><label>51.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mohammadi</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Daraei</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ghanbari</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dehestani Athar</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zandsalimi</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ziaee</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Maleki</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yetilmezsoy</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis of carboxylated chitosan modified with ferromagnetic nanoparticles for adsorptive removal of fluoride, nitrate, and phosphate anions from aqueous solutions</article-title>
<source>J. Mol. Liq.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>273</volume>
<fpage>116</fpage>
<lpage>124</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.019</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52-ijms-21-00487"><label>52.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kurniasih</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cahyati</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dewi</surname>
<given-names>R.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Carboxymethyl chitosan as an antifungal agent on gauze</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<fpage>166</fpage>
<lpage>171</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.038</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30009895</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53-ijms-21-00487"><label>53.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Moaddab</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nourmohammadi</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rezayan</surname>
<given-names>A.H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Bioactive composite scaffolds of carboxymethyl chitosan-silk fibroin containing chitosan nanoparticles for sustained release of ascorbic acid</article-title>
<source>Eur. Polym. J.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<fpage>40</fpage>
<lpage>50</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.03.032</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54-ijms-21-00487"><label>54.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qi</surname>
<given-names>Y.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jiang</surname>
<given-names>Q.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>X.F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Carboxylated chitosan/silver-hydroxyapatite hybrid microspheres with improved antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<fpage>589</fpage>
<lpage>597</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.100</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28576025</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55-ijms-21-00487"><label>55.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Viswanathan</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sundaram</surname>
<given-names>C.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Meenakshi</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Sorption behaviour of fluoride on carboxylated cross-linked chitosan beads</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<fpage>48</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.09.009</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18977124</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56-ijms-21-00487"><label>56.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dang</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fan</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and characterization of carboxyl-functionalized chitosan magnetic microspheres and submicrospheres for Pb2+ removal</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. A</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>482</volume>
<fpage>353</fpage>
<lpage>364</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.06.028</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57-ijms-21-00487"><label>57.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pan</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>In situ formation of copper nanoparticles in carboxylated chitosan layer: Preparation and characterization of surface modified TFC membrane with protein fouling resistance and long-lasting antibacterial properties</article-title>
<source>Sep. Purif. Technol.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>176</volume>
<fpage>164</fpage>
<lpage>172</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.seppur.2016.12.006</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58-ijms-21-00487"><label>58.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bai</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yong</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Development and characterization of antioxidant active packaging and intelligent Al(3+)-sensing films based on carboxymethyl chitosan and quercetin</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<fpage>1074</fpage>
<lpage>1084</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.264</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30625350</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59-ijms-21-00487"><label>59.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bodnar</surname>
<given-names>E.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Perreault</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis and evaluation of carboxymethyl chitosan for glycopeptide enrichment</article-title>
<source>Anal. Chim. Acta</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>891</volume>
<fpage>179</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26388377</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60-ijms-21-00487"><label>60.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shariatinia</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Carboxymethyl chitosan: Properties and biomedical applications</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<fpage>1406</fpage>
<lpage>1419</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.131</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30267813</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61-ijms-21-00487"><label>61.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>H.T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>T.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>C.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>K.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mi</surname>
<given-names>F.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Development of nanocomposite scaffolds based on biomineralization of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan/fucoidan conjugates for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<fpage>2335</fpage>
<lpage>2345</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.179</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30189280</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62-ijms-21-00487"><label>62.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xing</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qin</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Comparison in docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles based on three different carboxymethyl chitosans</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<fpage>1012</fpage>
<lpage>1018</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.195</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28389400</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63-ijms-21-00487"><label>63.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bukzem</surname>
<given-names>A.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Signini</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dos Santos</surname>
<given-names>D.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liao</surname>
<given-names>L.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ascheri</surname>
<given-names>D.P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Optimization of carboxymethyl chitosan synthesis using response surface methodology and desirability function</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<fpage>615</fpage>
<lpage>624</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.017</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26778157</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64-ijms-21-00487"><label>64.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yin</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xiong</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Du</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of salicyloyl chitosan</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<fpage>1274</fpage>
<lpage>1278</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.09.034</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65-ijms-21-00487"><label>65.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Luo</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite as a novel cosmetic ingredient against skin aging</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>173</volume>
<fpage>100</fpage>
<lpage>106</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.088</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28732847</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66-ijms-21-00487"><label>66.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cheng</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Quaternized chitosan-stabilized copper sulfide nanoparticles for cancer therapy</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<fpage>129</fpage>
<lpage>137</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.062</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67-ijms-21-00487"><label>67.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jang</surname>
<given-names>S.-C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tsen</surname>
<given-names>W.-C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chuang</surname>
<given-names>F.-S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gong</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Simultaneously enhanced hydroxide conductivity and mechanical properties of quaternized chitosan/functionalized carbon nanotubes composite anion exchange membranes</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Hydrogen Energy</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>18134</fpage>
<lpage>18144</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.102</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68-ijms-21-00487"><label>68.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rahimi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ahmadi</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Samadi Kafil</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shafiei-Irannejad</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A novel bioactive quaternized chitosan and its silver-containing nanocomposites as a potent antimicrobial wound dressing: Structural and biological properties</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<fpage>360</fpage>
<lpage>369</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.092</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69-ijms-21-00487"><label>69.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Senra</surname>
<given-names>T.D.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Campana-Filho</surname>
<given-names>S.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Desbrières</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Surfactant-polysaccharide complexes based on quaternized chitosan. Characterization and application to emulsion stability</article-title>
<source>Eur. Polym. J.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<fpage>128</fpage>
<lpage>135</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.002</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70-ijms-21-00487"><label>70.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xue</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xiong</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cao</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Endo</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Quaternized chitosan-Matrigel-polyacrylamide hydrogels as wound dressing for wound repair and regeneration</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>226</volume>
<fpage>115302</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115302</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31582049</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71-ijms-21-00487"><label>71.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Asasutjarit</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Theerachayanan</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kewsuwan</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Veeranondha</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fuongfuchat</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ritthidej</surname>
<given-names>G.C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Gamma sterilization of diclofenac sodium loaded-N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for ophthalmic use</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>157</volume>
<fpage>603</fpage>
<lpage>612</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.029</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27987968</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72-ijms-21-00487"><label>72.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tan</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yin</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dong</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis, characterization, and the antioxidant activity of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan salts</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.018</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29883700</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73-ijms-21-00487"><label>73.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kulkarni</surname>
<given-names>A.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Patel</surname>
<given-names>H.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Surana</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vanjari</surname>
<given-names>Y.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Belgamwar</surname>
<given-names>V.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pardeshi</surname>
<given-names>C.V.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan: An advanced polymer with myriad of opportunities in nanomedicine</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>157</volume>
<fpage>875</fpage>
<lpage>902</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.041</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27988003</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74-ijms-21-00487"><label>74.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pardeshi</surname>
<given-names>C.V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Belgamwar</surname>
<given-names>V.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Controlled synthesis of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan for modulated bioadhesion and nasal membrane permeability</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<fpage>933</fpage>
<lpage>944</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26562548</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75-ijms-21-00487"><label>75.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Long</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xiao</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dong</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Recent research progress on preparation and application of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Res.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>434</volume>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.002</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27551815</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76-ijms-21-00487"><label>76.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Duan</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis, antioxidant and cathepsin D inhibition activity of quaternary ammonium chitosan derivatives</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<fpage>884</fpage>
<lpage>891</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.111</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26572425</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77-ijms-21-00487"><label>77.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xing</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qin</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan activates RAW 264.7 macrophages through the MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>205</volume>
<fpage>401</fpage>
<lpage>409</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.101</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30446121</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78-ijms-21-00487"><label>78.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Benediktsdóttir</surname>
<given-names>B.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Baldursson</surname>
<given-names>Ó.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Másson</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Challenges in evaluation of chitosan and trimethylated chitosan (TMC) as mucosal permeation enhancers: From synthesis to in vitro application</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>173</volume>
<fpage>18</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.022</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24511609</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79-ijms-21-00487"><label>79.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mi</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dong</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Evaluation of quaternary ammonium chitosan derivatives differing in the length of alkyl side-chain: Synthesis and antifungal activity</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<fpage>1127</fpage>
<lpage>1132</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.099</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30236754</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80-ijms-21-00487"><label>80.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bao</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Fatty acid and quaternary ammonium modified chitosan nanoparticles for insulin delivery</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>170</volume>
<fpage>136</fpage>
<lpage>143</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.063</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81-ijms-21-00487"><label>81.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xie</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xia</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Facile synthesis and characterization of cross-linked chitosan quaternary ammonium salt membrane for antibacterial coating of piezoelectric sensors</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<fpage>745</fpage>
<lpage>752</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.153</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30170059</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82-ijms-21-00487"><label>82.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qin</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xing</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis, characterization and antifungal efficacy of chitosan derivatives with triple quaternary ammonium groups</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<fpage>942</fpage>
<lpage>949</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.179</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29625221</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83-ijms-21-00487"><label>83.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mao</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Potential of quaternization-functionalized chitosan fiber for wound dressing</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>327</fpage>
<lpage>332</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23089086</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84-ijms-21-00487"><label>84.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ramasamy</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Subhapradha</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thinesh</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Selvin</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Selvan</surname>
<given-names>K.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shanmugam</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shanmugam</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Characterization of bioactive chitosan and sulfated chitosan from <italic>Doryteuthis singhalensis</italic>
(Ortmann, 1891)</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<fpage>682</fpage>
<lpage>691</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.041</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28284937</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85-ijms-21-00487"><label>85.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xing</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qin</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Immunostimulatory effects of sulfated chitosans on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages via the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<fpage>1310</fpage>
<lpage>1321</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.042</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29129634</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86-ijms-21-00487"><label>86.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dimassi</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tabary</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chai</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Blanchemain</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Martel</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Sulfonated and sulfated chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications: A review</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>202</volume>
<fpage>382</fpage>
<lpage>396</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.011</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30287013</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B87-ijms-21-00487"><label>87.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cao</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>You</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Homogeneous synthesis and characterization of chitosan ethers prepared in aqueous alkali/urea solutions</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>185</volume>
<fpage>138</fpage>
<lpage>144</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.010</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29421050</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B88-ijms-21-00487"><label>88.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bakshi</surname>
<given-names>P.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Selvakumar</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kadirvelu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>N.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan as an environment friendly biomaterial—A review on recent modifications and applications</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.113</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B89-ijms-21-00487"><label>89.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khutoryanskiy</surname>
<given-names>V.V.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Advances in Mucoadhesion and Mucoadhesive Polymers</article-title>
<source>Macromol. Biosci.</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<fpage>748</fpage>
<lpage>764</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mabi.201000388</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21188688</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B90-ijms-21-00487"><label>90.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xia</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fan</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hao</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Su</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants: Sunrise on the ocean</article-title>
<source>Vaccine</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<fpage>5997</fpage>
<lpage>6010</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.101</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26271831</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B91-ijms-21-00487"><label>91.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mahmood</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lanthaler</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Laffleur</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huck</surname>
<given-names>C.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bernkop-Schnurch</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Thiolated chitosan micelles: Highly mucoadhesive drug carriers</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>167</volume>
<fpage>250</fpage>
<lpage>258</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.019</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28433160</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B92-ijms-21-00487"><label>92.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ayensu</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Boateng</surname>
<given-names>J.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Development and Evaluation of Lyophilized Thiolated-Chitosan Wafers for Buccal Delivery of Protein</article-title>
<source>J. Sci. Technol.</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<fpage>46</fpage>
<lpage>55</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4314/just.v32i2.7</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B93-ijms-21-00487"><label>93.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Boateng</surname>
<given-names>J.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ayensu</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and characterization of laminated thiolated chitosan-based freeze-dried wafers for potential buccal delivery of macromolecules</article-title>
<source>Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<fpage>611</fpage>
<lpage>618</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/03639045.2014.884126</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24506457</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B94-ijms-21-00487"><label>94.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Joshua</surname>
<given-names>S.B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>John</surname>
<given-names>C.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Harshavardhan</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Isaac</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Functional characterisation and permeation studies of lyophilised thiolated chitosan xerogels for buccal delivery of insulin</article-title>
<source>Protein Pept. Lett.</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>1163</fpage>
<lpage>1175</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25101633</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B95-ijms-21-00487"><label>95.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Le-Vinh</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Le</surname>
<given-names>N.N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nazir</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Matuszczak</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bernkop-Schnurch</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan based micelle with zeta potential changing property for effective mucosal drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<fpage>647</fpage>
<lpage>655</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.081</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30986465</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B96-ijms-21-00487"><label>96.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Uccello-Barretta</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Balzano</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Aiello</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Senatore</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fabiano</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zambito</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Mucoadhesivity and release properties of quaternary ammonium-chitosan conjugates and their nanoparticulate supramolecular aggregates: An NMR investigation</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Pharm.</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>461</volume>
<fpage>489</fpage>
<lpage>494</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.018</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24368100</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B97-ijms-21-00487"><label>97.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shao</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jiang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and evaluation of antigen/N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chitosan conjugates for nasal immunization</article-title>
<source>Vaccine</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<fpage>2582</fpage>
<lpage>2590</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.041</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24681230</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B98-ijms-21-00487"><label>98.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ji</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Temperature and pH sensitive composite for rapid and effective removal of sulfonylurea herbicides in aqueous solution</article-title>
<source>Environ. Pollut.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>255</volume>
<fpage>113150</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113150</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31541823</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B99-ijms-21-00487"><label>99.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nagappan</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>D.B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Seo</surname>
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>S.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ha</surname>
<given-names>C.-S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Superhydrophobic mesoporous material as a pH-sensitive organic dye adsorbent</article-title>
<source>J. Ind. Eng. Chem.</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>288</fpage>
<lpage>295</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jiec.2014.07.022</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B100-ijms-21-00487"><label>100.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Matsuda</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jadhav</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kashi</surname>
<given-names>K.B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jensen</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gelling</surname>
<given-names>V.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Release behavior of pH sensitive microcapsules containing corrosion inhibitor</article-title>
<source>Prog. Org. Coat.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.03.032</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B101-ijms-21-00487"><label>101.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pan</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wan</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>pH-sensitive interpenetrating network hydrogels based on chitosan derivatives and alginate for oral drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<fpage>719</fpage>
<lpage>725</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.036</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23218359</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B102-ijms-21-00487"><label>102.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yuan</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels: Drug release control and mechanism</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>152</volume>
<fpage>252</fpage>
<lpage>259</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.008</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28119220</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B103-ijms-21-00487"><label>103.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bratlie</surname>
<given-names>K.M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>pH sensitive methacrylated chitosan hydrogels with tunable physical and chemical properties</article-title>
<source>Biochem. Eng. J.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<fpage>38</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bej.2017.12.012</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B104-ijms-21-00487"><label>104.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lv</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hou</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Hygroscopicity modulation of hydrogels based on carboxymethyl chitosan/alginate polyelectrolyte complexes and its application as pH-sensitive delivery system</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>198</volume>
<fpage>86</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.058</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30093045</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B105-ijms-21-00487"><label>105.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fonseca-Santos</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chorilli</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>An overview of carboxymethyl derivatives of chitosan: Their use as biomaterials and drug delivery systems</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<fpage>1349</fpage>
<lpage>1362</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.198</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B106-ijms-21-00487"><label>106.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>J.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Saravanakumar</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kwon</surname>
<given-names>I.C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives</article-title>
<source>Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<fpage>28</fpage>
<lpage>41</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.addr.2009.10.003</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19874862</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B107-ijms-21-00487"><label>107.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duan</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bai</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qin</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Mucoadhesive microparticulates based on polysaccharide for target dual drug delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid and curcumin to inflamed colon</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>145</volume>
<fpage>510</fpage>
<lpage>519</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.038</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B108-ijms-21-00487"><label>108.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kavianinia</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Plieger</surname>
<given-names>P.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cave</surname>
<given-names>N.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gopakumar</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dunowska</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kandile</surname>
<given-names>N.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Harding</surname>
<given-names>D.R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Design and evaluation of a novel chitosan-based system for colon-specific drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<fpage>539</fpage>
<lpage>546</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.003</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26791585</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B109-ijms-21-00487"><label>109.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kavianinia</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Plieger</surname>
<given-names>P.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kandile</surname>
<given-names>N.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Harding</surname>
<given-names>D.R.K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and characterization of an amphoteric chitosan derivative employing trimellitic anhydride chloride and its potential for colon targeted drug delivery system</article-title>
<source>Mater. Today Commun.</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<fpage>78</fpage>
<lpage>86</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mtcomm.2015.03.002</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B110-ijms-21-00487"><label>110.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>G.Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Z.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cheng</surname>
<given-names>L.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xiao</surname>
<given-names>J.X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Intestine-targeted delivery potency of O-carboxymethyl chitosan-coated layer-by-layer microcapsules: An in vitro and in vivo evaluation</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<fpage>110129</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2019.110129</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B111-ijms-21-00487"><label>111.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>El-Marakby</surname>
<given-names>E.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hathout</surname>
<given-names>R.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Taha</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mansour</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mortada</surname>
<given-names>N.D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A novel serum-stable liver targeted cytotoxic system using valerate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles surface decorated with glycyrrhizin</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Pharm.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>525</volume>
<fpage>123</fpage>
<lpage>138</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.081</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28392279</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B112-ijms-21-00487"><label>112.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yuan</surname>
<given-names>Z.X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gong</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ding</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Z.R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Randomly 50% N-acetylated low molecular weight chitosan as a novel renal targeting carrier</article-title>
<source>J. Drug Target.</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<fpage>269</fpage>
<lpage>278</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/10611860701289875</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17487695</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B113-ijms-21-00487"><label>113.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Kidney-targeted drug delivery systems</article-title>
<source>Acta Pharm. Sin. B</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<fpage>37</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.apsb.2013.12.005</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26579362</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B114-ijms-21-00487"><label>114.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosiere</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Van Woensel</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gelbcke</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mathieu</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hecq</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mathivet</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vermeersch</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Van Antwerpen</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Amighi</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wauthoz</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>New Folate-grafted chitosan derivative to improve delivery of paclitaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for lung tumor therapy by inhalation</article-title>
<source>Mol. Pharm.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<fpage>899</fpage>
<lpage>910</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00846</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29341619</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B115-ijms-21-00487"><label>115.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>K.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>J.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>C.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cheng</surname>
<given-names>Y.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>N.T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and antibacterial effects of Ag/AgCl-doped quaternary ammonium-modified silicate hybrid antibacterial material</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<fpage>177</fpage>
<lpage>184</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.142</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30813017</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B116-ijms-21-00487"><label>116.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
<given-names>B.J.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Conceição</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>de Andrade</surname>
<given-names>V.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Trava-Airoldi</surname>
<given-names>V.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Capote</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>High antibacterial properties of DLC film doped with nanodiamond</article-title>
<source>Surf. Coat. Technol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>375</volume>
<fpage>395</fpage>
<lpage>401</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.07.029</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B117-ijms-21-00487"><label>117.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Negi</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Umar</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chauhan</surname>
<given-names>M.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Akhtar</surname>
<given-names>M.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Ag/CeO<sub>2</sub>
nanostructured materials for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial applications</article-title>
<source>Ceram. Int.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<fpage>20509</fpage>
<lpage>20517</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.030</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B118-ijms-21-00487"><label>118.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sekar</surname>
<given-names>A.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Muthukumar</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gopinath</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Matheswaran</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Electrospinning of Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles incorporated polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers for its antibacterial treatment and cytotoxic studies</article-title>
<source>Eur. Polym. J.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>35</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.038</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B119-ijms-21-00487"><label>119.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Karimi Alavijeh</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Beheshti</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Akhbari</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Morsali</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Investigation of reasons for metal–organic framework’s antibacterial activities</article-title>
<source>Polyhedron</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>156</volume>
<fpage>257</fpage>
<lpage>278</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.poly.2018.09.028</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B120-ijms-21-00487"><label>120.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kwak</surname>
<given-names>H.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>J.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>K.H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Green fabrication of antibacterial gelatin fiber for biomedical application</article-title>
<source>React. Funct. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<fpage>86</fpage>
<lpage>94</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.12.020</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B121-ijms-21-00487"><label>121.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pajares-Chamorro</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shook</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hammer</surname>
<given-names>N.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chatzistavrou</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Resurrection of antibiotics that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resists by silver-doped bioactive glass-ceramic microparticles</article-title>
<source>Acta Biomater.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<fpage>537</fpage>
<lpage>546</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31302297</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B122-ijms-21-00487"><label>122.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ratova</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mills</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Antibacterial titania-based photocatalytic extruded plastic films</article-title>
<source>J. Photochem. Photobiol. A</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>299</volume>
<fpage>159</fpage>
<lpage>165</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.11.014</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B123-ijms-21-00487"><label>123.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Belbekhouche</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bousserrhine</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alphonse</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Le Floch</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Charif Mechiche</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Menidjel</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Carbonnier</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan based self-assembled nanocapsules as antibacterial agent</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>181</volume>
<fpage>158</fpage>
<lpage>165</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.028</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31129522</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B124-ijms-21-00487"><label>124.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wiarachai</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thongchul</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kiatkamjornwong</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hoven</surname>
<given-names>V.P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Surface-quaternized chitosan particles as an alternative and effective organic antibacterial material</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>129</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.034</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22197736</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B125-ijms-21-00487"><label>125.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vallapa</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wiarachai</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thongchul</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pan</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tangpasuthadol</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kiatkamjornwong</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hoven</surname>
<given-names>V.P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Enhancing antibacterial activity of chitosan surface by heterogeneous quaternization</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<fpage>868</fpage>
<lpage>875</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.075</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B126-ijms-21-00487"><label>126.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sajomsang</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tantayanon</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tangpasuthadol</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Daly</surname>
<given-names>W.H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Quaternization of N-aryl chitosan derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Res.</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>344</volume>
<fpage>2502</fpage>
<lpage>2511</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carres.2009.09.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19863950</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B127-ijms-21-00487"><label>127.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sajomsang</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gonil</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tantayanon</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Antibacterial activity of quaternary ammonium chitosan containing mono or disaccharide moieties: Preparation and characterization</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>419</fpage>
<lpage>427</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.03.003</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19428476</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B128-ijms-21-00487"><label>128.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mi</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dong</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lei</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Enhanced antioxidant and antifungal activity of chitosan derivatives bearing 6-O-imidazole-based quaternary ammonium salts</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>206</volume>
<fpage>493</fpage>
<lpage>503</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.022</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30553350</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B129-ijms-21-00487"><label>129.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Oliveira Pedro</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Takaki</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gorayeb</surname>
<given-names>T.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Del Bianchi</surname>
<given-names>V.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thomeo</surname>
<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tiera</surname>
<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>de Oliveira Tiera</surname>
<given-names>V.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of quaternary derivatives of chitosan on Aspergillus flavus</article-title>
<source>Microbiol. Res.</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>168</volume>
<fpage>50</fpage>
<lpage>55</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.micres.2012.06.006</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22819383</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B130-ijms-21-00487"><label>130.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xin</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis, characteristic and antibacterial activity of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan and its carboxymethyl derivatives</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<fpage>931</fpage>
<lpage>936</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.008</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B131-ijms-21-00487"><label>131.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pardeshi</surname>
<given-names>C.V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Belgamwar</surname>
<given-names>V.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>N,N,Ntrimethyl chitosan modified flaxseed oil based mucoadhesive neuronanoemulsions for direct nose to brain drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<issue-part>Pt B</issue-part>
<fpage>2560</fpage>
<lpage>2571</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.032</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30201564</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B132-ijms-21-00487"><label>132.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gambari</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Amore</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Raggio</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bonani</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Barone</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lisignoli</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Grigolo</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Motta</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Grassi</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Hydrogen sulfide-releasing silk fibroin scaffold for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<fpage>471</fpage>
<lpage>482</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.039</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31147018</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B133-ijms-21-00487"><label>133.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Moreno Madrid</surname>
<given-names>A.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vrech</surname>
<given-names>S.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sanchez</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rodriguez</surname>
<given-names>A.P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Advances in additive manufacturing for bone tissue engineering scaffolds</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<fpage>631</fpage>
<lpage>644</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.037</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30948100</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B134-ijms-21-00487"><label>134.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ranganathan</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Balagangadharan</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Selvamurugan</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan and gelatin-based electrospun fibers for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<fpage>354</fpage>
<lpage>364</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.115</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31002907</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B135-ijms-21-00487"><label>135.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Farokhi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mottaghitalab</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Samani</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shokrgozar</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kundu</surname>
<given-names>S.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Reis</surname>
<given-names>R.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fatahi</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kaplan</surname>
<given-names>D.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite composites for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Biotechnol. Adv.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<fpage>68</fpage>
<lpage>91</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.10.001</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28993220</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B136-ijms-21-00487"><label>136.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marins</surname>
<given-names>N.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>B.E.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>RM</surname>
<given-names>E.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Raghavan</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Villarreal Carreno</surname>
<given-names>N.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Grandfield</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Niobium pentoxide and hydroxyapatite particle loaded electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatin membranes for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>182</volume>
<fpage>110386</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110386</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31369954</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B137-ijms-21-00487"><label>137.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Y.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mo</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dong</surname>
<given-names>P.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhuo</surname>
<given-names>Y.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Feng</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Biocompatiable silk fibroin/carboxymethyl chitosan/strontium substituted hydroxyapatite/cellulose nanocrystal composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<fpage>1247</fpage>
<lpage>1257</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.172</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31247228</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B138-ijms-21-00487"><label>138.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mishra</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bhunia</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Banerjee</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Datta</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dhara</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Maiti</surname>
<given-names>T.K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Enzymatically crosslinked carboxymethyl–chitosan/gelatin/nano-hydroxyapatite injectable gels for in situ bone tissue engineering application</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<fpage>1295</fpage>
<lpage>1304</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2011.04.007</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B139-ijms-21-00487"><label>139.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xiao</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bi</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ruan</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Enhanced bioactivity and osteoinductivity of carboxymethyl chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite/graphene oxide nanocomposites</article-title>
<source>RSC Adv.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<fpage>17860</fpage>
<lpage>17877</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/C8RA00383A</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B140-ijms-21-00487"><label>140.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>T.-Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>H.-C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cao</surname>
<given-names>J.-L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xin</surname>
<given-names>Y.-J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Luo</surname>
<given-names>W.-F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ao</surname>
<given-names>N.-J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation and characterization of alginate/HACC/oyster shell powder biocomposite scaffolds for potential bone tissue engineering applications</article-title>
<source>RSC Adv.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<fpage>35577</fpage>
<lpage>35588</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/C5RA26805B</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B141-ijms-21-00487"><label>141.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zou</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Du</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Biomimetic mineralization of carboxymethyl chitosan nanofibers with improved osteogenic activity in vitro and in vivo</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>195</volume>
<fpage>225</fpage>
<lpage>234</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.090</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29804972</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B142-ijms-21-00487"><label>142.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Romero</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chubb</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Travers</surname>
<given-names>J.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gonzales</surname>
<given-names>T.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ehrhart</surname>
<given-names>N.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kipper</surname>
<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Coating cortical bone allografts with periosteum-mimetic scaffolds made of chitosan, trimethyl chitosan, and heparin</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<fpage>144</fpage>
<lpage>151</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.015</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25817653</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B143-ijms-21-00487"><label>143.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cui</surname>
<given-names>Z.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Baljon</surname>
<given-names>J.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>B.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Aghaloo</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Microporous methacrylated glycol chitosan-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Nat. Commun.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<fpage>3523</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41467-019-11511-3</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31388014</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B144-ijms-21-00487"><label>144.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rengifo</surname>
<given-names>A.F.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Stefanes</surname>
<given-names>N.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Toigo</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mendes</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Argenta</surname>
<given-names>D.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dotto</surname>
<given-names>M.E.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Santos da Silva</surname>
<given-names>M.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nunes</surname>
<given-names>R.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Caon</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Parize</surname>
<given-names>A.L.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>PEO-chitosan nanofibers containing carboxymethyl-hexanoyl chitosan/dodecyl sulfate nanoparticles loaded with pyrazoline for skin cancer treatment</article-title>
<source>Eur. Polym. J.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<fpage>335</fpage>
<lpage>343</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.08.001</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B145-ijms-21-00487"><label>145.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Almodovar</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kipper</surname>
<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Coating electrospun chitosan nanofibers with polyelectrolyte multilayers using the polysaccharides heparin and N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan</article-title>
<source>Macromol. Biosci.</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<fpage>72</fpage>
<lpage>76</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mabi.201000261</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20976723</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B146-ijms-21-00487"><label>146.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>H.T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>T.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>C.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mi</surname>
<given-names>F.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Development of genipin-crosslinked and fucoidan-adsorbed nano-hydroxyapatite/hydroxypropyl chitosan composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<fpage>973</fpage>
<lpage>984</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.010</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30738901</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B147-ijms-21-00487"><label>147.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Qu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bao</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ren</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tian</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cheng</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Feng</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A thermosensitive RGD-modified hydroxybutyl chitosan hydrogel as a 3D scaffold for BMSCs culture on keloid treatment</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<fpage>78</fpage>
<lpage>86</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.058</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30529347</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B148-ijms-21-00487"><label>148.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qian</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Suo</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Novel hydroxyethyl chitosan/cellulose scaffolds with bubble-like porous structure for bone tissue engineering</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>167</volume>
<fpage>44</fpage>
<lpage>51</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.030</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28433176</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B149-ijms-21-00487"><label>149.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Deng</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Peng</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zuo</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Piao</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kuang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sheng</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Recent advances in polymer-based drug delivery systems for local anesthetics</article-title>
<source>Acta Biomater.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<fpage>55</fpage>
<lpage>67</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.044</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31152941</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B150-ijms-21-00487"><label>150.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ewart</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Peterson</surname>
<given-names>E.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Steer</surname>
<given-names>C.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A new era of genetic engineering for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases</article-title>
<source>Semin. Arthritis Rheum.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>e1</fpage>
<lpage>e7</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.05.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31146955</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B151-ijms-21-00487"><label>151.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shamsi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mohammadi</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Manshadi</surname>
<given-names>M.K.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sanati-Nezhad</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Mathematical and computational modeling of nano-engineered drug delivery systems</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>307</volume>
<fpage>150</fpage>
<lpage>165</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.014</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31229474</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B152-ijms-21-00487"><label>152.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Su</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fawcett</surname>
<given-names>J.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the biomaterials used in nanocarrier drug delivery systems</article-title>
<source>Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>143</volume>
<fpage>97</fpage>
<lpage>114</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.008</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31255595</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B153-ijms-21-00487"><label>153.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jiang</surname>
<given-names>W.-Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>H.-Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan-based spray-dried mucoadhesive microspheres for sustained oromucosal drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Powder Technol.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>312</volume>
<fpage>124</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.021</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B154-ijms-21-00487"><label>154.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rassu</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gavini</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jonassen</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zambito</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fogli</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Breschi</surname>
<given-names>M.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Giunchedi</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>New chitosan derivatives for the preparation of rokitamycin loaded microspheres designed for ocular or nasal administration</article-title>
<source>J. Pharm. Sci.</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<fpage>4852</fpage>
<lpage>4865</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jps.21751</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19479981</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B155-ijms-21-00487"><label>155.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shao</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Redox-responsive blend hydrogel films based on carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan microspheres as dual delivery carrier</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>134</volume>
<fpage>413</fpage>
<lpage>421</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.049</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31078600</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B156-ijms-21-00487"><label>156.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Peng</surname>
<given-names>H.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hong</surname>
<given-names>D.X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guan</surname>
<given-names>Y.X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preparation of pH-responsive DOX-loaded chitosan nanoparticles using supercritical assisted atomization with an enhanced mixer</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Pharm.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>558</volume>
<fpage>82</fpage>
<lpage>90</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.077</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30639222</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B157-ijms-21-00487"><label>157.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chu</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Feng</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tian</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tan</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis and application of a series of amphipathic chitosan derivatives and the corresponding magnetic nanoparticle-embedded polymeric micelles</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>223</volume>
<fpage>114966</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.06.005</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31426997</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B158-ijms-21-00487"><label>158.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Qu</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hou</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Qu</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tian</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xue</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ju</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Self-assembled micelles based on N-octyl-N′-phthalyl-O-phosphoryl chitosan derivative as an effective oral carrier of paclitaxel</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>207</volume>
<fpage>428</fpage>
<lpage>439</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.099</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30600025</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B159-ijms-21-00487"><label>159.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cuggino</surname>
<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Blanco</surname>
<given-names>E.R.O.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gugliotta</surname>
<given-names>L.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alvarez Igarzabal</surname>
<given-names>C.I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Calderon</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Crossing biological barriers with nanogels to improve drug delivery performance</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>307</volume>
<fpage>221</fpage>
<lpage>246</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.005</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31175895</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B160-ijms-21-00487"><label>160.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Carboxymethyl chitosan-based nanogels via acid-labile ortho ester linkages mediated enhanced drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<fpage>477</fpage>
<lpage>487</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.072</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30771386</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B161-ijms-21-00487"><label>161.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cheng</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kong</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Feng</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Positive/negative surface charge of chitosan based nanogels and its potential influence on oral insulin delivery</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<fpage>867</fpage>
<lpage>874</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.103</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26572423</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B162-ijms-21-00487"><label>162.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bulbul</surname>
<given-names>Y.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Eskitoros-Togay</surname>
<given-names>S.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Demirtas-Korkmaz</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dilsiz</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Multi-walled carbon nanotube-incorporating electrospun composite fibrous mats for controlled drug release profile</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Pharm.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>568</volume>
<fpage>118513</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118513</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31301462</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B163-ijms-21-00487"><label>163.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ozlu</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kabay</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bocek</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yilmaz</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Piskin</surname>
<given-names>A.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shim</surname>
<given-names>B.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mutlu</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Controlled release of doxorubicin from polyethylene glycol functionalized melanin nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy: Part I. Production and drug release performance of the melanin nanoparticles</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Pharm.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>570</volume>
<fpage>118613</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118613</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31415880</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B164-ijms-21-00487"><label>164.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gajendiran</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jo</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Balasubramanian</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>In vitro controlled release of tuberculosis drugs by amphiphilic branched copolymer nanoparticles</article-title>
<source>J. Ind. Eng. Chem.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<fpage>181</fpage>
<lpage>188</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jiec.2019.04.033</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B165-ijms-21-00487"><label>165.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Safdar</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Omar</surname>
<given-names>A.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Arunagiri</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Regupathi</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thanabalan</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Potential of Chitosan and its derivatives for controlled drug release applications—A review</article-title>
<source>J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>642</fpage>
<lpage>659</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jddst.2018.10.020</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B166-ijms-21-00487"><label>166.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bajracharya</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Song</surname>
<given-names>J.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Back</surname>
<given-names>S.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>H.-K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Recent Advancements in Non-Invasive Formulations for Protein Drug Delivery</article-title>
<source>Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<fpage>1290</fpage>
<lpage>1308</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31921395</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B167-ijms-21-00487"><label>167.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>S.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Song</surname>
<given-names>J.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>H.K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Development of pH-responsive organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites as an effective oral delivery system of protein drugs</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>311–312</volume>
<fpage>74</fpage>
<lpage>84</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.036</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B168-ijms-21-00487"><label>168.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Du</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhai</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ding</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A study on the preparation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles and its entrapment mechanism for egg white derived peptides</article-title>
<source>Food Chem.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>286</volume>
<fpage>530</fpage>
<lpage>536</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30827643</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B169-ijms-21-00487"><label>169.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rekha</surname>
<given-names>M.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname>
<given-names>C.P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis and evaluation of lauryl succinyl chitosan particles towards oral insulin delivery and absorption</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<fpage>144</fpage>
<lpage>151</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.01.011</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19331862</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B170-ijms-21-00487"><label>170.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tsai</surname>
<given-names>L.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>C.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>C.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ho</surname>
<given-names>Y.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mi</surname>
<given-names>F.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Development of mutlifunctional nanoparticles self-assembled from trimethyl chitosan and fucoidan for enhanced oral delivery of insulin</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<fpage>141</fpage>
<lpage>150</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.182</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30586591</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B171-ijms-21-00487"><label>171.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kou</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huo</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mao</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of glyceryl monocaprylate-modified chitosan on the intranasal absorption of insulin in rats</article-title>
<source>J. Pharm. Sci.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<fpage>3623</fpage>
<lpage>3629</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.xphs.2019.07.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31356762</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B172-ijms-21-00487"><label>172.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Trivedi</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hoffman</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Arora</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Gene therapy for atrial fibrillation—How close to clinical implementation?</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Cardiol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>296</volume>
<fpage>177</fpage>
<lpage>183</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.07.057</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31439427</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B173-ijms-21-00487"><label>173.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gollomp</surname>
<given-names>K.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Doshi</surname>
<given-names>B.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Arruda</surname>
<given-names>V.R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Gene therapy for hemophilia: Progress to date and challenges moving forward</article-title>
<source>Transfus. Apher. Sci.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>602</fpage>
<lpage>612</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.transci.2019.08.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31543256</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B174-ijms-21-00487"><label>174.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gallego</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Villate-Beitia</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Martinez-Navarrete</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Menendez</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lopez-Mendez</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Soto-Sanchez</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zarate</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Puras</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fernandez</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pedraz</surname>
<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Non-viral vectors based on cationic niosomes and minicircle DNA technology enhance gene delivery efficiency for biomedical applications in retinal disorders</article-title>
<source>Nanomedicine</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<fpage>308</fpage>
<lpage>318</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nano.2018.12.018</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30790710</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B175-ijms-21-00487"><label>175.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kamel</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>El-Sayed</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Utilization of herpesviridae as recombinant viral vectors in vaccine development against animal pathogens</article-title>
<source>Virus Res.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>270</volume>
<fpage>197648</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197648</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31279828</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B176-ijms-21-00487"><label>176.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kochhar</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Excler</surname>
<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bok</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gurwith</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>McNeil</surname>
<given-names>M.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Seligman</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Khuri-Bulos</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Klug</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Laderoute</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Robertson</surname>
<given-names>J.S.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Brighton Collaboration Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working, G. Defining the interval for monitoring potential adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) after receipt of live viral vectored vaccines</article-title>
<source>Vaccine</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<fpage>5796</fpage>
<lpage>5802</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.085</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30497831</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B177-ijms-21-00487"><label>177.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mashal</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Attia</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Martinez-Navarrete</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Soto-Sanchez</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fernandez</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Grijalvo</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Eritja</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Puras</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pedraz</surname>
<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Gene delivery to the rat retina by non-viral vectors based on chloroquine-containing cationic niosomes</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>304</volume>
<fpage>181</fpage>
<lpage>190</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.010</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31071372</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B178-ijms-21-00487"><label>178.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Massaro</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Barone</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Biddeci</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cavallaro</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Di Blasi</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lazzara</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nicotra</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Spinella</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Spinelli</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Riela</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Halloysite nanotubes-carbon dots hybrids multifunctional nanocarrier with positive cell target ability as a potential non-viral vector for oral gene therapy</article-title>
<source>J. Colloid Interface Sci.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>552</volume>
<fpage>236</fpage>
<lpage>246</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcis.2019.05.062</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31129295</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B179-ijms-21-00487"><label>179.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kean</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Roth</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thanou</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Trimethylated chitosans as non-viral gene delivery vectors: Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<fpage>643</fpage>
<lpage>653</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.001</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15820411</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B180-ijms-21-00487"><label>180.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Javan</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Atyabi</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shahbazi</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Hypoxia-inducible bidirectional shRNA expression vector delivery using PEI/chitosan-TBA copolymers for colorectal Cancer gene therapy</article-title>
<source>Life Sci.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>202</volume>
<fpage>140</fpage>
<lpage>151</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.011</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29656061</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B181-ijms-21-00487"><label>181.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nam</surname>
<given-names>J.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nah</surname>
<given-names>J.W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Target gene delivery from targeting ligand conjugated chitosan-PEI copolymer for cancer therapy</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>161</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.053</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26453863</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B182-ijms-21-00487"><label>182.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jaiswal</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dutta</surname>
<given-names>P.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Koh</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pandey</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Methyl methacrylate modified chitosan: Synthesis, characterization and application in drug and gene delivery</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>211</volume>
<fpage>109</fpage>
<lpage>117</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.104</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30824069</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B183-ijms-21-00487"><label>183.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mallick</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Song</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bae</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Choi</surname>
<given-names>J.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Self-assembled nanoparticles composed of glycol chitosan-dequalinium for mitochondria-targeted drug delivery</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<fpage>451</fpage>
<lpage>460</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.215</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30930268</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B184-ijms-21-00487"><label>184.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xie</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dou</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Apoptosis of A549 cells by small interfering RNA targeting survivin delivery using poly-β-amino ester/guanidinylated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles</article-title>
<source>Asian J. Pharm. Sci.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajps.2018.09.009</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B185-ijms-21-00487"><label>185.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Iravani Kashkouli</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Torkzadeh-Mahani</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mosaddegh</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis and characterization of aminotetrazole-functionalized magnetic chitosan nanocomposite as a novel nanocarrier for targeted gene delivery</article-title>
<source>Mater. Sci. Eng. C</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<fpage>166</fpage>
<lpage>174</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.msec.2018.03.032</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29752086</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B186-ijms-21-00487"><label>186.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wen</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Meng</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tan</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dai</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yuan</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Redox-responsive polymer inhibits macrophages uptake for effective intracellular gene delivery and enhanced cancer therapy</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>175</volume>
<fpage>392</fpage>
<lpage>402</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.016</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30554018</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B187-ijms-21-00487"><label>187.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>J.T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Z.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>Q.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rong</surname>
<given-names>X.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liang</surname>
<given-names>C.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>G.H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Redox-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene co-delivery based on chitosan derivatives modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>155</volume>
<fpage>41</fpage>
<lpage>50</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.002</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B188-ijms-21-00487"><label>188.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kamra</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Moitra</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ponnalagu</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Karande</surname>
<given-names>A.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bhattacharya</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>New water-soluble oxyamino chitosans as biocompatible vectors for efficacious anticancer therapy via co-delivery of gene and drug</article-title>
<source>ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<fpage>37442</fpage>
<lpage>37460</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acsami.9b09485</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31434476</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B189-ijms-21-00487"><label>189.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nastiuk</surname>
<given-names>K.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Krolewski</surname>
<given-names>J.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Opportunities and challenges in combination gene cancer therapy</article-title>
<source>Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<fpage>35</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.005</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26724249</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B190-ijms-21-00487"><label>190.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sousa</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Almeida</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Faria</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Konate</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Boisguerin</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Queiroz</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Costa</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Optimization of peptide-plasmid DNA vectors formulation for gene delivery in cancer therapy exploring design of experiments</article-title>
<source>Colloids Surf. B</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>183</volume>
<fpage>110417</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110417</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B191-ijms-21-00487"><label>191.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Z.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huo</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jiang</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>RVG-peptide-linked trimethylated chitosan for delivery of siRNA to the brain</article-title>
<source>Biomacromolecules</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<fpage>1010</fpage>
<lpage>1018</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/bm401906p</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24547943</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B192-ijms-21-00487"><label>192.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fang</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bian</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Synthesis and characterization of PEG-conjugated quaternized chitosan and its application as a gene vector</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<fpage>566</fpage>
<lpage>572</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.072</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24528767</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B193-ijms-21-00487"><label>193.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jia</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fan</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yuan</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Targeted delivery of microRNA-126 to vascular endothelial cells via REDV peptide modified PEG-trimethyl chitosan</article-title>
<source>Biomater. Sci.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<fpage>849</fpage>
<lpage>856</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/C5BM00629E</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27055482</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B194-ijms-21-00487"><label>194.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mai</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yin</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>PEG modified trimethyl chitosan based nanoparticles for the codelivery of doxorubicin and iSur-pDNA</article-title>
<source>Mater. Lett.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>238</volume>
<fpage>143</fpage>
<lpage>146</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.matlet.2018.11.161</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B195-ijms-21-00487"><label>195.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Suk</surname>
<given-names>J.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Q.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hanes</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ensign</surname>
<given-names>L.M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery</article-title>
<source>Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<fpage>28</fpage>
<lpage>51</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.addr.2015.09.012</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26456916</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B196-ijms-21-00487"><label>196.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chuan</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fan</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan for gene delivery: Methods for improvement and applications</article-title>
<source>Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>268</volume>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cis.2019.03.007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30933750</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B197-ijms-21-00487"><label>197.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tokuhara</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kurashima</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kamioka</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nakayama</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ernst</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kiyono</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A comprehensive understanding of the gut mucosal immune system in allergic inflammation</article-title>
<source>Allergol. Int.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.alit.2018.09.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30366757</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B198-ijms-21-00487"><label>198.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Van Unen</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Molendijk</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Temurhan</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hollt</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>van der Meulen-de Jong</surname>
<given-names>A.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Verspaget</surname>
<given-names>H.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mearin</surname>
<given-names>M.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mulder</surname>
<given-names>C.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>van Bergen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>Mass Cytometry of the Human Mucosal Immune System Identifies Tissue- and Disease-Associated Immune Subsets</article-title>
<source>Immunity</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>1227</fpage>
<lpage>1239</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.014</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27178470</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B199-ijms-21-00487"><label>199.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname>
<given-names>T.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cancer Prevention: HPV Vaccination</article-title>
<source>Semin. Oncol. Nurs.</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<fpage>273</fpage>
<lpage>280</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.soncn.2016.05.007</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27539281</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B200-ijms-21-00487"><label>200.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Liposomes used as a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system: From basics to clinical immunization</article-title>
<source>J. Control. Release</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>303</volume>
<fpage>130</fpage>
<lpage>150</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.025</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31022431</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B201-ijms-21-00487"><label>201.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shan</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dalloul</surname>
<given-names>R.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhai</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Luan</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of the oral administration of astragalus polysaccharides on jejunum mucosal immunity in chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease</article-title>
<source>Microb. Pathog.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<fpage>103621</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103621</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31310831</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B202-ijms-21-00487"><label>202.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wilson</surname>
<given-names>H.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Obradovic</surname>
<given-names>M.R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Evidence for a common mucosal immune system in the pig</article-title>
<source>Mol. Immunol.</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<fpage>22</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.004</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25242212</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B203-ijms-21-00487"><label>203.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dabaghian</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Latifi</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tebianian</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>NajmiNejad</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ebrahimi</surname>
<given-names>S.M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Nasal vaccination with r4M2e.HSP70c antigen encapsulated into N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticulate systems: Preparation and immunogenicity in a mouse model</article-title>
<source>Vaccine</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<fpage>2886</fpage>
<lpage>2895</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.072</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29627234</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B204-ijms-21-00487"><label>204.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Maharjan</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cho</surname>
<given-names>K.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cui</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>I.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Choi</surname>
<given-names>Y.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cho</surname>
<given-names>C.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan-based particulate systems for the delivery of mucosal vaccines against infectious diseases</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Biol. Macromol.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<fpage>54</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.101</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29054527</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B205-ijms-21-00487"><label>205.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dai</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kang</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cheng</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rong</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
</person-group>
<article-title>O-2′-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of live Newcastle disease vaccine</article-title>
<source>Carbohydr. Polym.</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<fpage>280</fpage>
<lpage>289</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.008</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26076628</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B206-ijms-21-00487"><label>206.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nevagi</surname>
<given-names>R.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dai</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Khalil</surname>
<given-names>Z.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hussein</surname>
<given-names>W.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Capon</surname>
<given-names>R.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Skwarczynski</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Toth</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Self-assembly of trimethyl chitosan and poly(anionic amino acid)-peptide antigen conjugate to produce a potent self-adjuvanting nanovaccine delivery system</article-title>
<source>Bioorg. Med. Chem.</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<fpage>3082</fpage>
<lpage>3088</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.033</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31176567</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B207-ijms-21-00487"><label>207.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sayin</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Somavarapu</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>X.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sesardic</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Senel</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alpar</surname>
<given-names>O.H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>TMC-MCC (N-trimethyl chitosan-mono-N-carboxymethyl chitosan) nanocomplexes for mucosal delivery of vaccines</article-title>
<source>Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<fpage>362</fpage>
<lpage>369</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejps.2009.08.010</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19733658</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B208-ijms-21-00487"><label>208.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nevagi</surname>
<given-names>R.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Khalil</surname>
<given-names>Z.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hussein</surname>
<given-names>W.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Powell</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Batzloff</surname>
<given-names>M.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Capon</surname>
<given-names>R.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Good</surname>
<given-names>M.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Skwarczynski</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Toth</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Polyglutamic acid-trimethyl chitosan-based intranasal peptide nano-vaccine induces potent immune responses against group A streptococcus</article-title>
<source>Acta Biomater.</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<fpage>278</fpage>
<lpage>287</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.037</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30266637</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B209-ijms-21-00487"><label>209.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Shi</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cui</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles as an efficient delivery system for Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine</article-title>
<source>Int. J. Nanomed.</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<fpage>4609</fpage>
<lpage>4619</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJN.S70633</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B210-ijms-21-00487"><label>210.</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Duan</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Quaternized chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the combined attenuated live vaccine against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis elicit immune response in chicken after intranasal administration</article-title>
<source>Drug Deliv.</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<fpage>1574</fpage>
<lpage>1586</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/10717544.2017.1388450</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29029568</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<floats-group><fig id="ijms-21-00487-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Schematic diagram of chitosan chemical reaction.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Reaction equations for acylated chitosan derivatives. (<bold>A</bold>
) N-acylated chitosan; (<bold>B</bold>
) O-acylated chitosan.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Alkylation chitosan derivative reaction equations. (<bold>A</bold>
) Halogenated alkane to prepare N-alkylated chitosan; (<bold>B</bold>
) advanced fatty aldehyde prepares N-alkylated chitosan.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Carboxylated chitosan derivative reaction equation. (<bold>A</bold>
) O-carboxymethyl chitosan (degree of substitution (DS) < 1); (<bold>B</bold>
) N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (DS ≥ 1).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g004"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>Reaction equations for quaternized chitosan derivatives. (<bold>A</bold>
), N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) direct quaternary ammonium salt substitution method; (<bold>B</bold>
) TMC N-alkylation; (<bold>C</bold>
) chitosan 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTA) ring opening method.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g005"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijms-21-00487-f006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><p>Immunity causes antibody production to be immune.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijms-21-00487-g006"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="ijms-21-00487-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-21-00487-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Applications of quaternary ammonium chitosan in antibacterial.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial Species</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Application</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ammonium N-alkyl chitosan particles</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biomedical devices, textile industry [<xref rid="B124-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quaternized N-alkyl chitosan film</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial material [<xref rid="B125-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quaternized N-aryl chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial material [<xref rid="B126-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quaternary ammonium chitosan-containing monosaccharide or disaccharide moiety</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial agents [<xref rid="B127-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">O-imidazolyl quaternary ammonium chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-cancer, anti-virus, anti-diabetes, enzyme inhibition and anti-tuberculosis [<xref rid="B128-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trimethyl ammonium chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biodegradable fungicide [<xref rid="B129-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan quaternary ammonium salt film</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic>
, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial coating [<xref rid="B81-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijms-21-00487-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-21-00487-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Applications of common chitosan derivatives in bone tissue engineering.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chitosan Derivative</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Complex</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Application</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Attributes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Carboxymethyl chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fibroin/CMCS/strontium replaces hydroxyapatite/cellulose nanocrystals</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improving adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts [<xref rid="B137-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tyrosinase/CMCS/gelatin/nano hydroxyapatite</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment of irregular small bone defects</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Injectable gel to promote osteoblast differentiation and maturation [<xref rid="B138-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silk fibroin/CMCS/vitamin C</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhanced cell proliferation, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity, promoting calcium phosphate deposition in the scaffold [<xref rid="B53-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMCS/nano hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhances osteoinductivity and promotes new bone formation [<xref rid="B139-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gelatin/CMCS/LAPONITE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhances mechanical properties and promotes bone marrow stem cell attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation [<xref rid="B140-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxymethyl chitosan nanofiber</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyapatite coated electrospun CMCS nanofibers</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhances ALP activity and promotes osteoblast differentiation and maturation [<xref rid="B141-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyapatite/N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan/fucoidan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased pore size and mechanical properties promote osteoblast differentiation [<xref rid="B61-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trimethyl chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan-heparin polyelectrolyte multilayer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bionic periosteum</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good cell compatibility and support osteoblast differentiation [<xref rid="B142-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alginate/HACC/oyster shell powder</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation bracket</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve mechanical properties and enhance stent surface area [<xref rid="B143-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijms-21-00487-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-21-00487-t003_Table 3</object-id>
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Gene carrier-containing chitosan derivative and applications.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carrier</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Application</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Main Findings/Features</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyethyleneimine/chitosan-4-thio-butyl-oxime</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">siRNA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate [<xref rid="B180-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">180</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyethylene glycol/O-carboxymethyl chitosan/low molecular weight polyethylene imine</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">siRNA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhanced targeting and cell transfection rates [<xref rid="B181-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">181</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methyl methacrylate-modified chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mammalian cancer cell line (A549, HeLa, HepG2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate [<xref rid="B182-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">182</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol chitosan–dequalinium nanoparticles</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tumor treatment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Targeted delivery [<xref rid="B183-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">183</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poly-β-amino ester/thiolated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNAi</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lung cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate and increased cellular uptake [<xref rid="B184-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">184</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aminotetrazole functionalized magnetic chitosan nanocomposites</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plasmid DNA </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HEK-293T cell line</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate [<xref rid="B185-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">185</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyethylene glycol grafted chitosan nanoparticles</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tumor cell</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High transfection efficiency and increased cellular uptake [<xref rid="B186-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">186</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chitosan derivative-modified mesoporous silica microspheres</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DOX, p53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tumor treatment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased transfection rate, sustained release [<xref rid="B187-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">187</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trans transcriptional activator/poly(N-3-benzyloxycarbonyl-lysine) chitosan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p53, DOX</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancer treatment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve transfection efficiency and drug delivery efficiency [<xref rid="B188-ijms-21-00487" ref-type="bibr">188</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/ChloroquineV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000A29 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000A29 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Sante |area= ChloroquineV1 |flux= Pmc |étape= Corpus |type= RBID |clé= PMC:7014278 |texte= Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:31940963" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a ChloroquineV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. | ![]() |