Encouraging Spontaneous Synchronisation with D-Jogger, an Adaptive Music Player That Aligns Movement and Music
Identifieur interne : 000193 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000192; suivant : 000194Encouraging Spontaneous Synchronisation with D-Jogger, an Adaptive Music Player That Aligns Movement and Music
Auteurs : Bart Moens [Belgique] ; Chris Muller [Belgique] ; Leon Van Noorden [Belgique] ; Marek Fran K [République tchèque] ; Bert Celie [Belgique] ; Jan Boone [Belgique] ; Jan Bourgois [Belgique] ; Marc Leman [Belgique]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
In this study we explore how music can entrain human walkers to synchronise to the musical beat without being instructed to do so. For this, we use an interactive music player, called D-Jogger, that senses the user's walking tempo and phase. D-Jogger aligns the music by manipulating the timing difference between beats and footfalls. Experiments are reported that led to the development and optimisation of four alignment strategies. The first strategy matched the music's tempo continuously to the runner's pace. The second strategy matched the music's tempo at the beginning of a song to the runner's pace, keeping the tempo constant for the remainder of the song. The third alignment starts a song in perfect phase synchrony and continues to adjust the tempo to match the runner's pace. The fourth and last strategy additionally adjusts the phase of the music so each beat matches a footfall. The first two strategies resulted in a minor increase of steps in phase synchrony with the main beat when compared to a random playlist, the last two strategies resulted in a strong increase in synchronised steps. These results may be explained in terms of phase-error correction mechanisms and motor prediction schemes. Finding the phase-lock is difficult due to fluctuations in the interaction, whereas strategies that automatically align the phase between movement and music solve the problem of finding the phase-locking. Moreover, the data show that once the phase-lock is found, alignment can be easily maintained, suggesting that less entrainment effort is needed to
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114234
PubMed: 25489742
PubMed Central: 4260851
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Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25489742</idno><idno type="pmc">4260851</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260851</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4260851</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0114234</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000305</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000305</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000193</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000193</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Encouraging Spontaneous Synchronisation with D-Jogger, an Adaptive Music Player That Aligns Movement and Music</title><author><name sortKey="Moens, Bart" sort="Moens, Bart" uniqKey="Moens B" first="Bart" last="Moens">Bart Moens</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Chris" sort="Muller, Chris" uniqKey="Muller C" first="Chris" last="Muller">Chris Muller</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Noorden, Leon" sort="Van Noorden, Leon" uniqKey="Van Noorden L" first="Leon" last="Van Noorden">Leon Van Noorden</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fran K, Marek" sort="Fran K, Marek" uniqKey="Fran K M" first="Marek" last="Fran K">Marek Fran K</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Celie, Bert" sort="Celie, Bert" uniqKey="Celie B" first="Bert" last="Celie">Bert Celie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boone, Jan" sort="Boone, Jan" uniqKey="Boone J" first="Jan" last="Boone">Jan Boone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bourgois, Jan" sort="Bourgois, Jan" uniqKey="Bourgois J" first="Jan" last="Bourgois">Jan Bourgois</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leman, Marc" sort="Leman, Marc" uniqKey="Leman M" first="Marc" last="Leman">Marc Leman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In this study we explore how music can entrain human walkers to synchronise to the musical beat without being instructed to do so. For this, we use an interactive music player, called D-Jogger, that senses the user's walking tempo and phase. D-Jogger aligns the music by manipulating the timing difference between beats and footfalls. Experiments are reported that led to the development and optimisation of four alignment strategies. The first strategy matched the music's tempo continuously to the runner's pace. The second strategy matched the music's tempo at the beginning of a song to the runner's pace, keeping the tempo constant for the remainder of the song. The third alignment starts a song in perfect phase synchrony and continues to adjust the tempo to match the runner's pace. The fourth and last strategy additionally adjusts the phase of the music so each beat matches a footfall. The first two strategies resulted in a minor increase of steps in phase synchrony with the main beat when compared to a random playlist, the last two strategies resulted in a strong increase in synchronised steps. These results may be explained in terms of phase-error correction mechanisms and motor prediction schemes. Finding the phase-lock is difficult due to fluctuations in the interaction, whereas strategies that automatically align the phase between movement and music solve the problem of finding the phase-locking. Moreover, the data show that once the phase-lock is found, alignment can be easily maintained, suggesting that less entrainment effort is needed to <italic>keep</italic> the phase-lock, than to <italic>find</italic> the phase-lock. The different alignment strategies of D-Jogger can be applied in different domains such as sports, physical rehabilitation and assistive technologies for movement performance.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Karageorghis, C" uniqKey="Karageorghis C">C Karageorghis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priest, D" uniqKey="Priest D">D Priest</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bood, Rj" uniqKey="Bood R">RJ Bood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nijssen, M" uniqKey="Nijssen M">M Nijssen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Kamp, J" uniqKey="Van Der Kamp J">J van der Kamp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roerdink, M" uniqKey="Roerdink M">M Roerdink</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fritz, T" uniqKey="Fritz T">T Fritz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hardikar, S" uniqKey="Hardikar S">S 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25489742</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4260851</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-38050</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0114234</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Biomechanics</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Neuroscience</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Motivation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Human Performance</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Computer Applications</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mental Health and Psychiatry</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Sports and Exercise Medicine</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mathematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Applied Mathematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Algorithms</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Social Sciences</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Encouraging Spontaneous Synchronisation with D-Jogger, an Adaptive Music Player That Aligns Movement and Music</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Encouraging Spontaneous Synchronisation while Walking on Music</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moens</surname><given-names>Bart</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Muller</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Noorden</surname><given-names>Leon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Franěk</surname><given-names>Marek</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Celie</surname><given-names>Bert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boone</surname><given-names>Jan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bourgois</surname><given-names>Jan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leman</surname><given-names>Marc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Snyder</surname><given-names>Joel</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>UNLV, United States of America</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>marc.leman@ugent.be</email></corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: BM LVN MF BC J. Boone J. Bourgois ML. Performed the experiments: BM LVN MF BC. Analyzed the data: BM. Wrote the paper: BM ML CM.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>12</issue><elocation-id>e114234</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Moens et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>In this study we explore how music can entrain human walkers to synchronise to the musical beat without being instructed to do so. For this, we use an interactive music player, called D-Jogger, that senses the user's walking tempo and phase. D-Jogger aligns the music by manipulating the timing difference between beats and footfalls. Experiments are reported that led to the development and optimisation of four alignment strategies. The first strategy matched the music's tempo continuously to the runner's pace. The second strategy matched the music's tempo at the beginning of a song to the runner's pace, keeping the tempo constant for the remainder of the song. The third alignment starts a song in perfect phase synchrony and continues to adjust the tempo to match the runner's pace. The fourth and last strategy additionally adjusts the phase of the music so each beat matches a footfall. The first two strategies resulted in a minor increase of steps in phase synchrony with the main beat when compared to a random playlist, the last two strategies resulted in a strong increase in synchronised steps. These results may be explained in terms of phase-error correction mechanisms and motor prediction schemes. Finding the phase-lock is difficult due to fluctuations in the interaction, whereas strategies that automatically align the phase between movement and music solve the problem of finding the phase-locking. Moreover, the data show that once the phase-lock is found, alignment can be easily maintained, suggesting that less entrainment effort is needed to <italic>keep</italic> the phase-lock, than to <italic>find</italic> the phase-lock. The different alignment strategies of D-Jogger can be applied in different domains such as sports, physical rehabilitation and assistive technologies for movement performance.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by funding by a Methusalem grant from the Flemish Government, Belgium. Several step frequency and gait phase detection methods were developed using funding by the COST IC 0601 Action on Sonic Interaction Design (SID) by the European Science Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="40"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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