A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2
Identifieur interne : 000193 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 000192; suivant : 000194A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2
Auteurs : Larry W. Horowitz ; Stacy Walters ; Denise L. Mauzerall ; Louisa K. Emmons ; Philip J. Rasch ; Claire Granier ; XUEXI TIE ; Jean-Francois Lamarque ; Martin G. Schultz ; Geoffrey S. Tyndall ; John J. Orlando ; Guy P. BrasseurSource :
- Journal of geophysical research [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2003.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Troposphère, Ozone, Traceur, Modèle chimique, Modèle atmosphère, Chimie atmosphérique, Modèle climat, Azote oxyde, Hydrocarbure, Lagrangien, Couche convective, Couche limite, Paramétrisation, Combustible fossile, Feu végétation, Facteur biogène, Retombée sèche, Retombée humide, Stratosphère, Relaxation, Hémisphère Nord, Gradient horizontal, Gradient vertical, Tropopause, Haute latitude, Azote monoxyde, Nitrique acide.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Atmosphere model, Atmospheric chemistry, Biogenic factor, Chemical model, Climate models, Convective layer, Dry deposition, Fossil fuel, High latitude, Lagrangian, Nitric acid, Nitric oxide, Nitrogen oxide, Northern Hemisphere, Parameterization, Relaxation, Tropopause, Vegetation fire, Vertical gradient, Wet deposition, boundary layer, horizontal gradient, hydrocarbons, ozone, stratosphere, tracers, troposphere.
Abstract
[1] We have developed a global three-dimensional chemical transport model called Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART), version 2. This model, which will be made available to the community, is built on the framework of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) and can easily be driven with various meteorological inputs and model resolutions. In this work, we describe the standard configuration of the model, in which the model is driven by meteorological inputs every 3 hours from the middle atmosphere version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (MACCM3) and uses a 20-min time step and a horizontal resolution of 2.8° latitude x 2.8° longitude with 34 vertical levels extending up to approximately 40 km. The model includes a detailed chemistry scheme for tropospheric ozone, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbon chemistry, with 63 chemical species. Tracer advection is performed using a flux-form semi-Lagrangian scheme with a pressure fixer. Subgrid-scale convective and boundary layer parameterizations are included in the model. Surface emissions include sources from fossil fuel combustion, biofuel and biomass burning, biogenic and soil emissions, and oceanic emissions. Parameterizations of dry and wet deposition are included. Stratospheric concentrations of several long-lived species (including ozone) are constrained by relaxation toward climatological values. The distribution of tropospheric ozone is well simulated in the model, including seasonality and horizontal and vertical gradients. However, the model tends to overestimate ozone near the tropopause at high northern latitudes. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nitric acid (HNO3) agree well with observed values, but peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is overestimated by the model in the upper troposphere at several locations. Carbon monoxide (CO) is simulated well at most locations, but the seasonal cycle is underestimated at some sites in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that in situ photochemical production and loss dominate the tropospheric ozone budget, over input from the stratosphere and dry deposition. Approximately 75% of the tropospheric production and loss of ozone occurs within the tropics, with large net production in the tropical upper troposphere. Tropospheric production and loss of ozone are three to four times greater in the northern extratropics than the southern extratropics. The global sources of CO consist of photochemical production (55%) and direct emissions (45%). The tropics dominate the chemistry of CO, accounting for about 75% of the tropospheric production and loss. The global budgets of tropospheric ozone and CO are generally consistent with the range found in recent studies. The lifetime of methane (9.5 years) and methylchloroform (5.7 years) versus oxidation by tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH), two useful measures of the global abundance of OH, agree well with recent estimates. Concentrations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated intermediates (carbonyls and peroxides) generally agree well with observations.
Notice en format standard (ISO 2709)
Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.
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Format Inist (serveur)
NO : | PASCAL 04-0207514 INIST |
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ET : | A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2 |
AU : | HOROWITZ (Larry W.); WALTERS (Stacy); MAUZERALL (Denise L.); EMMONS (Louisa K.); RASCH (Philip J.); GRANIER (Claire); XUEXI TIE; LAMARQUE (Jean-Francois); SCHULTZ (Martin G.); TYNDALL (Geoffrey S.); ORLANDO (John J.); BRASSEUR (Guy P.) |
AF : | Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA/Princeton, New Jersey/Etats-Unis (1 aut.); National Center for Atmospheric Research/Boulder, Colorado/Etats-Unis (2 aut., 4 aut., 5 aut., 7 aut., 8 aut., 10 aut., 11 aut.); Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University/Princeton, New Jersey/Etats-Unis (3 aut.); Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA/Boulder, Colorado/Etats-Unis (6 aut.); Service d'Aeronomie, University of Paris/Paris/France (6 aut.); Max Planck Institute for Meteorology/Hamburg/Allemagne (9 aut., 12 aut.) |
DT : | Publication en série; Niveau analytique |
SO : | Journal of geophysical research; ISSN 0148-0227; Etats-Unis; Da. 2003; Vol. 108; No. D24; ACH16.1-ACH16.25; Bibl. 1 p.1/4 |
LA : | Anglais |
EA : | [1] We have developed a global three-dimensional chemical transport model called Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART), version 2. This model, which will be made available to the community, is built on the framework of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) and can easily be driven with various meteorological inputs and model resolutions. In this work, we describe the standard configuration of the model, in which the model is driven by meteorological inputs every 3 hours from the middle atmosphere version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (MACCM3) and uses a 20-min time step and a horizontal resolution of 2.8° latitude x 2.8° longitude with 34 vertical levels extending up to approximately 40 km. The model includes a detailed chemistry scheme for tropospheric ozone, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbon chemistry, with 63 chemical species. Tracer advection is performed using a flux-form semi-Lagrangian scheme with a pressure fixer. Subgrid-scale convective and boundary layer parameterizations are included in the model. Surface emissions include sources from fossil fuel combustion, biofuel and biomass burning, biogenic and soil emissions, and oceanic emissions. Parameterizations of dry and wet deposition are included. Stratospheric concentrations of several long-lived species (including ozone) are constrained by relaxation toward climatological values. The distribution of tropospheric ozone is well simulated in the model, including seasonality and horizontal and vertical gradients. However, the model tends to overestimate ozone near the tropopause at high northern latitudes. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nitric acid (HNO3) agree well with observed values, but peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is overestimated by the model in the upper troposphere at several locations. Carbon monoxide (CO) is simulated well at most locations, but the seasonal cycle is underestimated at some sites in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that in situ photochemical production and loss dominate the tropospheric ozone budget, over input from the stratosphere and dry deposition. Approximately 75% of the tropospheric production and loss of ozone occurs within the tropics, with large net production in the tropical upper troposphere. Tropospheric production and loss of ozone are three to four times greater in the northern extratropics than the southern extratropics. The global sources of CO consist of photochemical production (55%) and direct emissions (45%). The tropics dominate the chemistry of CO, accounting for about 75% of the tropospheric production and loss. The global budgets of tropospheric ozone and CO are generally consistent with the range found in recent studies. The lifetime of methane (9.5 years) and methylchloroform (5.7 years) versus oxidation by tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH), two useful measures of the global abundance of OH, agree well with recent estimates. Concentrations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated intermediates (carbonyls and peroxides) generally agree well with observations. |
CC : | 220; 001E |
FD : | Troposphère; Ozone; Traceur; Modèle chimique; Modèle atmosphère; Chimie atmosphérique; Modèle climat; Azote oxyde; Hydrocarbure; Lagrangien; Couche convective; Couche limite; Paramétrisation; Combustible fossile; Feu végétation; Facteur biogène; Retombée sèche; Retombée humide; Stratosphère; Relaxation; Hémisphère Nord; Gradient horizontal; Gradient vertical; Tropopause; Haute latitude; Azote monoxyde; Nitrique acide |
ED : | troposphere; ozone; tracers; Chemical model; Atmosphere model; Atmospheric chemistry; Climate models; Nitrogen oxide; hydrocarbons; Lagrangian; Convective layer; boundary layer; Parameterization; Fossil fuel; Vegetation fire; Biogenic factor; Dry deposition; Wet deposition; stratosphere; Relaxation; Northern Hemisphere; horizontal gradient; Vertical gradient; Tropopause; High latitude; Nitric oxide; Nitric acid |
SD : | Ozono; Trazador; Modelo químico; Modelo atmósfera; Nitrógeno óxido; Hidrocarburo; Lagrangiano; Capa convectiva; Capa límite; Parametrización; Combustible fósil; Fuego vegetación; Factor biógeno; Recaída seca; Recaída húmeda; Estratosfera; Relajación; Hemisferio norte; Gradiente vertical; Tropopausa; Alta latitud; Nitrógeno monóxido; Nítrico ácido |
LO : | INIST-3144.354000119209650570 |
ID : | 04-0207514 |
Links to Exploration step
Pascal:04-0207514Le document en format XML
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Atmosphere model</term>
<term>Atmospheric chemistry</term>
<term>Biogenic factor</term>
<term>Chemical model</term>
<term>Climate models</term>
<term>Convective layer</term>
<term>Dry deposition</term>
<term>Fossil fuel</term>
<term>High latitude</term>
<term>Lagrangian</term>
<term>Nitric acid</term>
<term>Nitric oxide</term>
<term>Nitrogen oxide</term>
<term>Northern Hemisphere</term>
<term>Parameterization</term>
<term>Relaxation</term>
<term>Tropopause</term>
<term>Vegetation fire</term>
<term>Vertical gradient</term>
<term>Wet deposition</term>
<term>boundary layer</term>
<term>horizontal gradient</term>
<term>hydrocarbons</term>
<term>ozone</term>
<term>stratosphere</term>
<term>tracers</term>
<term>troposphere</term>
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<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Troposphère</term>
<term>Ozone</term>
<term>Traceur</term>
<term>Modèle chimique</term>
<term>Modèle atmosphère</term>
<term>Chimie atmosphérique</term>
<term>Modèle climat</term>
<term>Azote oxyde</term>
<term>Hydrocarbure</term>
<term>Lagrangien</term>
<term>Couche convective</term>
<term>Couche limite</term>
<term>Paramétrisation</term>
<term>Combustible fossile</term>
<term>Feu végétation</term>
<term>Facteur biogène</term>
<term>Retombée sèche</term>
<term>Retombée humide</term>
<term>Stratosphère</term>
<term>Relaxation</term>
<term>Hémisphère Nord</term>
<term>Gradient horizontal</term>
<term>Gradient vertical</term>
<term>Tropopause</term>
<term>Haute latitude</term>
<term>Azote monoxyde</term>
<term>Nitrique acide</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">[1] We have developed a global three-dimensional chemical transport model called Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART), version 2. This model, which will be made available to the community, is built on the framework of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) and can easily be driven with various meteorological inputs and model resolutions. In this work, we describe the standard configuration of the model, in which the model is driven by meteorological inputs every 3 hours from the middle atmosphere version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (MACCM3) and uses a 20-min time step and a horizontal resolution of 2.8° latitude x 2.8° longitude with 34 vertical levels extending up to approximately 40 km. The model includes a detailed chemistry scheme for tropospheric ozone, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbon chemistry, with 63 chemical species. Tracer advection is performed using a flux-form semi-Lagrangian scheme with a pressure fixer. Subgrid-scale convective and boundary layer parameterizations are included in the model. Surface emissions include sources from fossil fuel combustion, biofuel and biomass burning, biogenic and soil emissions, and oceanic emissions. Parameterizations of dry and wet deposition are included. Stratospheric concentrations of several long-lived species (including ozone) are constrained by relaxation toward climatological values. The distribution of tropospheric ozone is well simulated in the model, including seasonality and horizontal and vertical gradients. However, the model tends to overestimate ozone near the tropopause at high northern latitudes. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>
) and nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>
) agree well with observed values, but peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is overestimated by the model in the upper troposphere at several locations. Carbon monoxide (CO) is simulated well at most locations, but the seasonal cycle is underestimated at some sites in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that in situ photochemical production and loss dominate the tropospheric ozone budget, over input from the stratosphere and dry deposition. Approximately 75% of the tropospheric production and loss of ozone occurs within the tropics, with large net production in the tropical upper troposphere. Tropospheric production and loss of ozone are three to four times greater in the northern extratropics than the southern extratropics. The global sources of CO consist of photochemical production (55%) and direct emissions (45%). The tropics dominate the chemistry of CO, accounting for about 75% of the tropospheric production and loss. The global budgets of tropospheric ozone and CO are generally consistent with the range found in recent studies. The lifetime of methane (9.5 years) and methylchloroform (5.7 years) versus oxidation by tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH), two useful measures of the global abundance of OH, agree well with recent estimates. Concentrations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated intermediates (carbonyls and peroxides) generally agree well with observations.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0148-0227</s0>
</fA01>
<fA03 i2="1"><s0>J. geophys. res.</s0>
</fA03>
<fA05><s2>108</s2>
</fA05>
<fA06><s2>D24</s2>
</fA06>
<fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2</s1>
</fA08>
<fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>HOROWITZ (Larry W.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>WALTERS (Stacy)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>MAUZERALL (Denise L.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>EMMONS (Louisa K.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>RASCH (Philip J.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>GRANIER (Claire)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>XUEXI TIE</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>LAMARQUE (Jean-Francois)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>SCHULTZ (Martin G.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>TYNDALL (Geoffrey S.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="11" i2="1"><s1>ORLANDO (John J.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="12" i2="1"><s1>BRASSEUR (Guy P.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA14 i1="01"><s1>Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA</s1>
<s2>Princeton, New Jersey</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="02"><s1>National Center for Atmospheric Research</s1>
<s2>Boulder, Colorado</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="03"><s1>Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University</s1>
<s2>Princeton, New Jersey</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="04"><s1>Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA</s1>
<s2>Boulder, Colorado</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="05"><s1>Service d'Aeronomie, University of Paris</s1>
<s2>Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="06"><s1>Max Planck Institute for Meteorology</s1>
<s2>Hamburg</s2>
<s3>DEU</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA20><s2>ACH16.1-ACH16.25</s2>
</fA20>
<fA21><s1>2003</s1>
</fA21>
<fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0>
</fA23>
<fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1>
<s2>3144</s2>
<s5>354000119209650570</s5>
</fA43>
<fA44><s0>0000</s0>
<s1>© 2004 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1>
</fA44>
<fA45><s0>1 p.1/4</s0>
</fA45>
<fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>04-0207514</s0>
</fA47>
<fA60><s1>P</s1>
</fA60>
<fA61><s0>A</s0>
</fA61>
<fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Journal of geophysical research</s0>
</fA64>
<fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0>
</fA66>
<fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>[1] We have developed a global three-dimensional chemical transport model called Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART), version 2. This model, which will be made available to the community, is built on the framework of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) and can easily be driven with various meteorological inputs and model resolutions. In this work, we describe the standard configuration of the model, in which the model is driven by meteorological inputs every 3 hours from the middle atmosphere version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (MACCM3) and uses a 20-min time step and a horizontal resolution of 2.8° latitude x 2.8° longitude with 34 vertical levels extending up to approximately 40 km. The model includes a detailed chemistry scheme for tropospheric ozone, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbon chemistry, with 63 chemical species. Tracer advection is performed using a flux-form semi-Lagrangian scheme with a pressure fixer. Subgrid-scale convective and boundary layer parameterizations are included in the model. Surface emissions include sources from fossil fuel combustion, biofuel and biomass burning, biogenic and soil emissions, and oceanic emissions. Parameterizations of dry and wet deposition are included. Stratospheric concentrations of several long-lived species (including ozone) are constrained by relaxation toward climatological values. The distribution of tropospheric ozone is well simulated in the model, including seasonality and horizontal and vertical gradients. However, the model tends to overestimate ozone near the tropopause at high northern latitudes. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>
) and nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>
) agree well with observed values, but peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is overestimated by the model in the upper troposphere at several locations. Carbon monoxide (CO) is simulated well at most locations, but the seasonal cycle is underestimated at some sites in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that in situ photochemical production and loss dominate the tropospheric ozone budget, over input from the stratosphere and dry deposition. Approximately 75% of the tropospheric production and loss of ozone occurs within the tropics, with large net production in the tropical upper troposphere. Tropospheric production and loss of ozone are three to four times greater in the northern extratropics than the southern extratropics. The global sources of CO consist of photochemical production (55%) and direct emissions (45%). The tropics dominate the chemistry of CO, accounting for about 75% of the tropospheric production and loss. The global budgets of tropospheric ozone and CO are generally consistent with the range found in recent studies. The lifetime of methane (9.5 years) and methylchloroform (5.7 years) versus oxidation by tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH), two useful measures of the global abundance of OH, agree well with recent estimates. Concentrations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated intermediates (carbonyls and peroxides) generally agree well with observations.</s0>
</fC01>
<fC02 i1="01" i2="2"><s0>220</s0>
</fC02>
<fC02 i1="02" i2="3"><s0>001E</s0>
</fC02>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Troposphère</s0>
<s5>26</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>troposphere</s0>
<s5>26</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Ozone</s0>
<s5>27</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>ozone</s0>
<s5>27</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Ozono</s0>
<s5>27</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Traceur</s0>
<s5>28</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>tracers</s0>
<s5>28</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Trazador</s0>
<s5>28</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle chimique</s0>
<s5>29</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Chemical model</s0>
<s5>29</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Modelo químico</s0>
<s5>29</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle atmosphère</s0>
<s5>30</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Atmosphere model</s0>
<s5>30</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Modelo atmósfera</s0>
<s5>30</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Chimie atmosphérique</s0>
<s5>31</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Atmospheric chemistry</s0>
<s5>31</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle climat</s0>
<s5>32</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Climate models</s0>
<s5>32</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Azote oxyde</s0>
<s5>33</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nitrogen oxide</s0>
<s5>33</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Nitrógeno óxido</s0>
<s5>33</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Hydrocarbure</s0>
<s5>34</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>hydrocarbons</s0>
<s5>34</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Hidrocarburo</s0>
<s5>34</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Lagrangien</s0>
<s5>35</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Lagrangian</s0>
<s5>35</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Lagrangiano</s0>
<s5>35</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Couche convective</s0>
<s5>36</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Convective layer</s0>
<s5>36</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Capa convectiva</s0>
<s5>36</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Couche limite</s0>
<s5>37</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>boundary layer</s0>
<s5>37</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Capa límite</s0>
<s5>37</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Paramétrisation</s0>
<s5>38</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Parameterization</s0>
<s5>38</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Parametrización</s0>
<s5>38</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Combustible fossile</s0>
<s5>39</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Fossil fuel</s0>
<s5>39</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Combustible fósil</s0>
<s5>39</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Feu végétation</s0>
<s5>40</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vegetation fire</s0>
<s5>40</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Fuego vegetación</s0>
<s5>40</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Facteur biogène</s0>
<s5>41</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Biogenic factor</s0>
<s5>41</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Factor biógeno</s0>
<s5>41</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="17" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Retombée sèche</s0>
<s5>42</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="17" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Dry deposition</s0>
<s5>42</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="17" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Recaída seca</s0>
<s5>42</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Retombée humide</s0>
<s5>43</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Wet deposition</s0>
<s5>43</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Recaída húmeda</s0>
<s5>43</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Stratosphère</s0>
<s5>44</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>stratosphere</s0>
<s5>44</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Estratosfera</s0>
<s5>44</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="20" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Relaxation</s0>
<s5>45</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="20" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Relaxation</s0>
<s5>45</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="20" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Relajación</s0>
<s5>45</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="21" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Hémisphère Nord</s0>
<s5>46</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="21" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>Northern Hemisphere</s0>
<s5>46</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="21" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Hemisferio norte</s0>
<s5>46</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="22" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Gradient horizontal</s0>
<s5>90</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="22" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>horizontal gradient</s0>
<s5>90</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Gradient vertical</s0>
<s5>91</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vertical gradient</s0>
<s5>91</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Gradiente vertical</s0>
<s5>91</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Tropopause</s0>
<s5>92</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Tropopause</s0>
<s5>92</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Tropopausa</s0>
<s5>92</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Haute latitude</s0>
<s5>93</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>High latitude</s0>
<s5>93</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Alta latitud</s0>
<s5>93</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Azote monoxyde</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>94</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nitric oxide</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>94</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Nitrógeno monóxido</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>94</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="27" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Nitrique acide</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s5>95</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="27" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nitric acid</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s5>95</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="27" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Nítrico ácido</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s5>95</s5>
</fC03>
<fN21><s1>138</s1>
</fN21>
<fN82><s1>OTO</s1>
</fN82>
</pA>
</standard>
<server><NO>PASCAL 04-0207514 INIST</NO>
<ET>A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2</ET>
<AU>HOROWITZ (Larry W.); WALTERS (Stacy); MAUZERALL (Denise L.); EMMONS (Louisa K.); RASCH (Philip J.); GRANIER (Claire); XUEXI TIE; LAMARQUE (Jean-Francois); SCHULTZ (Martin G.); TYNDALL (Geoffrey S.); ORLANDO (John J.); BRASSEUR (Guy P.)</AU>
<AF>Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA/Princeton, New Jersey/Etats-Unis (1 aut.); National Center for Atmospheric Research/Boulder, Colorado/Etats-Unis (2 aut., 4 aut., 5 aut., 7 aut., 8 aut., 10 aut., 11 aut.); Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University/Princeton, New Jersey/Etats-Unis (3 aut.); Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA/Boulder, Colorado/Etats-Unis (6 aut.); Service d'Aeronomie, University of Paris/Paris/France (6 aut.); Max Planck Institute for Meteorology/Hamburg/Allemagne (9 aut., 12 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>Journal of geophysical research; ISSN 0148-0227; Etats-Unis; Da. 2003; Vol. 108; No. D24; ACH16.1-ACH16.25; Bibl. 1 p.1/4</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>[1] We have developed a global three-dimensional chemical transport model called Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART), version 2. This model, which will be made available to the community, is built on the framework of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) and can easily be driven with various meteorological inputs and model resolutions. In this work, we describe the standard configuration of the model, in which the model is driven by meteorological inputs every 3 hours from the middle atmosphere version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (MACCM3) and uses a 20-min time step and a horizontal resolution of 2.8° latitude x 2.8° longitude with 34 vertical levels extending up to approximately 40 km. The model includes a detailed chemistry scheme for tropospheric ozone, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbon chemistry, with 63 chemical species. Tracer advection is performed using a flux-form semi-Lagrangian scheme with a pressure fixer. Subgrid-scale convective and boundary layer parameterizations are included in the model. Surface emissions include sources from fossil fuel combustion, biofuel and biomass burning, biogenic and soil emissions, and oceanic emissions. Parameterizations of dry and wet deposition are included. Stratospheric concentrations of several long-lived species (including ozone) are constrained by relaxation toward climatological values. The distribution of tropospheric ozone is well simulated in the model, including seasonality and horizontal and vertical gradients. However, the model tends to overestimate ozone near the tropopause at high northern latitudes. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>
) and nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>
) agree well with observed values, but peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is overestimated by the model in the upper troposphere at several locations. Carbon monoxide (CO) is simulated well at most locations, but the seasonal cycle is underestimated at some sites in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that in situ photochemical production and loss dominate the tropospheric ozone budget, over input from the stratosphere and dry deposition. Approximately 75% of the tropospheric production and loss of ozone occurs within the tropics, with large net production in the tropical upper troposphere. Tropospheric production and loss of ozone are three to four times greater in the northern extratropics than the southern extratropics. The global sources of CO consist of photochemical production (55%) and direct emissions (45%). The tropics dominate the chemistry of CO, accounting for about 75% of the tropospheric production and loss. The global budgets of tropospheric ozone and CO are generally consistent with the range found in recent studies. The lifetime of methane (9.5 years) and methylchloroform (5.7 years) versus oxidation by tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH), two useful measures of the global abundance of OH, agree well with recent estimates. Concentrations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated intermediates (carbonyls and peroxides) generally agree well with observations.</EA>
<CC>220; 001E</CC>
<FD>Troposphère; Ozone; Traceur; Modèle chimique; Modèle atmosphère; Chimie atmosphérique; Modèle climat; Azote oxyde; Hydrocarbure; Lagrangien; Couche convective; Couche limite; Paramétrisation; Combustible fossile; Feu végétation; Facteur biogène; Retombée sèche; Retombée humide; Stratosphère; Relaxation; Hémisphère Nord; Gradient horizontal; Gradient vertical; Tropopause; Haute latitude; Azote monoxyde; Nitrique acide</FD>
<ED>troposphere; ozone; tracers; Chemical model; Atmosphere model; Atmospheric chemistry; Climate models; Nitrogen oxide; hydrocarbons; Lagrangian; Convective layer; boundary layer; Parameterization; Fossil fuel; Vegetation fire; Biogenic factor; Dry deposition; Wet deposition; stratosphere; Relaxation; Northern Hemisphere; horizontal gradient; Vertical gradient; Tropopause; High latitude; Nitric oxide; Nitric acid</ED>
<SD>Ozono; Trazador; Modelo químico; Modelo atmósfera; Nitrógeno óxido; Hidrocarburo; Lagrangiano; Capa convectiva; Capa límite; Parametrización; Combustible fósil; Fuego vegetación; Factor biógeno; Recaída seca; Recaída húmeda; Estratosfera; Relajación; Hemisferio norte; Gradiente vertical; Tropopausa; Alta latitud; Nitrógeno monóxido; Nítrico ácido</SD>
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