Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture
Identifieur interne : 000098 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000097; suivant : 000099Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture
Auteurs : Pete Smith ; Daniel Martino ; Zucong Cai ; Daniel Gwary ; Henry Janzen ; Pushpam Kumar ; Bruce Mccarl ; Stephen Ogle ; Frank O'Mara ; Charles Rice ; Bob Scholes ; Oleg Sirotenko ; Mark Howden ; Tim Mcallister ; Genxing Pan ; Vladimir Romanenkov ; Uwe Schneider ; Sirintornthep Towprayoon ; Martin Wattenbach ; Jo SmithSource :
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences [ 0962-8436 ] ; 2007.
Abstract
Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO2, but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most prominent of which are improved cropland and grazing land management and restoration of degraded lands and cultivated organic soils. Lower, but still significant mitigation potential is provided by water and rice management, set-aside, land use change and agroforestry, livestock management and manure management. The global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030, considering all gases, is estimated to be approximately 5500–6000 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1, with economic potentials of approximately 1500–1600, 2500–2700 and 4000–4300 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1 at carbon prices of up to 20, up to 50 and up to 100 US$ t CO2-eq.−1, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions could be reduced by substitution of fossil fuels for energy production by agricultural feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, dung and dedicated energy crops). The economic mitigation potential of biomass energy from agriculture is estimated to be 640, 2240 and 16 000 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1 at 0–20, 0–50 and 0–100 US$ t CO2-eq.−1, respectively.
Url:
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2184
PubMed: 17827109
PubMed Central: 2610110
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PMC:2610110Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Smith, Pete" sort="Smith, Pete" uniqKey="Smith P" first="Pete" last="Smith">Pete Smith</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen</institution>
<addr-line>Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Martino, Daniel" sort="Martino, Daniel" uniqKey="Martino D" first="Daniel" last="Martino">Daniel Martino</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Carbosur, Constituyente 1467/1202</institution>
<addr-line>Montevideo 11100, Uruguay</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cai, Zucong" sort="Cai, Zucong" uniqKey="Cai Z" first="Zucong" last="Cai">Zucong Cai</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>
<addr-line>Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gwary, Daniel" sort="Gwary, Daniel" uniqKey="Gwary D" first="Daniel" last="Gwary">Daniel Gwary</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State 1069</institution>
<addr-line>Nigeria</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Janzen, Henry" sort="Janzen, Henry" uniqKey="Janzen H" first="Henry" last="Janzen">Henry Janzen</name>
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<addr-line>Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, Pushpam" sort="Kumar, Pushpam" uniqKey="Kumar P" first="Pushpam" last="Kumar">Pushpam Kumar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institute of Economic Growth, University Enclave</institution>
<addr-line>Delhi 110 007, India</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccarl, Bruce" sort="Mccarl, Bruce" uniqKey="Mccarl B" first="Bruce" last="Mccarl">Bruce Mccarl</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University</institution>
<addr-line>College Station, TX 77843, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Ogle, Stephen" sort="Ogle, Stephen" uniqKey="Ogle S" first="Stephen" last="Ogle">Stephen Ogle</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>NREL, Colorado State University</institution>
<addr-line>Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Mara, Frank" sort="O Mara, Frank" uniqKey="O Mara F" first="Frank" last="O'Mara">Frank O'Mara</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine</institution>
<addr-line>University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rice, Charles" sort="Rice, Charles" uniqKey="Rice C" first="Charles" last="Rice">Charles Rice</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University</institution>
<addr-line>Manhattan, KS 66506, USA</addr-line>
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<author><name sortKey="Scholes, Bob" sort="Scholes, Bob" uniqKey="Scholes B" first="Bob" last="Scholes">Bob Scholes</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Forest Technology</institution>
<addr-line>Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Sirotenko, Oleg" sort="Sirotenko, Oleg" uniqKey="Sirotenko O" first="Oleg" last="Sirotenko">Oleg Sirotenko</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution>All-Russian Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Obninsk</institution>
<addr-line>Kaluga Region 249020, Russia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Howden, Mark" sort="Howden, Mark" uniqKey="Howden M" first="Mark" last="Howden">Mark Howden</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284</institution>
<addr-line>Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcallister, Tim" sort="Mcallister, Tim" uniqKey="Mcallister T" first="Tim" last="Mcallister">Tim Mcallister</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre</institution>
<addr-line>Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pan, Genxing" sort="Pan, Genxing" uniqKey="Pan G" first="Genxing" last="Pan">Genxing Pan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University</institution>
<addr-line>Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romanenkov, Vladimir" sort="Romanenkov, Vladimir" uniqKey="Romanenkov V" first="Vladimir" last="Romanenkov">Vladimir Romanenkov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><institution>Pryanishnikov All-Russian Institute of Agrochemistry (VNIIA), 127550 Moscow</institution>
<addr-line>Russia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schneider, Uwe" sort="Schneider, Uwe" uniqKey="Schneider U" first="Uwe" last="Schneider">Uwe Schneider</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><institution>Departments of Geosciences and Economics, Hamburg University</institution>
<addr-line>20146 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Towprayoon, Sirintornthep" sort="Towprayoon, Sirintornthep" uniqKey="Towprayoon S" first="Sirintornthep" last="Towprayoon">Sirintornthep Towprayoon</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Monkut's University of Technology</institution>
<addr-line>Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wattenbach, Martin" sort="Wattenbach, Martin" uniqKey="Wattenbach M" first="Martin" last="Wattenbach">Martin Wattenbach</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen</institution>
<addr-line>Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Jo" sort="Smith, Jo" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jo" last="Smith">Jo Smith</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen</institution>
<addr-line>Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK</addr-line>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture</title>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Pete" sort="Smith, Pete" uniqKey="Smith P" first="Pete" last="Smith">Pete Smith</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen</institution>
<addr-line>Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martino, Daniel" sort="Martino, Daniel" uniqKey="Martino D" first="Daniel" last="Martino">Daniel Martino</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Carbosur, Constituyente 1467/1202</institution>
<addr-line>Montevideo 11100, Uruguay</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cai, Zucong" sort="Cai, Zucong" uniqKey="Cai Z" first="Zucong" last="Cai">Zucong Cai</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>
<addr-line>Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gwary, Daniel" sort="Gwary, Daniel" uniqKey="Gwary D" first="Daniel" last="Gwary">Daniel Gwary</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State 1069</institution>
<addr-line>Nigeria</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Janzen, Henry" sort="Janzen, Henry" uniqKey="Janzen H" first="Henry" last="Janzen">Henry Janzen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre</institution>
<addr-line>Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, Pushpam" sort="Kumar, Pushpam" uniqKey="Kumar P" first="Pushpam" last="Kumar">Pushpam Kumar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institute of Economic Growth, University Enclave</institution>
<addr-line>Delhi 110 007, India</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccarl, Bruce" sort="Mccarl, Bruce" uniqKey="Mccarl B" first="Bruce" last="Mccarl">Bruce Mccarl</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University</institution>
<addr-line>College Station, TX 77843, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ogle, Stephen" sort="Ogle, Stephen" uniqKey="Ogle S" first="Stephen" last="Ogle">Stephen Ogle</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>NREL, Colorado State University</institution>
<addr-line>Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Mara, Frank" sort="O Mara, Frank" uniqKey="O Mara F" first="Frank" last="O'Mara">Frank O'Mara</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine</institution>
<addr-line>University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rice, Charles" sort="Rice, Charles" uniqKey="Rice C" first="Charles" last="Rice">Charles Rice</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University</institution>
<addr-line>Manhattan, KS 66506, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scholes, Bob" sort="Scholes, Bob" uniqKey="Scholes B" first="Bob" last="Scholes">Bob Scholes</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Forest Technology</institution>
<addr-line>Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sirotenko, Oleg" sort="Sirotenko, Oleg" uniqKey="Sirotenko O" first="Oleg" last="Sirotenko">Oleg Sirotenko</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution>All-Russian Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Obninsk</institution>
<addr-line>Kaluga Region 249020, Russia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Howden, Mark" sort="Howden, Mark" uniqKey="Howden M" first="Mark" last="Howden">Mark Howden</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284</institution>
<addr-line>Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcallister, Tim" sort="Mcallister, Tim" uniqKey="Mcallister T" first="Tim" last="Mcallister">Tim Mcallister</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre</institution>
<addr-line>Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pan, Genxing" sort="Pan, Genxing" uniqKey="Pan G" first="Genxing" last="Pan">Genxing Pan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University</institution>
<addr-line>Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romanenkov, Vladimir" sort="Romanenkov, Vladimir" uniqKey="Romanenkov V" first="Vladimir" last="Romanenkov">Vladimir Romanenkov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><institution>Pryanishnikov All-Russian Institute of Agrochemistry (VNIIA), 127550 Moscow</institution>
<addr-line>Russia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schneider, Uwe" sort="Schneider, Uwe" uniqKey="Schneider U" first="Uwe" last="Schneider">Uwe Schneider</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><institution>Departments of Geosciences and Economics, Hamburg University</institution>
<addr-line>20146 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Towprayoon, Sirintornthep" sort="Towprayoon, Sirintornthep" uniqKey="Towprayoon S" first="Sirintornthep" last="Towprayoon">Sirintornthep Towprayoon</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Monkut's University of Technology</institution>
<addr-line>Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wattenbach, Martin" sort="Wattenbach, Martin" uniqKey="Wattenbach M" first="Martin" last="Wattenbach">Martin Wattenbach</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen</institution>
<addr-line>Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Jo" sort="Smith, Jo" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jo" last="Smith">Jo Smith</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen</institution>
<addr-line>Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0962-8436</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1471-2970</idno>
<imprint><date when="2007">2007</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO<sub>2</sub>
, but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most prominent of which are improved cropland and grazing land management and restoration of degraded lands and cultivated organic soils. Lower, but still significant mitigation potential is provided by water and rice management, set-aside, land use change and agroforestry, livestock management and manure management. The global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030, considering all gases, is estimated to be approximately 5500–6000 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
, with economic potentials of approximately 1500–1600, 2500–2700 and 4000–4300 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
at carbon prices of up to 20, up to 50 and up to 100 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions could be reduced by substitution of fossil fuels for energy production by agricultural feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, dung and dedicated energy crops). The economic mitigation potential of biomass energy from agriculture is estimated to be 640, 2240 and 16 000 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
at 0–20, 0–50 and 0–100 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
, respectively.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RSTB</journal-id>
<journal-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0962-8436</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1471-2970</issn>
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<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
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<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rstb.2007.2184</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>Pete</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martino</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>Zucong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gwary</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Janzen</surname>
<given-names>Henry</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>Pushpam</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McCarl</surname>
<given-names>Bruce</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ogle</surname>
<given-names>Stephen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O'Mara</surname>
<given-names>Frank</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rice</surname>
<given-names>Charles</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scholes</surname>
<given-names>Bob</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sirotenko</surname>
<given-names>Oleg</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Howden</surname>
<given-names>Mark</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McAllister</surname>
<given-names>Tim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pan</surname>
<given-names>Genxing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">14</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Romanenkov</surname>
<given-names>Vladimir</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schneider</surname>
<given-names>Uwe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">16</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Towprayoon</surname>
<given-names>Sirintornthep</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wattenbach</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>Jo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen</institution>
<addr-line>Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
<institution>Carbosur, Constituyente 1467/1202</institution>
<addr-line>Montevideo 11100, Uruguay</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
<institution>Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>
<addr-line>Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>
<institution>University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State 1069</institution>
<addr-line>Nigeria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>
<institution>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre</institution>
<addr-line>Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>
<institution>Institute of Economic Growth, University Enclave</institution>
<addr-line>Delhi 110 007, India</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>
<institution>Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University</institution>
<addr-line>College Station, TX 77843, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8"><label>8</label>
<institution>NREL, Colorado State University</institution>
<addr-line>Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9"><label>9</label>
<institution>School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine</institution>
<addr-line>University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10"><label>10</label>
<institution>Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University</institution>
<addr-line>Manhattan, KS 66506, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11"><label>11</label>
<institution>CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Forest Technology</institution>
<addr-line>Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12"><label>12</label>
<institution>All-Russian Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Obninsk</institution>
<addr-line>Kaluga Region 249020, Russia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13"><label>13</label>
<institution>CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284</institution>
<addr-line>Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14"><label>14</label>
<institution>College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University</institution>
<addr-line>Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15"><label>15</label>
<institution>Pryanishnikov All-Russian Institute of Agrochemistry (VNIIA), 127550 Moscow</institution>
<addr-line>Russia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16"><label>16</label>
<institution>Departments of Geosciences and Economics, Hamburg University</institution>
<addr-line>20146 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17"><label>17</label>
<institution>The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Monkut's University of Technology</institution>
<addr-line>Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>
Author for correspondence (<email>pete.smith@abdn.ac.uk</email>
)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>27</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>363</volume>
<issue>1492</issue>
<issue-title>Theme Issue ‘Sustainable agriculture II’ compiled by Chris Pollock, Jules Pretty, Ian Crute, Chris Leaver and Howard Dalton</issue-title>
<fpage>789</fpage>
<lpage>813</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2007 The Royal Society</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2007</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="EN"><p>Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO<sub>2</sub>
, but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most prominent of which are improved cropland and grazing land management and restoration of degraded lands and cultivated organic soils. Lower, but still significant mitigation potential is provided by water and rice management, set-aside, land use change and agroforestry, livestock management and manure management. The global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030, considering all gases, is estimated to be approximately 5500–6000 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
, with economic potentials of approximately 1500–1600, 2500–2700 and 4000–4300 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
at carbon prices of up to 20, up to 50 and up to 100 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions could be reduced by substitution of fossil fuels for energy production by agricultural feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, dung and dedicated energy crops). The economic mitigation potential of biomass energy from agriculture is estimated to be 640, 2240 and 16 000 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
at 0–20, 0–50 and 0–100 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
, respectively.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>greenhouse gas</kwd>
<kwd>agriculture</kwd>
<kwd>mitigation</kwd>
<kwd>cropland management</kwd>
<kwd>grazing land</kwd>
<kwd>soil carbon</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-wrap><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>FAO AgroEcological Zones (AEZ) database; example of data held showing predominant land cover in each grid cell mapped onto the globe.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072184f01"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Global biophysical mitigation potential (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
) by 2030 of each agricultural management practice showing the impacts of each practice on each GHG stacked to give the total for all GHGs combined (B1 scenario shown though the pattern is similar for all SRES scenarios).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072184f02"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Total biophysical mitigation potentials (all practices, all GHGs: Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
) for each region by 2030, showing mean estimates (B1 scenario shown though the pattern is similar for all SRES scenarios).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072184f03"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Total biophysical mitigation potentials (all practices, all GHGs: Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
) for each region by 2030, showing the best estimate using the mean per-area mitigation potential (square) and the range of estimates derived using the low- and high-per-area mitigation potentials (line; B1 scenario shown though the pattern is similar for all SRES scenarios).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072184f04"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>Potential for agricultural GHG mitigation (excluding bioenergy and improved energy efficiency) at a range of prices of CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. (B1 scenario shown though the pattern is similar for all SRES scenarios).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072184f05"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig6" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><p>Potential for GHG mitigation through improved energy efficiency in agriculture by 2030, though the mitigation is usually counted in the user sectors.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072184f06"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>A list of proposed measures for mitigating GHG emissions from agricultural ecosystems, their apparent effects on reducing emissions of individual gases (mitigative effect) and an estimate of scientific confidence that the proposed practice can reduce overall net emissions.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">measure</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">examples</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">mitigative effects<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn1">a</xref>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">net mitigation<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">b</xref>
(confidence)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH<sub>4</sub>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sub>2</sub>
O</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">agreement</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">evidence</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="7" colspan="1">cropland management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage/residue management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management (irrigation, drainage)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rice management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside, land-use change (LUC)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" colspan="1">grazing land management/pasture improvement</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing intensity</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">increased productivity (e.g. fertilization)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">fire management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">species introduction (including legumes)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">management of organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">avoid drainage of wetlands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration of degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">erosion control, organic amendments, nutrient amendments</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" colspan="1">livestock management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">improved feeding practices</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">specific agents and dietary additives</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">longer term structural and management changes and animal breeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" colspan="1">manure/biosolid management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">improved storage and handling</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">anaerobic digestion</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>*</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">more efficient use as nutrient source</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">energy crops, solid, liquid, biogas, residues</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">±</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>***</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup>**</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn1"><label>a</label>
<p>‘+’ denotes reduced emissions or enhanced removal (positive mitigative effect); ‘−’ denotes increased emissions or suppressed removal (negative mitigative effect); ‘±’ denotes uncertain or variable response.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn2"><label>b</label>
<p>A qualitative estimate of the confidence in describing the proposed practice as a measure for reducing <italic>net</italic>
emissions of GHGs, expressed as CO<sub>2</sub>
equivalence. ‘Agreement’ refers to the relative degree of agreement or consensus in the literature (the more asterisks, the higher the agreement); ‘Evidence’ refers to the relative amount of data in support of the proposed effect (the more asterisks, the greater the amount of evidence).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Per-area annual mitigation potentials for each climate region for non-livestock mitigation options.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">climate zone</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">activity</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">practice</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
(t CO<sub>2</sub>
ha<sup>−1</sup>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">CH<sub>4</sub>
(t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. ha<sup>−1</sup>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">N<sub>2</sub>
O (t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. ha<sup>−1</sup>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">all GHG (t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. ha<sup>−1</sup>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mean estimate</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">high</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mean estimate</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">high</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mean estimate</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">high</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mean estimate</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">high</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">cool–dry</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.22</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.21</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage and residue management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.48</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.52</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside and LUC</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.61</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.60</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.93</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.90</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.48</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.52</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grasslands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing, fertilization, fire</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.54</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.67</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.67</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.67</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−15.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.67</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.65</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.37</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.26</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.53</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.40</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure/biosolids</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">application</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.19</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.27</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.36</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.57</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soils only</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.48</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.52</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">cool–moist</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage and residue management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside and LUC</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.91</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.60</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.36</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grasslands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing, fertilization, fire</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.67</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.67</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.67</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−15.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.67</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.65</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.37</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.26</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.45</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure/biosolids</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">application</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.62</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.79</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soils only</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">warm–dry</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.22</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.21</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage and residue management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.73</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.77</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside and LUC</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.61</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.60</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.93</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.90</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.73</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.77</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grasslands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing, fertilization, fire</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">139.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−15.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.18</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">124.31</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.37</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.26</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.37</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.26</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure/biosolids</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">application</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.19</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.27</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.36</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.57</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soils only</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.73</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.77</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">warm–moist</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage and residue management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.40</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.80</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.44</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.55</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside and LUC</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.91</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.60</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.36</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.40</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.80</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.44</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grasslands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing, fertilization, fire</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">139.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.32</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−15.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.18</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.33</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">124.31</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.37</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.26</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.37</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.26</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure/biosolids</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">application</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.62</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.79</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soils only</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.40</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.80</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.44</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Summary of biophysical reduction potential (proportion of an animal's enteric methane production) for enteric methane emissions due to (i) improved feeding practices, (ii) specific agents and dietary additives and (iii) longer term structural/management change and animal breeding.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">a</xref>
</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">AEZ regions</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">improved feeding practices<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn4">b</xref>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">specific agents and dietary additives<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn5">c</xref>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">longer term structural/management change and animal breeding<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn6">d</xref>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dairy cows</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">beef cattle</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">sheep</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dairy buffalo</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">non-dairy buffalo</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dairy cows</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">beef cattle</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">sheep</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dairy buffalo</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">non-dairy buffalo</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dairy cows</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">beef cattle</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">sheep</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dairy buffalo</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">non-dairy buffalo</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">North Europe</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Europe</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Europe</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">East Europe</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russian Federation</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0005</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">East Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southeast Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oceania</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South America</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central America</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">East Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">North Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0004</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn3"><label>a</label>
<p>Values have been adjusted for non-additivity of individual practices.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn4"><label>b</label>
<p>Includes replacing roughage with concentrate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib18">Blaxter & Clapperton 1965</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib120">Moe & Tyrrell 1979</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib75">Johnson & Johnson 1995</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib193">Yan <italic>et al.</italic>
2000</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib119">Mills <italic>et al.</italic>
2003</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib13">Beauchemin & McGinn 2005</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib103">Lovett <italic>et al.</italic>
2006</xref>
), improving forages/inclusion of legumes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib99">Leng 1991</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib114">McCrabb <italic>et al.</italic>
1998</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib112">McCaughney <italic>et al.</italic>
1999</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib189">Woodward <italic>et al.</italic>
2001</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib183">Waghorn <italic>et al.</italic>
2002</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib140">Pinares-Patino <italic>et al.</italic>
2003</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib2">Alcock & Hegarty 2005</xref>
) and feeding extra dietary oil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib43">Dohme <italic>et al.</italic>
2000</xref>
; Machmülller <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib106">2000</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib105">2003</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib104">Lovett <italic>et al.</italic>
2003</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib115">McGinn <italic>et al.</italic>
2004</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib13">Beauchemin & McGinn 2005</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib78">Jordan <italic>et al.</italic>
2006<italic>a</italic>
</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib79"><italic>b</italic>
</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn5"><label>c</label>
<p>Includes bST (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib73">Johnson <italic>et al.</italic>
1991</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib12">Bauman 1992</xref>
), growth hormones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib113">McCrabb 2001</xref>
), ionophores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib14">Benz & Johnson 1982</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib152">Rumpler <italic>et al.</italic>
1986</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib180">Van Nevel & Demeyer 1996</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib115">McGinn <italic>et al.</italic>
2004</xref>
), propionate precursors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib115">McGinn <italic>et al.</italic>
2004</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib13">Beauchemin & McGinn 2005</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib129">Newbold <italic>et al.</italic>
2005</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib184">Wallace <italic>et al.</italic>
2005</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn6"><label>d</label>
<p>Includes lifetime management of beef cattle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib74">Johnson <italic>et al.</italic>
2002</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib102">Lovett & O'Mara 2002</xref>
) and improved productivity through animal breeding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib51">Ferris <italic>et al.</italic>
1999</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib62">Hansen 2000</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib148">Robertson & Waghorn 2002</xref>
; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib117">Miglior <italic>et al.</italic>
2005</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>The total crop area and grassland area for each region for each SRES scenario as used in the mitigation analysis.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">region</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B1</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B1</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A1b</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A1b</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B2</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B2</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A2</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A2</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">crop area (Mha)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">grass area (Mha)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">crop area (Mha)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">grass area (Mha)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">crop area (Mha)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">grass area (Mha)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">crop area (Mha)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">grass area (Mha)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">222.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">159.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">234.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">146.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">222.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">170.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">251.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">188.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastern Europe</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Europe</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern Europe</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Europe</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">107.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russian Federation</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">205.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">222.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">196.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">209.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carribean</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central America</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South America</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">300.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">241.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">311.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">253.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">307.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">300.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">360.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">374.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oceania</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">182.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">177.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">180.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">186.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polynesia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastern Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">137.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">227.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">130.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">227.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">160.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">247.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">157.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">248.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">129.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">130.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">141.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">141.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">101.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">107.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">134.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Africa</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">268.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">275.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">269.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">272.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southeast Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">173.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">192.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">196.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">178.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">293.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">323.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">374.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">301.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">East Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">217.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">279.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">218.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">286.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">244.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">300.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">245.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">319.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central Asia</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">183.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">185.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">188.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">204.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">global total</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2213.4</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2212.6</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2317.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2242.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2366.5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2379.7</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2429.8</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2530.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>Estimated costs (US$ per t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.) of each mitigation option. (Nutrient management excludes precision farming, slow release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors. Livestock additives exclude propionate precursors and halogenated compounds. Organic soil restoration includes the cost of restoration (est. 40 US$ ha<sup>−1</sup>
) plus an opportunity cost associated with the crop that could be grown on the land of 300 US$ ha<sup>−1</sup>
(based on costs of 120 US$ t dry grain<sup>−1</sup>
and mean US wheat yields during the 1990s of 2.5 t dry grain ha<sup>−1</sup>
; FAOSTAT 2006); cost t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
is not very sensitive to these costs as the per-area mitigation is large (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">table 2</xref>
).)</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">climate zone</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">activity</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">practice</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">$ ha<sup>−1</sup>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">cool–dry</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage and residue management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2500</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rice management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside and LUC</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grasslands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing, fertilization, fire</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">340</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure/biosolids</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soil application</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soils only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">feeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">additives</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">breeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">storage, biogas</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">cool–moist</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage and residue management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2500</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rice management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside and LUC</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grasslands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing, fertilization, fire</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">340</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure/biosolids</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soil application</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soils only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">feeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">additives</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">breeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">storage, biogas</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">warm–dry</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage and residue management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2500</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rice management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside and LUC</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grasslands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing, fertilization, fire</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">340</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure/biosolids</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soil application</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soils only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">feeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">additives</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">breeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">storage, biogas</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">warm–moist</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agronomy</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nutrient management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tillage and residue management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2500</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rice management</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">set-aside and LUC</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">croplands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agroforestry</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grasslands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">grazing, fertilization, fire</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic soils</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">340</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">degraded lands</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">restoration</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure/biosolids</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soil application</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bioenergy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">soils only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">feeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">additives</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">livestock</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">breeding</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">manure management</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">storage, biogas</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label>
<caption><p>Estimates of the global agricultural GHG mitigation potential (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
) by 2030 at a range of prices of CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. for the four SRES scenarios.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">price range (US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
<th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</th>
<th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">scenario</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">up to 20</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">up to 50</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">up to 100</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">B1</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1540</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2530</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4030</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5480</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A1b</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1590</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2600</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4170</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5670</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">B2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1630</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2670</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4330</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5840</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A2</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1640</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2690</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4340</td>
<td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5950</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label>
<caption><p>Comparison of the estimates of agricultural GHG mitigation potential (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
) by 2030 with previous global and regional estimates, for combinations of practices, gases considered and different marginal costs assumed.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">study</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">region—practice</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">gas considered</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">price of CO<sub>2</sub>
</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">previous mitigation potential estimate (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">equivalent mitigation potential estimate from this study (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib66">IPCC (1996</xref>
; TAR)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn7">a</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—soil sequestration</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1400–2900</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1370–3880</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib88">2003</xref>
, 2004<italic>a</italic>
)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn7">a</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—soil sequestration</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3300±1100</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1370–3880</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib68">IPCC (2000</xref>
; SR-LULUCF)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn8">b</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—soil sequestration</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1470</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1370–1470</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib107">Manne & Richels (2004)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn9">c</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—soil sequestration</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 27 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1700</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1370–1470</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib69">IPCC (2001</xref>
; TAR)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn10">d</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—all measures</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
, CH<sub>4</sub>
and N<sub>2</sub>
O</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 27 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1300–2750</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1540–1640</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib25">Caldeira <italic>et al.</italic>
(2004)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn11">e</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—all measures</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
, CH<sub>4</sub>
and N<sub>2</sub>
O</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4510</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4300–5950</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib95">Lal & Bruce (1999)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn12">f</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—croplands only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1580–2090</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1980–2140</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib35">Conant <italic>et al.</italic>
(2001)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn13">g</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—permanent pastures only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6860</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1360–1560</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib177">Squires <italic>et al.</italic>
(1995)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn14">h</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—desertification control only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3670</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">approximately 650</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib87">Lal (2001)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn14">h</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—desertification control only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">730–1470</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">approximately 650</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn15">i</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—soil N<sub>2</sub>
O only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sub>2</sub>
O only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 100 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn15">i</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—rice CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 100 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">230</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">230</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn15">i</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globe—livestock CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 100 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">200–300</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">210</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn15">i</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US—livestock CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 20 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn15">i</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China—livestock CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 50 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn15">i</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">India—livestock CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 10 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn15">i</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil—livestock CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH<sub>4</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$ 30 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (for all South America)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib169">Smith <italic>et al.</italic>
(2000)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn16">j</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe (excluding Russia)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">limited by suitability</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">205</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">120, 160, 240</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib96">Lal <italic>et al.</italic>
(2003)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn17">k</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US—croplands only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">165–360</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib96">Lal <italic>et al.</italic>
(2003)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn17">k</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US—grasslands only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48–257</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib96">Lal <italic>et al.</italic>
(2003)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn17">k</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US—land conversion only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">77–282</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib96">Lal <italic>et al.</italic>
(2003)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn17">k</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US—land restoration only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">92–220</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib176">Sperow <italic>et al.</italic>
(2003)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn17">k</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US—croplands only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">220–257</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib20">Boehm <italic>et al.</italic>
(2004)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn18">l</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada—all agriculture</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5–29.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib20">Boehm <italic>et al.</italic>
(2004)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn18">l</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada—all agriculture</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
, CH<sub>4</sub>
and N<sub>2</sub>
O</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–15.6</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib91">Lal (2004<italic>c</italic>
)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn19">m</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">436–829</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">425</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib92">Lal (2004<italic>d</italic>
)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn18">l</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central Asia</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">approx. 60±30</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib93">Lal (2004<italic>e</italic>
)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn20">n</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">approx. 160±18</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">330 (for all South Asia)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib94">Lal (2005)</xref>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn21">o</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>
only</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">biophysical potential</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">400</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">570 (for all South America)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn7"><label>a</label>
<p>Economic potentials estimated here at up to 20 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
of approximately 1300–1400 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
rising to 2200–2400 and 3600–3900 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
at up to 50 and up to 100 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
, respectively.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn8"><label>b</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib68">IPCC LULUCF (2000)</xref>
estimate is based on C stock change in croplands, grazing lands, agroforestry, rice paddies and urban lands. Compared to estimates here at 0–20 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn9"><label>c</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib107">Manne & Richels (2004)</xref>
estimates for 2010 assuming a marginal cost of US$ 100 t C <sup>−1</sup>
(equivalent to US$ 27 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
); figures from this study are from closest comparable price range of 0–20 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn10"><label>d</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib69">IPCC TAR (2001)</xref>
estimates for 2020 assuming a marginal cost of US$ 100 t C <sup>–1</sup>
(equivalent to US$ 27 t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
); figures from this study are from closest comparable price range of 0–20 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn11"><label>e</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib25">Caldeira <italic>et al.</italic>
(2004)</xref>
estimates are for all gases for practices: enteric fermentation, rice cultivation, biomass burning, animal waste treatment and agricultural soils over a 0–20 year time horizon; estimates here are between the estimates at 0–100 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
and total biophysical potential (up to 6000 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn12"><label>f</label>
<p>Estimate for croplands only; comparable figure is for the biophysical potential of cropland management, plus restoration of degraded croplands.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn13"><label>g</label>
<p>The <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib35">Conant <italic>et al.</italic>
(2001)</xref>
estimate for permanent pasture only is much larger than many estimates for all agricultural mitigation measures combined; as such, it may be unrealistically high.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn14"><label>h</label>
<p>Comparable estimates for this study are for restoration of degraded lands.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn15"><label>i</label>
<p>All <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
estimates are for 2020. Global estimates are for prices of 100 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
estimate for Brazil should be equivalent to approximately 60% the estimate from this study for South America. Rice figures are taken directly from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib179">US-EPA (2006)</xref>
.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn16"><label>j</label>
<p>Comparable figures for this study are quoted for prices of up to 20, up to 50, up to 100 US$ t CO<sub>2</sub>
-eq.<sup>−1</sup>
, respectively. Other studies from individual countries are not included as there is no comparable area in the present study.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn17"><label>k</label>
<p>From this study, biophysical potentials used for all North America (US plus Canada) from cropland management, grassland management and restoration of degraded lands.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn18"><label>l</label>
<p>No comparable area in the present study.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn19"><label>m</label>
<p>Estimate in this study for East Asia.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn20"><label>n</label>
<p>Estimate in this study for South Asia; covers a larger area than just India.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn21"><label>o</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib94">Lal (2005)</xref>
estimates that 180 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
could be sequestered in the soils of Brazil, plus a further 220 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
mitigated by erosion prevention; estimate from this study from South America; covers a larger area than just Brazil.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-wrap>
</pmc>
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