Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries
Identifieur interne : 000097 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000096; suivant : 000098Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries
Auteurs : P. C Kesavan ; M. S SwaminathanSource :
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences [ 0962-8436 ] ; 2007.
Abstract
The green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s which resulted in dramatic yield increases in the developing Asian countries is now showing signs of fatigue in productivity gains. Intensive agriculture practiced without adherence to the scientific principles and ecological aspects has led to loss of soil health, and depletion of freshwater resources and agrobiodiversity. With progressive diversion of arable land for non-agricultural purposes, the challenge of feeding the growing population
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DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2189
PubMed: 17761471
PubMed Central: 2610115
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PMC:2610115Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Kesavan, P C" sort="Kesavan, P C" uniqKey="Kesavan P" first="P. C" last="Kesavan">P. C Kesavan</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Swaminathan, M S" sort="Swaminathan, M S" uniqKey="Swaminathan M" first="M. S" last="Swaminathan">M. S Swaminathan</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries</title>
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<series><title level="j">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0962-8436</idno>
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<imprint><date when="2007">2007</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s which resulted in dramatic yield increases in the developing Asian countries is now showing signs of fatigue in productivity gains. Intensive agriculture practiced without adherence to the scientific principles and ecological aspects has led to loss of soil health, and depletion of freshwater resources and agrobiodiversity. With progressive diversion of arable land for non-agricultural purposes, the challenge of feeding the growing population <italic>without</italic>
, at the same time, annexing more forestland and depleting the rest of life is indeed daunting. Further, even with food availability through production/procurement, millions of marginal farming, fishing and landless rural families have very low or no access to food due to lack of income-generating livelihoods. Approximately 200 million rural women, children and men in India alone fall in this category. Under these circumstances, the evergreen revolution (pro-nature, pro-poor, pro-women and pro-employment/livelihood oriented ecoagriculture) under varied terms are proposed for achieving productivity in perpetuity. In the proposed ‘biovillage paradigm’, eco-friendly agriculture is promoted along with <italic>on-</italic>
and <italic>non-farm</italic>
eco-enterprises based on sustainable management of natural resources. Concurrently, the modern ICT-based village knowledge centres provide time- and locale-specific, demand-driven information needed for evergreen revolution and ecotechnologies. With a system of ‘farm and marine production by masses’, the twin goals of ecoagriculture and eco-livelihoods are addressed. The principles, strategies and models of these are briefly discussed in this paper.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RSTB</journal-id>
<journal-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0962-8436</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1471-2970</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>The Royal Society</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
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<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">17761471</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2610115</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rstb20072189</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rstb.2007.2189</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kesavan</surname>
<given-names>P.C</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Swaminathan</surname>
<given-names>M.S</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
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<aff><institution>M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Third Cross Street</institution>
<addr-line>Taramani, Chennai-600 113, India</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>
Author for correspondence (<email>pckesavan@mssrf.res.in</email>
)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>27</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>363</volume>
<issue>1492</issue>
<issue-title>Theme Issue ‘Sustainable agriculture II’ compiled by Chris Pollock, Jules Pretty, Ian Crute, Chris Leaver and Howard Dalton</issue-title>
<fpage>877</fpage>
<lpage>891</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2007 The Royal Society</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2007</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="EN"><p>The green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s which resulted in dramatic yield increases in the developing Asian countries is now showing signs of fatigue in productivity gains. Intensive agriculture practiced without adherence to the scientific principles and ecological aspects has led to loss of soil health, and depletion of freshwater resources and agrobiodiversity. With progressive diversion of arable land for non-agricultural purposes, the challenge of feeding the growing population <italic>without</italic>
, at the same time, annexing more forestland and depleting the rest of life is indeed daunting. Further, even with food availability through production/procurement, millions of marginal farming, fishing and landless rural families have very low or no access to food due to lack of income-generating livelihoods. Approximately 200 million rural women, children and men in India alone fall in this category. Under these circumstances, the evergreen revolution (pro-nature, pro-poor, pro-women and pro-employment/livelihood oriented ecoagriculture) under varied terms are proposed for achieving productivity in perpetuity. In the proposed ‘biovillage paradigm’, eco-friendly agriculture is promoted along with <italic>on-</italic>
and <italic>non-farm</italic>
eco-enterprises based on sustainable management of natural resources. Concurrently, the modern ICT-based village knowledge centres provide time- and locale-specific, demand-driven information needed for evergreen revolution and ecotechnologies. With a system of ‘farm and marine production by masses’, the twin goals of ecoagriculture and eco-livelihoods are addressed. The principles, strategies and models of these are briefly discussed in this paper.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>agricultural sustainability in developing countries</kwd>
<kwd>evergreen revolution</kwd>
<kwd>reconciling agriculture and ecosystems.</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-wrap><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Ecological degradation leading to famine of livelihoods, social disintegration and food insecurity.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072189f01"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Paradigm shift: adding the dimension of environmental sustainability.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072189f02"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Biotechnology and organic agriculture.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="rstb20072189f03"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Green revolution and evergreen revolution: pathways.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>green revolution</italic>
: commodity-centred increase in productivity</th>
<th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>evergreen revolution</italic>
: increasing productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological harm</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) Change in plant architecture and harvest index.</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) <italic>Organic agriculture</italic>
: cultivation <italic>without</italic>
any use of chemical inputs such as mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ii) Change in the physiological rhythm insensitive to photoperiodism</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ii) <italic>Green agriculture</italic>
: cultivation with the help of integrated pest management, integrated nutrient supply and integrated natural resource management systems.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(iii) Lodging resistance</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(iii) <italic>Ecoagriculture</italic>
: based on conservation of soil, water and biodiversity and the application of traditional knowledge and ecological prudence</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(iv) <italic>EM agriculture</italic>
: system of farming using <italic>effective microorganisms</italic>
(EMs)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(v) <italic>White agriculture</italic>
: system of agriculture based on substantial use of microorganisms, particularly fungi</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(vi) <italic>One-straw revolution</italic>
: system of natural farming without ploughing, chemical fertilizers, weeding and chemical pesticides and herbicides</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-wrap>
</pmc>
</record>
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