Competing demands for irrigation water: golf and agriculture in Spain
Identifieur interne : 000870 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000869; suivant : 000871Competing demands for irrigation water: golf and agriculture in Spain
Auteurs : J. A. Rodriguez Diaz ; J. W. Knox ; E. K. WeatherheadSource :
- Irrigation and Drainage [ 1531-0353 ] ; 2007-12.
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Abstract
In many countries where water resources are under stress, there is a perception that irrigating golf courses causes significant additional abstraction, and that this has major impacts on the environment and other abstractors, including irrigated agriculture. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of water use within the golf sector in Spain, and compares it with irrigated agriculture. It is based on literature review, a national survey of golf course irrigation practices, and a correlation of reported irrigation consumption against agroclimate. Using a geographical information system (GIS), the water consumption for all golf courses in Spain was modelled and mapped, and the total water consumption estimated. The results show that the volume of water used for golf irrigation is extremely small compared to agricultural irrigation. Furthermore, a significant portion comes from wastewater reuse (41%) and desalination (7%), rather than direct abstraction, which competes with agriculture. However, it is concentrated in particular tourist areas and could cause local problems. The average economic productivity of the water used for golf, estimated at around 9 € m−3 in direct benefits (course fees) and 28 € m−3 if including the benefits to the tourist industry, is very much higher than for even high‐value agricultural crops. These results suggest that irrigating golf courses for tourism purposes is an economically rational water use in Spain, even though the transfer of resources from agriculture is controversial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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DOI: 10.1002/ird.317
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ISTEX:F3FD60353427CBA5F3B1A0E69B42CDF9A6F00FC7Le document en format XML
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Rodriguez Diaz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IFAPA, Junta de Andalucía, CIFA Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Current Address: Department of Agronomy, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IFAPA, CIFA “Alameda del Obispo”, Avda. Menéndez Pidal, 14080 Córdoba, Spain.===</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knox, J W" sort="Knox, J W" uniqKey="Knox J" first="J. W." last="Knox">J. W. Knox</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weatherhead, E K" sort="Weatherhead, E K" uniqKey="Weatherhead E" first="E. K." last="Weatherhead">E. K. 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This paper provides a quantitative assessment of water use within the golf sector in Spain, and compares it with irrigated agriculture. It is based on literature review, a national survey of golf course irrigation practices, and a correlation of reported irrigation consumption against agroclimate. Using a geographical information system (GIS), the water consumption for all golf courses in Spain was modelled and mapped, and the total water consumption estimated. The results show that the volume of water used for golf irrigation is extremely small compared to agricultural irrigation. Furthermore, a significant portion comes from wastewater reuse (41%) and desalination (7%), rather than direct abstraction, which competes with agriculture. However, it is concentrated in particular tourist areas and could cause local problems. The average economic productivity of the water used for golf, estimated at around 9 € m−3 in direct benefits (course fees) and 28 € m−3 if including the benefits to the tourist industry, is very much higher than for even high‐value agricultural crops. These results suggest that irrigating golf courses for tourism purposes is an economically rational water use in Spain, even though the transfer of resources from agriculture is controversial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>J. A. Rodriguez Diaz</name><affiliations><json:string>IFAPA, Junta de Andalucía, CIFA Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain</json:string><json:string>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</json:string><json:string>Current Address: Department of Agronomy, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.</json:string><json:string>IFAPA, CIFA “Alameda del Obispo”, Avda. 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This paper provides a quantitative assessment of water use within the golf sector in Spain, and compares it with irrigated agriculture. It is based on literature review, a national survey of golf course irrigation practices, and a correlation of reported irrigation consumption against agroclimate. Using a geographical information system (GIS), the water consumption for all golf courses in Spain was modelled and mapped, and the total water consumption estimated. The results show that the volume of water used for golf irrigation is extremely small compared to agricultural irrigation. Furthermore, a significant portion comes from wastewater reuse (41%) and desalination (7%), rather than direct abstraction, which competes with agriculture. However, it is concentrated in particular tourist areas and could cause local problems. The average economic productivity of the water used for golf, estimated at around 9 € m−3 in direct benefits (course fees) and 28 € m−3 if including the benefits to the tourist industry, is very much higher than for even high‐value agricultural crops. These results suggest that irrigating golf courses for tourism purposes is an economically rational water use in Spain, even though the transfer of resources from agriculture is controversial. 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A. Rodriguez</forename><surname>Diaz</surname></persName><affiliation>IFAPA, Junta de Andalucía, CIFA Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain</affiliation><affiliation>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Current Address: Department of Agronomy, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>IFAPA, CIFA “Alameda del Obispo”, Avda. Menéndez Pidal, 14080 Córdoba, Spain.===</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">J. W.</forename><surname>Knox</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">E. K.</forename><surname>Weatherhead</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Irrigation and Drainage</title><title level="j" type="sub">The journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Irrig. and Drain.</title><idno type="pISSN">1531-0353</idno><idno type="eISSN">1531-0361</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1531-0361</idno><imprint><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisher><pubPlace>Chichester, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2007-12"></date><biblScope unit="volume">56</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="541">541</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="549">549</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">F3FD60353427CBA5F3B1A0E69B42CDF9A6F00FC7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/ird.317</idno><idno type="ArticleID">IRD317</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2007</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In many countries where water resources are under stress, there is a perception that irrigating golf courses causes significant additional abstraction, and that this has major impacts on the environment and other abstractors, including irrigated agriculture. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of water use within the golf sector in Spain, and compares it with irrigated agriculture. It is based on literature review, a national survey of golf course irrigation practices, and a correlation of reported irrigation consumption against agroclimate. Using a geographical information system (GIS), the water consumption for all golf courses in Spain was modelled and mapped, and the total water consumption estimated. The results show that the volume of water used for golf irrigation is extremely small compared to agricultural irrigation. Furthermore, a significant portion comes from wastewater reuse (41%) and desalination (7%), rather than direct abstraction, which competes with agriculture. However, it is concentrated in particular tourist areas and could cause local problems. The average economic productivity of the water used for golf, estimated at around 9 € m−3 in direct benefits (course fees) and 28 € m−3 if including the benefits to the tourist industry, is very much higher than for even high‐value agricultural crops. These results suggest that irrigating golf courses for tourism purposes is an economically rational water use in Spain, even though the transfer of resources from agriculture is controversial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="fr"><p>Dans beaucoup de pays où les ressources d'eau sont très sollicitées, une opinion courante est que l'irrigation des terrains de golf représente un prélèvement additionnel significatif, et que ceci a des effets majeurs sur l'environnement et sur d'autres usages préleveurs, parmi lesquels l'agriculture irriguée. Cet article fournit une évaluation quantitative de l'utilisation de l'eau dans le secteur du golf en Espagne, et le compare à l'agriculture irriguée. Il est basé sur la littérature existante, une enquête sur les pratiques nationales en matière d'irrigation de terrains de golf, et une corrélation entre la consommation d'irrigation et les données de météo agricole. A l'aide d'un système d'information géographique (GIS), la consommation d'eau de tous les cours de golf d'Espagne a été modélisée et représentée, et la consommation totale d'eau a été estimée. Les résultats prouvent que le volume d'eau utilisé pour l'irrigation des terrains de golf est extrêmement minime par rapport à l'irrigation agricole. En outre, une partie significative vient de la réutilisation des eaux résiduaires (41%) et du dessalement (7%), plutôt que de prélèvements directs qui concurrencent l'agriculture. Cependant, elle est concentrée sur des secteurs très touristiques et pourrait poser des problèmes locaux. La productivité économique moyenne de l'eau utilisée pour le golf, estimée à environ 9 € m−3 en avantages directs (honoraires de cours) et 28 € m−3 en incluant les avantages allant au secteur du tourisme, est beaucoup plus élevée que pour les cultures, même à haute valeur ajoutée. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'irrigation des terrains de golf pour touristes est un usage économiquement raisonnable de l'eau en Espagne, bien que le transfert de ressources à partir de l'agriculture soit controversée. 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This paper provides a quantitative assessment of water use within the golf sector in Spain, and compares it with irrigated agriculture. It is based on literature review, a national survey of golf course irrigation practices, and a correlation of reported irrigation consumption against agroclimate. Using a geographical information system (GIS), the water consumption for all golf courses in Spain was modelled and mapped, and the total water consumption estimated.</p><p>The results show that the volume of water used for golf irrigation is extremely small compared to agricultural irrigation. Furthermore, a significant portion comes from wastewater reuse (41%) and desalination (7%), rather than direct abstraction, which competes with agriculture. However, it is concentrated in particular tourist areas and could cause local problems. The average economic productivity of the water used for golf, estimated at around 9 € m<sup>−3</sup> in direct benefits (course fees) and 28 € m<sup>−3</sup> if including the benefits to the tourist industry, is very much higher than for even high‐value agricultural crops. These results suggest that irrigating golf courses for tourism purposes is an economically rational water use in Spain, even though the transfer of resources from agriculture is controversial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract><abstract type="main" xml:lang="fr"><p>Dans beaucoup de pays où les ressources d'eau sont très sollicitées, une opinion courante est que l'irrigation des terrains de golf représente un prélèvement additionnel significatif, et que ceci a des effets majeurs sur l'environnement et sur d'autres usages préleveurs, parmi lesquels l'agriculture irriguée. Cet article fournit une évaluation quantitative de l'utilisation de l'eau dans le secteur du golf en Espagne, et le compare à l'agriculture irriguée. Il est basé sur la littérature existante, une enquête sur les pratiques nationales en matière d'irrigation de terrains de golf, et une corrélation entre la consommation d'irrigation et les données de météo agricole. A l'aide d'un système d'information géographique (GIS), la consommation d'eau de tous les cours de golf d'Espagne a été modélisée et représentée, et la consommation totale d'eau a été estimée.</p><p>Les résultats prouvent que le volume d'eau utilisé pour l'irrigation des terrains de golf est extrêmement minime par rapport à l'irrigation agricole. En outre, une partie significative vient de la réutilisation des eaux résiduaires (41%) et du dessalement (7%), plutôt que de prélèvements directs qui concurrencent l'agriculture. Cependant, elle est concentrée sur des secteurs très touristiques et pourrait poser des problèmes locaux. La productivité économique moyenne de l'eau utilisée pour le golf, estimée à environ 9 € m<sup>−3</sup> en avantages directs (honoraires de cours) et 28 € m<sup>−3</sup> en incluant les avantages allant au secteur du tourisme, est beaucoup plus élevée que pour les cultures, même à haute valeur ajoutée. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'irrigation des terrains de golf pour touristes est un usage économiquement raisonnable de l'eau en Espagne, bien que le transfert de ressources à partir de l'agriculture soit controversée. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup><note xml:id="fn1"><p>Concurrence des besoins en eau d'irrigation: golf et agriculture en Espagne.</p></note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Competing demands for irrigation water: golf and agriculture in Spain</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>IRRIGATION FOR GOLF IN SPAIN</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Competing demands for irrigation water: golf and agriculture in Spain</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. A. Rodriguez</namePart><namePart type="family">Diaz</namePart><affiliation>IFAPA, Junta de Andalucía, CIFA Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain</affiliation><affiliation>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Current Address: Department of Agronomy, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.</affiliation><affiliation>IFAPA, CIFA “Alameda del Obispo”, Avda. Menéndez Pidal, 14080 Córdoba, Spain.===</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Knox</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E. K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Weatherhead</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, England, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Chichester, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-12</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2006-09-08</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2007-01-29</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">5</extent><extent unit="references">26</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">In many countries where water resources are under stress, there is a perception that irrigating golf courses causes significant additional abstraction, and that this has major impacts on the environment and other abstractors, including irrigated agriculture. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of water use within the golf sector in Spain, and compares it with irrigated agriculture. It is based on literature review, a national survey of golf course irrigation practices, and a correlation of reported irrigation consumption against agroclimate. Using a geographical information system (GIS), the water consumption for all golf courses in Spain was modelled and mapped, and the total water consumption estimated. The results show that the volume of water used for golf irrigation is extremely small compared to agricultural irrigation. Furthermore, a significant portion comes from wastewater reuse (41%) and desalination (7%), rather than direct abstraction, which competes with agriculture. However, it is concentrated in particular tourist areas and could cause local problems. The average economic productivity of the water used for golf, estimated at around 9 € m−3 in direct benefits (course fees) and 28 € m−3 if including the benefits to the tourist industry, is very much higher than for even high‐value agricultural crops. These results suggest that irrigating golf courses for tourism purposes is an economically rational water use in Spain, even though the transfer of resources from agriculture is controversial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</abstract><abstract lang="fr">Dans beaucoup de pays où les ressources d'eau sont très sollicitées, une opinion courante est que l'irrigation des terrains de golf représente un prélèvement additionnel significatif, et que ceci a des effets majeurs sur l'environnement et sur d'autres usages préleveurs, parmi lesquels l'agriculture irriguée. Cet article fournit une évaluation quantitative de l'utilisation de l'eau dans le secteur du golf en Espagne, et le compare à l'agriculture irriguée. Il est basé sur la littérature existante, une enquête sur les pratiques nationales en matière d'irrigation de terrains de golf, et une corrélation entre la consommation d'irrigation et les données de météo agricole. A l'aide d'un système d'information géographique (GIS), la consommation d'eau de tous les cours de golf d'Espagne a été modélisée et représentée, et la consommation totale d'eau a été estimée. Les résultats prouvent que le volume d'eau utilisé pour l'irrigation des terrains de golf est extrêmement minime par rapport à l'irrigation agricole. En outre, une partie significative vient de la réutilisation des eaux résiduaires (41%) et du dessalement (7%), plutôt que de prélèvements directs qui concurrencent l'agriculture. Cependant, elle est concentrée sur des secteurs très touristiques et pourrait poser des problèmes locaux. La productivité économique moyenne de l'eau utilisée pour le golf, estimée à environ 9 € m−3 en avantages directs (honoraires de cours) et 28 € m−3 en incluant les avantages allant au secteur du tourisme, est beaucoup plus élevée que pour les cultures, même à haute valeur ajoutée. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'irrigation des terrains de golf pour touristes est un usage économiquement raisonnable de l'eau en Espagne, bien que le transfert de ressources à partir de l'agriculture soit controversée. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</abstract><note type="content">*Concurrence des besoins en eau d'irrigation: golf et agriculture en Espagne.</note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>agriculture</topic><topic>golf</topic><topic>irrigation</topic><topic>maps</topic><topic>Spain</topic><topic>water resources</topic></subject><subject lang="fr"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>agriculture</topic><topic>golf</topic><topic>irrigation</topic><topic>cartes</topic><topic>Espagne</topic><topic>ressources en eau</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Irrigation and Drainage</title><subTitle>The journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Irrig. and Drain.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Research Article</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1531-0353</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1531-0361</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1531-0361</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">IRD</identifier><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>56</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>541</start><end>549</end><total>9</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F3FD60353427CBA5F3B1A0E69B42CDF9A6F00FC7</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/ird.317</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">IRD317</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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