PA—Precision Agriculture
Identifieur interne : 000769 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000768; suivant : 000770PA—Precision Agriculture
Auteurs : J. Van Bergeijk ; D. Goense ; L. G. Van Willigenburg ; L. SpeelmanSource :
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research [ 0021-8634 ] ; 2001.
Abstract
The mass flow of fertilizer spreaders must be calibrated for the different types of fertilizers used. To obtain accurate fertilizer application manual calibration of actual mass flow must be repeated frequently. Automatic calibration is possible by measurement of the actual mass flow, based on dynamic weighing of the spreader. This paper describes the design and test of a dynamic weighing system. Under field conditions, this system was able to provide force due to spreader weight readings that have a standard deviation of 20 N, over a measurement range of 6–20 kN, at a maximum time delay of 1 s. Time-stamped data logging of the spreader weight and the theoretical application rate combined with position information allows determination of the realized spatial application of fertilizer. A comparison can be made between realized and prescribed application rates. This information is necessary for evaluation of fertilizer management in a precision agriculture farming system and to accurately target fertilizer application to crop and soil status.
Url:
DOI: 10.1006/jaer.2001.0714
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">PA—Precision Agriculture</title><author><name sortKey="Van Bergeijk, J" sort="Van Bergeijk, J" uniqKey="Van Bergeijk J" first="J." last="Van Bergeijk">J. Van Bergeijk</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goense, D" sort="Goense, D" uniqKey="Goense D" first="D." last="Goense">D. Goense</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands f2 d.goense@imag.wag.ur.nlf2</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Willigenburg, L G" sort="Van Willigenburg, L G" uniqKey="Van Willigenburg L" first="L. G." last="Van Willigenburg">L. G. Van Willigenburg</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Speelman, L" sort="Speelman, L" uniqKey="Speelman L" first="L." last="Speelman">L. Speelman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The NetherlandsInstitute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2</idno><date when="2001" year="2001">2001</date><idno type="doi">10.1006/jaer.2001.0714</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000769</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000769</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">PA—Precision Agriculture</title><author><name sortKey="Van Bergeijk, J" sort="Van Bergeijk, J" uniqKey="Van Bergeijk J" first="J." last="Van Bergeijk">J. Van Bergeijk</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goense, D" sort="Goense, D" uniqKey="Goense D" first="D." last="Goense">D. Goense</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands f2 d.goense@imag.wag.ur.nlf2</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Willigenburg, L G" sort="Van Willigenburg, L G" uniqKey="Van Willigenburg L" first="L. G." last="Van Willigenburg">L. G. Van Willigenburg</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Speelman, L" sort="Speelman, L" uniqKey="Speelman L" first="L." last="Speelman">L. Speelman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The NetherlandsInstitute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">YJAER</title><idno type="ISSN">0021-8634</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001">2001</date><biblScope unit="volume">80</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="25">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="35">35</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0021-8634</idno></series><idno type="istex">F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1006/jaer.2001.0714</idno><idno type="PII">S0021-8634(01)90714-0</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0021-8634</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The mass flow of fertilizer spreaders must be calibrated for the different types of fertilizers used. To obtain accurate fertilizer application manual calibration of actual mass flow must be repeated frequently. Automatic calibration is possible by measurement of the actual mass flow, based on dynamic weighing of the spreader. This paper describes the design and test of a dynamic weighing system. Under field conditions, this system was able to provide force due to spreader weight readings that have a standard deviation of 20 N, over a measurement range of 6–20 kN, at a maximum time delay of 1 s. Time-stamped data logging of the spreader weight and the theoretical application rate combined with position information allows determination of the realized spatial application of fertilizer. A comparison can be made between realized and prescribed application rates. This information is necessary for evaluation of fertilizer management in a precision agriculture farming system and to accurately target fertilizer application to crop and soil status.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>J. van Bergeijk</name><affiliations><json:string>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D. Goense</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands f2 d.goense@imag.wag.ur.nlf2</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>L.G. van Willigenburg</name><affiliations><json:string>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>L. Speelman</name><affiliations><json:string>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The NetherlandsInstitute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The mass flow of fertilizer spreaders must be calibrated for the different types of fertilizers used. To obtain accurate fertilizer application manual calibration of actual mass flow must be repeated frequently. Automatic calibration is possible by measurement of the actual mass flow, based on dynamic weighing of the spreader. This paper describes the design and test of a dynamic weighing system. Under field conditions, this system was able to provide force due to spreader weight readings that have a standard deviation of 20 N, over a measurement range of 6–20 kN, at a maximum time delay of 1 s. Time-stamped data logging of the spreader weight and the theoretical application rate combined with position information allows determination of the realized spatial application of fertilizer. A comparison can be made between realized and prescribed application rates. This information is necessary for evaluation of fertilizer management in a precision agriculture farming system and to accurately target fertilizer application to crop and soil status.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>6.932</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>538 x 792 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1056</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5251</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>32002</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>161</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>PA—Precision Agriculture</title><pii><json:string>S0021-8634(01)90714-0</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><serie><volume>3</volume><editor><json:item><name>VA Dodd</name></json:item><json:item><name>PM Grace</name></json:item></editor><pages><last>1862</last><first>1857</first></pages><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Land and Water Use</title></serie><host><volume>80</volume><pii><json:string>S0021-8634(00)X0002-9</json:string></pii><pages><last>35</last><first>25</first></pages><issn><json:string>0021-8634</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1006/jaer.2001.0714</json:string></doi><id>F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2</id><score>0.04092783</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">PA—Precision Agriculture</title><title level="a" type="sub" xml:lang="en">Dynamic Weighing for Accurate Fertilizer Application and Monitoring</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©2001 Silsoe Research Institute</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Section title: Regular Article</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">PA—Precision Agriculture</title><title level="a" type="sub" xml:lang="en">Dynamic Weighing for Accurate Fertilizer Application and Monitoring</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>van Bergeijk</surname></persName><affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">D.</forename><surname>Goense</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands f2 d.goense@imag.wag.ur.nlf2</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">L.G.</forename><surname>van Willigenburg</surname></persName><affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">L.</forename><surname>Speelman</surname></persName><affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The NetherlandsInstitute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">YJAER</title><idno type="pISSN">0021-8634</idno><idno type="PII">S0021-8634(00)X0002-9</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001"></date><biblScope unit="volume">80</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="25">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="35">35</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1006/jaer.2001.0714</idno><idno type="PII">S0021-8634(01)90714-0</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The mass flow of fertilizer spreaders must be calibrated for the different types of fertilizers used. To obtain accurate fertilizer application manual calibration of actual mass flow must be repeated frequently. Automatic calibration is possible by measurement of the actual mass flow, based on dynamic weighing of the spreader. This paper describes the design and test of a dynamic weighing system. Under field conditions, this system was able to provide force due to spreader weight readings that have a standard deviation of 20 N, over a measurement range of 6–20 kN, at a maximum time delay of 1 s. Time-stamped data logging of the spreader weight and the theoretical application rate combined with position information allows determination of the realized spatial application of fertilizer. A comparison can be made between realized and prescribed application rates. This information is necessary for evaluation of fertilizer management in a precision agriculture farming system and to accurately target fertilizer application to crop and soil status.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2001">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en"><item-info><jid>YJAER</jid><aid>90714</aid><ce:pii>S0021-8634(01)90714-0</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1006/jaer.2001.0714</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="other" year="2001">Silsoe Research Institute</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:dochead><ce:textfn>Regular Article</ce:textfn></ce:dochead><ce:title>PA—Precision Agriculture</ce:title><ce:subtitle>Dynamic Weighing for Accurate Fertilizer Application and Monitoring</ce:subtitle><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>van Bergeijk</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="A1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Goense</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="A2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>L.G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>van Willigenburg</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="A1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Speelman</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="A1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands<ce:footnote id="F1"><ce:label>f1</ce:label><ce:note-para>jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nl</ce:note-para></ce:footnote><ce:cross-ref refid="F1"><ce:sup>f1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="A2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands<ce:footnote id="F2"><ce:label>f2</ce:label><ce:note-para>d.goense@imag.wag.ur.nl</ce:note-para></ce:footnote><ce:cross-ref refid="F2"><ce:sup>f2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:textfn></ce:affiliation></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="4" month="7" year="2000"></ce:date-received><ce:date-accepted day="20" month="2" year="2001"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>The mass flow of fertilizer spreaders must be calibrated for the different types of fertilizers used. To obtain accurate fertilizer application manual calibration of actual mass flow must be repeated frequently. Automatic calibration is possible by measurement of the actual mass flow, based on dynamic weighing of the spreader. This paper describes the design and test of a dynamic weighing system. Under field conditions, this system was able to provide force due to spreader weight readings that have a standard deviation of 20 N, over a measurement range of 6–20 kN, at a maximum time delay of 1 s.</ce:simple-para><ce:simple-para>Time-stamped data logging of the spreader weight and the theoretical application rate combined with position information allows determination of the realized spatial application of fertilizer. A comparison can be made between realized and prescribed application rates. This information is necessary for evaluation of fertilizer management in a precision agriculture farming system and to accurately target fertilizer application to crop and soil status.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>PA—Precision Agriculture</title><subTitle>Dynamic Weighing for Accurate Fertilizer Application and Monitoring</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>PA—Precision Agriculture</title><subTitle>Dynamic Weighing for Accurate Fertilizer Application and Monitoring</subTitle></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">van Bergeijk</namePart><affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Goense</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands f2 d.goense@imag.wag.ur.nlf2</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.G.</namePart><namePart type="family">van Willigenburg</namePart><affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands f1 jaap. vanbergeijk@user.aenf.wau.nlf1</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Speelman</namePart><affiliation>Wageningen Agricultural University, Department for Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The NetherlandsInstitute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The mass flow of fertilizer spreaders must be calibrated for the different types of fertilizers used. To obtain accurate fertilizer application manual calibration of actual mass flow must be repeated frequently. Automatic calibration is possible by measurement of the actual mass flow, based on dynamic weighing of the spreader. This paper describes the design and test of a dynamic weighing system. Under field conditions, this system was able to provide force due to spreader weight readings that have a standard deviation of 20 N, over a measurement range of 6–20 kN, at a maximum time delay of 1 s. Time-stamped data logging of the spreader weight and the theoretical application rate combined with position information allows determination of the realized spatial application of fertilizer. A comparison can be made between realized and prescribed application rates. This information is necessary for evaluation of fertilizer management in a precision agriculture farming system and to accurately target fertilizer application to crop and soil status.</abstract><note type="content">Section title: Regular Article</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>YJAER</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">200109</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0021-8634</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0021-8634(00)X0002-9</identifier><part><date>200109</date><detail type="volume"><number>80</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>124</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>25</start><end>35</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1006/jaer.2001.0714</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0021-8634(01)90714-0</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2001 Silsoe Research Institute</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Silsoe Research Institute, ©2001</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Agronomie/explor/SisAgriV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000769 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000769 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Agronomie
|area= SisAgriV1
|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:F52B8BBD493D77BB5E83FF462BB12DC1CCFDECA2
|texte= PA—Precision Agriculture
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.28. |  |