The Agricultural Information System for Farmers in Turkey
Identifieur interne : 000578 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000577; suivant : 000579The Agricultural Information System for Farmers in Turkey
Auteurs : Orhan Ozcatalbas ; Robin G. Brumfield ; Burhan OzkanSource :
- Information Development [ 0266-6669 ] ; 2004-06.
Abstract
Describes the general model and current status of the Turkish agricultural information system and the roles of research and extension agencies. Concludes that, while Turkey has many agricultural and related organisations that have made considerable contributions to agricultural development within the country, there is no effective communication between the research and extension institutions. This has inhibited the generation and dissemination of new technologies to farmers. The private sector is not likely to be a major substitute for public sector research and extension for several decades. Makes recommendations for the improvement of the system.
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DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322
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Concludes that, while Turkey has many agricultural and related organisations that have made considerable contributions to agricultural development within the country, there is no effective communication between the research and extension institutions. This has inhibited the generation and dissemination of new technologies to farmers. The private sector is not likely to be a major substitute for public sector research and extension for several decades. Makes recommendations for the improvement of the system.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>sage</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Orhan Ozcatalbas</name><affiliations><json:null></json:null><json:string>E-mail: ozcatalbas@akdeniz.edu.tr</json:string><json:string>Department of Agricultural Economics of Agricultural Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey. ozcatalbas@akdeniz.edu.tr.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Robin G. 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New Brunswick, NJ 08901–8525, USA. Brumfield@Aesop.Rutgers.edu.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Burhan</forename><surname>Ozkan</surname></persName><email>bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr</email><affiliation></affiliation><affiliation>Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey. bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr.</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Information Development</title><idno type="pISSN">0266-6669</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-6469</idno><imprint><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2004-06"></date><biblScope unit="volume">20</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="97">97</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="105">105</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">1E727FF6425770683D3DFD059B77537CD1EF48FF</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1177/0266666904045322</idno><idno type="ArticleID">10.1177_0266666904045322</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2004</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Describes the general model and current status of the Turkish agricultural information system and the roles of research and extension agencies. Concludes that, while Turkey has many agricultural and related organisations that have made considerable contributions to agricultural development within the country, there is no effective communication between the research and extension institutions. This has inhibited the generation and dissemination of new technologies to farmers. The private sector is not likely to be a major substitute for public sector research and extension for several decades. 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New Brunswick, NJ 08901–8525, USA. <email xlink:type="simple">Brumfield@Aesop.Rutgers.edu</email>. </aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ozkan</surname><given-names>Burhan</given-names></name><aff>Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey. <email xlink:type="simple">bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr</email>. </aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>06</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><abstract><p>Describes the general model and current status of the Turkish agricultural information system and the roles of research and extension agencies. Concludes that, while Turkey has many agricultural and related organisations that have made considerable contributions to agricultural development within the country, there is no effective communication between the research and extension institutions. This has inhibited the generation and dissemination of new technologies to farmers. The private sector is not likely to be a major substitute for public sector research and extension for several decades. Makes recommendations for the improvement of the system.</p></abstract><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Journal Article</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value> The Agricultural Information System for Farmers in Turkey There is a lack of effective communication between agricultural institutions in Turkey and a need for better coordination of the system for disseminating agricultural information to farmers. Orhan Ozcatalbas, Robin G. Brumfield and Burhan Ozkan INTRODUCTION In developing countries, rural people constitute the greater part of the population and often lack access to basic needs such as water, food, education, health care, sanitation and security, leading to low life expectancy and high infant mortality. These condi- tions, considered harsh by the majority of the rural population, result in their migration into urban areas, often in search of formal employment, as the only option for survival. The urban slum populations in which they find themselves are often not food secure, and offer little improvement to their lives. Finding solutions calls for revolutions, including the biologi- cal revolution, which is one intervention that has been identified as having the potential to meet the increased food demands and to contribute to alleviat- ing food insecurity problems (McCalla et al., 1999). Experience shows that agriculture, including for- estry and fisheries, is a powerful engine for develop- ment, helping to increase food security and lower food prices, create employment and generate income for the rural poor, alleviate rural and urban poverty; protect and conserve the environment, stimulate development in the rest of the economy, and ensure overall prosperity through the stimulation of global trade and greater global political stability (Kapange, 2000). To solve all these and other problems with rural development, agricultural information and systems have very important roles and influence. In addition to the new information professionals, the develop- ment of appropriate technologies requires input from a number of actors. Ideally, the list should include rural folk, field staff of extension organizations, NGOs, research institutes and, increasingly impor- tant in many countries, local municipal authorities (Ramirez, 1999). For that reason extension services around the globe face increasingly limited financial support, yet rural populations require services, train- ing and access to information (Snapp, 2004). Turkey has much experience in the application of agricultural information systems in terms of relation- ships between farmers and extension-research orga- nizations. Training and extension services are primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA). Extension services are organized in the administrative districts by the Provincial Agricultural Directorates. The first application of the Training and Visit System (T&V) approach recommended by the World Bank was applied in 1963 in Turkey. However, the main change in the field of agricultural information systems in Turkey occurred in 1984, when a new program, the Agricultural Extension and Applied Research Project (AEARP), was implemented and continues to be utilized throughout the country to this day. Further- more, the Agricultural Documentation and Informa- tion Centre of MARA was established in 1984 with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations (FAO). (Ministry of Agriculture . . . , 1986). Agricultural education in Turkey started in 1848. However, the main developments on agricultural research and extension have occurred since the 1930s (Senocak, 1967). Agricultural extension activ- ities in Turkey have been mainly influenced by extension applications in USA and Western European countries. In addition, new systems and approaches in agricultural extension suggested by the World Bank and other international donor institutions have been implemented in Turkey. One of the projects begun in 1963 using the aforementioned Training and Visit System (T&V) approach was the Lower Seyhan Irrigation Project. Other programs, such as the Corum & Cankiri Rural Development Project, Meyseb1, Meyseb2, the Erzurum Rural Development Project, and the Ceyhan Aslantas Project were also conducted. As a result of implementing these various programs, Turkey has an important level of experi- ence in agricultural extension and rural development. However, to what extent these projects are utilized by farmers is subject to discussion. Information is a vital resource for farmers; without it they cannot make the best use of other resources at their disposal (Fitzherbert, 1983). Information is both an input in production and a product of a functioning market. As such, it has many aspects. Information impacts agricultural production by affecting the economic quantity and timing of inputs and activities, ranging from quantities of fertilizer, timing and Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 97 quantity of irrigation, and the timing and efficacy of both risk-reducing and production-enhancing inputs (Howard et al, 1996). Knowledge and information are basic ingredients of food security and are essential for facilitating rural development and bringing about social and economic change (Munyua, 2000). Information acquires value because it helps people take more effective actions toward achieving their goals. The value of information is inseparable from choice under risk, risk aversion, perceptions and expectations on agricultural production. It is also related to the subjective states of mind of the people who receive the information. Advances in informa- tion technology reduce the cost of information relative to its value in production or marketing. Improvements in information technology enable organizations to economize on transaction costs (i.e. the costs associated with conducting exchanges in the external relationships of the organization) and on coordination costs (i.e. those arising in the internal relationships of the organization) (Howard et al, 1996). Economic information is valuable for growers as well as those who are attempting to implement effective Integrated Pest Management programs (Brumfield et al, 1998). Agricultural information is a complex phenomenon which is produced by government departments, commercial companies, foreign experts, consumer lobbies, various types of farmers, intermediate orga- nizations, and other institutions (Roling, 1988). The agricultural information system (AIS) is an integrated analytical tool to obtain the information required to increase productivity, and to develop, share and use that information (Talug, 1990). Roling (1988) stressed that an agricultural information system is generated, transformed, transferred, consolidated, received and fed back in such a manner that these processes function synergistically to underpin knowledge utilisation by agricultural producers. In the concept of an information system, the institutions generating, transforming, transfer- ring and receiving information are emphasized as well as the information flows and linkage mechanism between them. According to this simple model, an agricultural information system is comprised of three main elements: research, extension and user sub-systems. Many aspects of the agricultural information system, in industrialized as well as developing countries, are in a state of considerable change. For farmers, changes in their farming systems often of a substantial kind are now a normal feature as they seek to respond to the changing patterns of demand from consumers, changes in market conditions and the broader concerns of protecting the environment. Their levels of education, skills in farm management and needs for information are also changing (Rolls et al, 1994). The agricultural information system involves col- lecting and producing information related to agricul- tural production and the agricultural sector. This work should be carried out continuously and system- atically. The collected information is subject to a process of assessment, and corrections and stored information are conveyed to interested people (including farmers) systematically. The aims of this paper are . to discuss the general model and the current status of the Turkish agricultural information system . to explore the roles played by research-exten- sion agencies . to highlight the importance of the stages of agricultural information systems in terms of generating, transforming, disseminating and receiving information . to discuss the performance of the agricultural information system applied in Turkey . to highlight some implications in relation to agricultural information systems, given the increasing level of globalization. AN OVERVIEW OF THE TURKISH AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Worldwide, FAO has the biggest agricultural infor- mation databases (FAO, 2003). The International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS) identifies world literature deal- ing with all aspects of agriculture. Operational since 1975, AGRIS has accumulated a database of more than 2.7 million references. AGRIS is a cooperative system in which participating countries input refer- ences to the literature produced within their bound- aries and, in return, draw on the information provided by the other participants. Currently, 200 national, international and intergovernmental centres partici- pate and submit about 14,000 items per month. The Current Agricultural Research Information System (CARIS) identifies research projects dealing with all aspects of agriculture which are being carried out in or on behalf of developing countries; 153 national, international and intergovernmental centres participate. The FAO Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) is an online multilingual database currently containing over one million time-series records from over 210 countries and territories covering statistics on agri- INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN TURKEY 98 Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 culture, nutrition, fisheries, forestry, food aid, land use and population. Turkey is one of the countries participating in these systems and continuously sends its agricultural information to the relevant units of FAO. The Agricultural Documentation and Information Centre, established in 1984 in Ankara as an FAO project, has made considerable gains in transferring data regularly to the FAO units. In most countries, extension systems are associated with government ministries, but they can also be attached to public universities or operated by non- governmental organizations (NGOs) or private orga- nizations (Swanson et al, 1990). The main actor in the agricultural information system in Turkey, in terms of the production and processing of information and the dissemination of information to farmers, is the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA). The activities of producing, organizing and dissemi- nating information to farmers have thus been mainly conducted by the public sector, but the universities, private firms and NGOs (producer organizations and farmers' unions) also have limited roles to play. Agricultural extension services conducted by pri- vate firms have not reached a desirable level considering the size of Turkish agriculture. It is not expected that the private sector will be able take on an important role in the medium term in terms of agricultural extension, but the role of private firms in the greenhouse and export-oriented production sec- tors is gaining ground rapidly. Public policies in agricultural research and exten- sion have hindered the development of farmers' organizations, which have not played an important role in the Turkish agricultural information system so far. There are three main reasons for farmer's organizations in Turkey not being effective as they are in developed countries. The first is related to the structural characteristics of farm holdings. Turkey has 4.1 million farm holdings and they are small and over- fragmented. This poor structure creates several important difficulties, particularly in terms of orga- nization. The second reason is concerned with the characteristics of the farmers themselves, such as low levels of education and lack of awareness of the advantages of farmers' organizations. The third reason is the lack of necessary infrastructure in the field of farmers' organizations. A draft law for farmers' organizations is currently under considera- tion and it is expected that, as a result, their role in the agricultural information system will increase. Strong farmers' organizations have played important roles in agricultural research and extension in developed countries (Roling, 1988; Oktay, 1991; Ozcatalbas, 2000). If the planned developments are achieved, it is expected that, while the role of MARA in the agricultural information system will not change in the short and medium term, in the long term it will decrease. As farmers' organizations become more widespread, their role in the agricultural information system is expected to increase, particularly in the export-oriented production and contract growing sector. It is also expected that the role of the private sector in the system will increase in the medium and long term. THE RESEARCH AND EXTENSION SUB- SYSTEMS Attention in recent years has been focused on the linkages between research and extension, and there are many interesting theoretical and practical con- siderations involved in the interface between these major components of the information system (Rolls et al, 1994). Each information system aims to regulate organizational processes and is expected to provide important contributions on the subject of farm management that is necessary for farm holdings. Researchers agree that an easy-to-use farm manage- ment system that integrates production information and assists in making sustainable agricultural manage- ment decisions would be valuable for farm managers (Brennan et al, 2003). A major issue in the agricultural sector today concerns strengthening the linkage between research and extension, particularly technology transfer to rural areas (Swanson et al, 1990). Agricultural research and the agricultural extension system are dependent on each other. The objectives of applied agricultural research are to produce knowledge to solve farmers' problems and disseminate the results of research to farmers. It should be pointed out that the suitability and effective application of agricultural research mainly depends on good agricultural exten- sion. On the other hand, agricultural extension also depends on agricultural research. Extension people obtain knowledge from the agricultural research system to convey it to farmers (Talug, 1990; Ozcatalbas and Gurgen, 1998). It is very clear that agricultural research and extension systems should be integrated in the agricultural knowledge system in terms of producing knowledge and disseminating it to farmers in a good way. However, the strength of the linkage between research and extension is often not very strong in practice. The weak relationship between agricultural research and extension is an important problem in Turkey. Also, the over-fragmentation of research institutions and lack of effective communication between the agricultural research institutions has INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN TURKEY Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 99 inhibited the generation and dissemination of infor- mation (Talug et al, 1990). The Research Sub-System Agricultural research started in Turkey in 1928 (Ministry of Agriculture . . . , 2001). The organization of agricultural research in the country is shown in Figure 1. MARA is the primary provider of agricultural research and extension services; it implements research activities via the General Directorate of Agricultural Research (GDAR). The GDAR con- ducts research studies in three types of research institutes, namely, Central Research Institutes, Regio- nal Research Institutes and Subject Area Research Institutes. The GDAR is responsible for coordinating research activities between the research institutes. The High Council of Research and Development (HCRD), which was established in 1987, presently determines agricultural research policy at MARA and also defines the target areas for research investment in accordance with existing research and development programmes. The Ministry of Forestry and the General Directorate for Rural Services undertake research relating to forestry, soil, and water. The Scientific and Technological Research Organisation of Turkey (TU BITAK) also funds some agricultural research projects in specific fields of study (Ozkan, 1994). Faculties of agriculture, veterinary science, fisheries and forestry in various universities also conduct agricultural research, as do some private firms, farmers' organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). However, the private sector is not likely to be a major substitute for public research over the next several decades. The main fields of agricultural research in Turkey include plant production techniques, good agricul- tural practices, organic agriculture, animal husbandry, veterinary science, agricultural economics, etc. Research is conducted both in experiment stations and under farmers' conditions. The most important information sources used by researchers are the MARA research institutes and the universities. Research workers can benefit from the existing knowledge within the institutes and from the national and international libraries and information networks available in the institutes, since MARA is responsible for agricultural research at country level. The universities help affiliated researchers by provid- ing master's and doctoral programs and presenting the results of research conducted by the universities. MARA research workers can also meet their informa- tion needs by applying directly to the universities. In addition, some agricultural research studies con- ducted in the private sector can be considered as information sources although the capacity of the private sector to conduct agricultural research is not at the desired level. The main way of transferring research findings to extension workers is directly from the MARA research institutes to MARA extension units. For this purpose, extension workers are periodically informed and trained in the Training and Visit Approach through monthly meetings. These meetings provide researchers with the opportunity to transfer their knowledge to extension workers and also help extension workers to share information and experi- ences with each other. The Extension Sub-System The objective of agricultural research and develop- ment is to produce new knowledge and prepare new and existing information for use by the clients. Investigations into the relations between research and extension agencies are therefore important in understanding the processes of agricultural informa- tion systems. The main task of agricultural extension is to disseminate information to farmers and provide educational services which are the best fit for the farmer's lifestyle (Talug, 1990). Agricultural extension activities and programs can be carried out by a variety of institutions, both public and private and with differing legal status. Agricultural extension services in developing countries have been widely criticized for their ineffectiveness (Dulle, 2000). The general extension approach was applied in Turkey until 1984. After that, the Agricultural Extension and Applied Research Project (AEARP) and Training and Visit (T&V) approach began to be applied in the whole country. The T&V approach Figure 1. Organization of the agricultural research sub-system in Turkey. INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN TURKEY 100 Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 aims to complement the weak elements of the general extension system and offer structural changes to compensate for inadequate job training, inadequate visits to farmers and weak links between research and extension (Kumuk and Oktay, 1994). In Turkey, MARA is responsible for implementing agricultural extension, which is organized in 81 provinces, 803 counties, and 894 villages through Provincial and County Directorates and Village Group Agricultural Centres (VGAC) (see Figure 2). Each Provincial Directorate of MARA is organized in seven sections, dealing respectively with Projects and Statistics, Plant Protection, Food Control, Farm- ers' Training and Extension, Animal Health and Administration. The Farmers' Training and Extension section is responsible for programming, planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation of agricul- tural extension activities in the province. At the county level, each County Directorate employs a County Extension Specialist, while groups of from four to six counties are served by County Extension Groups linked to the Farmers' Training and Extension section of the Provincial Directorate. Each County Extension Group employs SMS in areas such as extension-education, field crops, plant protec- tion, animal husbandry, agricultural economy, horti- culture, irrigation and mechanization (Ministry of Agriculture . . . , 1986). The County Directorates are linked directly to the Province Directorates and are responsible, not only for agricultural extension services, but also for supporting agricultural activities such as crop production. This creates some difficulties in terms of the amounts of time and resources which can be devoted to agricultural extension. The Village Group Agricultural Centres are affiliated to the County Directorates and are respon- sible for agricultural extension in their target area, follow the T&V approach. The majority of the extension people in these centres are technicians. However, in recent years, people who have graduated from agricultural universities have also been employed as agricultural extension specialists. The main aim of these extension services is to convey the results of agricultural research and information on new developments in agricultural technologies to farmers and to provide feedback from farmers to research institutes on the constraints to production (Ozkan, 1994; Ozcatalbas and Gurgen, 1998). These extension services were quite effective until the late 1970s and made positive and important contributions to the development of Turkish agricul- ture. However, for several reasons, such as not keeping up with the developing structure of agriculture and lack of coordination, the effectiveness of extension in Turkey declined (Ministry of Agriculture . . . , 1986). This is why the reorganization of MARA and the adoption of the T&V approach were introduced. The adoption of the T&V approach implies a top-down approach to disseminating information to extension workers. There is a need for studies of bottom-up approaches to the dissemination of agricultural information which would better reflect the needs of agricultural producers. Although at first the T&V approach was successful, today there are still important insufficiencies in the public sector extension services. For this reason it is suggested that, besides efforts to increase the effec- tiveness of public sector extension services, studies need to be carried out in order to increase the effectiveness of farmers' organizations and the private sector in the role of extension. The major information sources for extension work- ers are the SMS employed in MARA and the research institutes. Research results and new information are provided to extension workers by the SMS or during the meetings which are organized periodically. In addition, extension workers can benefit from contact with the universities and from printed publications. The mass media, including television, radio and printed publications such as brochures and leaflets, are also used to disseminate information direct to farmers. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEM A more powerful agricultural information system is needed in Turkey to provide more opportunities for Figure 2. Organization of the agricultural extension sub-system in Turkey. INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN TURKEY Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 101 farmers to access information and to reach interna- tional standards. It is clear that if the farmers have access to more and better information they will be able to make better management decisions. However, some issues need to be addressed, such as whether extension services should provide free training. Information technology is likely to play an important role in the dissemination of agricultural information and to increase the amount of informa- tion available to all levels of the agri-food system, the ease of access to that information and the speed at which the information is delivered. All over the world, farmers obtain information from a broad range of sources, including mass media and personal networks. Not enough use is made of new informa- tion technologies in the public sector agricultural extension systems of Turkey at present, but the use of these technologies is expected to increase in the coming years. It is also expected that information and commu- nication technologies will be used more widely in different agricultural production activities, particu- larly in contract farming based on intensive produc- tion and oriented mainly for export production, in the coming years. Increasing the role of farmers' unions and the private sector in extension will accelerate this trend. However, the farmers' lack of knowledge and limited use of information technology may be the main factor that limits future developments, and should be taken into consideration. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Public institutes have played a major role in the agricultural information system in Turkey. The contribution of private firms and farmers' organiza- tions to the production and dissemination of informa- tion is increasing, but their role is not likely to be a major substitute for public sector involvement in the agricultural information system. The international donor institutes mainly cooperate with public institu- tions and therefore concentrate on disseminating existing information rather than producing new information. Turkey has many agricultural and related organiza- tions that have made considerable contributions to agricultural development within the country. Despite this, there is no effective communication between agricultural institutions. This has inhibited the gen- eration and dissemination of new technologies. Special attention should be given to coordinating the whole system that produces and disseminates agricultural information. This would make it possible to conduct studies that are more effective than those that currently exist. There is a parallel between increasing the efficiency of MARA in the agricultural information system and increasing the contributions of other interested sectors to that system. As mentioned above, there are important insufficiencies in the public extension system at present. For this reason it is suggested that, in addition to increasing effectiveness of public extension, steps must be taken to increase the effectiveness of farmers' organizations and the private sector in the field of extension. Some recommendations as to how to improve this situation are as follows: 1. Provide effective communication and working conditions between research institutions within the research system. 2. Provide effective communication and working conditions between the extension agencies within the research system. 3. Provide effective coordination between the research units of MARA and university and other research agencies. 4. Provide coordination between the extension services of MARA and other extension services. 5. Provide closely linked relations between the research and extension institutions of MARA as much as possible. Figure 3. The agricultural information system in Turkey. INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN TURKEY 102 Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 6. Determine which research units of MARA are oriented to farmers' actual problems and provide integration between extension and research peo- ple in these institutions. 7. Provide a common understanding between research and extension units about their role. 8. Ensure awareness that solving the farmers' problems is the main aim of research and extension activities. 9. Promote an understanding of the value of constructive criticism in the information system in order to help research and extension people work with each other to meet the needs of their clients. 10. Develop joint work between farmers and exten- sion units and concentrate on new approaches to targeting farmers through their wider participa- tion. 11. Provide opportunities for farmers' organizations to develop and improve their skills and thereby increase their effectiveness within the information system. 12. Support the research activities of private firms and increase their role in disseminating informa- tion. 13. Promote discussion of new approaches suggested by international donor institutions in terms of their suitability to local conditions. 14. In the mid-term, the impact of challenges in information and communication technologies will affect the Turkish agricultural information system. This situation will provide important advantages in order to reach a wider audience of farmers using current resources. 15. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs should provide a suitable environment and encourage farmers' unions to realize agricultural extension activities, pursuing different extension approaches including farmers' participation and cost sharing. Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the Akdeniz University Scientific Research Projects Unit for its support. References Brennan, M.F., J.A. Pruss, R.G. Brumfield, 2003. A crop information management system to support and assess sustainable agricultural practices. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computers in Agri- culture sponsored by the Society for Engineering in Agriculture, Food and Biological Systems, ASAE. (http://wcca.ifas.ufl.edu/archive/7thProc/BRENNAN/ BRENNAN.htm#N_1). Brumfield, R.G., M.F. Brennan, J.A. Brennan, 1998. An interactive web site for disseminating and gathering real world farm budget data. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computers in Agriculture sponsored by the Society for Engineering in Agricul- ture, Food and Biological Systems, ASAE. Dulle, F.W., 2000. The extension triad approach in disseminating agricultural information to extension workers: some experiences from the Southern High- lands Dairy Development Project, Tanzania. Journal of Information Science, 26 (2): 121128, Bowker-Saur Ltd, East Grinstead. FAO, 2003. Information for international agricultural research, (www.fao.org/agris/centre.asp?,. www.fao. org/waicent/portal/glossary_en.asp). Fitzherbert, A.R., 1983. Information, organization and agricultural change. Ege University, Agricultural Faculty Publication. Izmir, (335p). Howard, W., G. Fox, C. Turvey, 1996. The economic benefits of new information technology. Working Paper 3/96 Department of Agricultural Economics and Business University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. Kapange, B., 2000. The role of agricultural information in decision making: experience of the Tanzanian Agricul- tural Research Information System. Masters Program in Library & Information Studies at the University of Alberta-Edmonton, Canada. (http://www.slis.ualber- ta.ca/cap00/bkapange/intropro.htm). Kumuk, T., E. Oktay, 1994. Agricultural extension approaches under the experiences of rural development and an overview organization and extension teaching. Agricultural extension and Turkey. Agricultural Research and Application Center of Ege University, AFRC, Volume No: 1, Izmir. (6)p. McCalla, A.F., Lynn R. Brown, 1999. Feeding the developing world in the next millennium: a question of science. Paper prepared for presentation at Con- ference on Ensuring Food Security, Protecting the Environment, Reducing Poverty in Developing Coun- tries. Can Biotechnology Help? October 2122 1999. World Bank. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2001. Agricul- tural researches directory (TAGEM). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. (www.tagem.gov.tr/ organisation). Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Affairs, 1986. Agricultural Extension and Applied Research Project (TYUAP). PUGEM Reports, Ankara. 19p. Munyua, H., 2000. Information and communication technologies for rural development and food security: Lessons from field experiences in developing countries. The role of information and communication technolo- gies in rural development and food security. (http:// www.fao.org/sd/CDdirect/CDre0055b.htm) Oktay, E., 1991. Agricultural extension and Turkey. Agricultural Research and Application Center of Ege University, Bulletin, No: 9, Izmir. INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN TURKEY Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 103 Ozcatalbas, O., 2000. The role of Agriculture Chambers in agricultural extension: a sample of Hanover Region, Germany, Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Akdeniz University, Vol. 13/2, 181194, Antalya. Ozcatalbas, O., Y. Gurgen, 1998. Agricultural extension and communication. Baki Publ. ISBN: 97572024023, Adana. Ozkan, B., 1994. Farming Systems Research (FSR): a review and search for an appropriate model for application in Turkey. University of Reading and Department of Agriculture (unpublished MSc disserta- tion). Ramirez, R., 1999. Communication: a meeting ground for sustainable development. School of Rural Extension Studies University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (http:// www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/sustdev/CDdirect/ CDre0037.htm) Roling, N.,1988. Extension science, information systems in agricultural development. Cambridge Press. ISBN:0521344375. New York. (231 s). Rolls, M.J., M. Salleh, H. Hassan, C.J. Garforth, M.F. Kamsah, 1994. The agricultural information system for smallholder farmers in Peninsular Malaysia. Rural Extension and Education Research Report No: 1, AERDD, University of Reading, UK. Senocak, C., 1967. Extension and communication. Guzel Sanatlar Publ., Ankara (439)p.) Snapp, S.S., 2004. Innovations in extension from Malawi. American Society for Horticultural Science, Horttech- nology, January-March 2004 (Vol. 14, No. 1). Swanson, B.E, B.J. Farmer, R. Bahal, 1990. The current status of agricultural extension worldwide. Global Consultation on Agricultural Extension, 48 December 1989. Rome, Italy. S.4376. Talug, C., 1990. Agricultural research-development and the examination of extension services for agricultural productivity. MPM Publishing, Ankara. Talug, C., H. Tatlidil, T. Kumuk, C. Ceylan, 1990. Agricultural extension services, problems and sugges- tions in Turkey. 3rd Technical Congress, 812 January 1990. Maya Publishing. p.691699. Abstract Describes the general model and current status of the Turkish agricultural information system and the roles of research and extension agencies. Concludes that, while Turkey has many agricultural and related organisations that have made considerable contributions to agricultural development within the country, there is no effective communication between the research and extension institutions. This has inhibited the generation and dissemination of new technologies to farmers. The private sector is not likely to be a major substitute for public sector research and extension for several decades. Makes recommendations for the improvement of the system. Assistant Professor Dr. Orhan Ozcatalbas is Head, Agricultural Policy and Extension Unit, Department of Agricultural Economics of Agricultural Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey. E-mail: ozcatalbas@akdeniz.edu.tr. Professor Dr. Robin G. Brumfield is Extension Specialist in Farm Management, The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers 55 Dudley Road. New Brunswick, NJ 089018525, USA. E-mail: Brumfield@Aesop.Rutgers.edu. Professor Dr. Burhan Ozkan is Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Faculty, Akde- niz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey. E-mail: bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr. INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN TURKEY 104 Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 MORE ON INFORMATION FOR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Information needs of subject matter specialists in agricultural extension service. Sugunavathy, C. Library Science with a Slant to Documentation and Information Studies; 36 (3) Sep 1999, p.16572 Emphasizes the need for increased agricultural production to meet the demands of Indian population growth. Discusses the developing agricultural extension system and the crucial role of the subject matter specialist (SMS) in the spread of farm technology to extension officers and farmers. Based on research in Andhra Pradesh, which covered 105 SMSs in 9 selected districts, concludes that information on seeds, soils and water management are the top priority areas. Makes recommendations for an SDI system for keeping the SMSs up to date with the latest developments. Sources of information for farmers in Karnataka. Biradar, B. S. Annals of Library Science and Documentation; 47 (1) Mar 2000, p.1722 Reports results of a questionnaire and interview survey of librarians and farmers in rural libraries of Karnataka, India, to ascertain the forms of different communication media, such as print and non-print in their agricultural information gathering and the personal and group contacts, such as village level workers, agricultural extension workers, friends and relatives. One thousand farmers were interviewed for determining the sources of information used in various stages of farming activities and a strategy is suggested to assist in the development and use of the collection of rural libraries. The extension triad approach in disseminating agricultural information to extension workers: some experiences from the Southern Highlands Dairy Development Project, Tanzania. Dulle, F. W. Journal of Information Science; 26 (2) 2000, p.1218 Reports on the results of a questionnaire survey to investigate the information seeking pattern of extension workers and the ways in which the Southern Highlands Dairy Development Project, in Tanzania, disseminates information to such workers, as well as the extent to which it addresses some of the common problems reported to hinder the extension services in developing countries. Data from the 49 questionnaire survey responses (69.7 per cent response rate), returned by dairy extension supervisors and field extension workers within the Project area, were analyzed. The use of personal sources, attendance at professional meetings, seminars, short courses and conferences and the reading of newspapers were found to be the three main information sources consulted by the respondents, while contact with researchers and the use of agricultural libraries were very unpopular. The Project extension services proved superior in comparison to the traditional extension services. It is recommended that the Project, in collaboration with the Government and farmer groups, launches an alternative organization to pursue activities run by the Project before it comes to an end. (The author may be contacted by electronic mail at [mailto: library@suanet.ac.tz]). (From Library and Information Science Abstracts) INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN TURKEY Information Development (ISSN 0266-6669) Copyright # 2004 SAGE Publications. Vol. 20, No. 2, DOI: 10.1177/0266666904045322 105 </meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref><citation citation-type="confproc" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brennan, M.F.</surname></name> , <name name-style="western"><surname>J.A. Pruss</surname></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>R.G. Brumfield</surname></name>, 2003. <article-title>A crop information management system to support and assess sustainable agricultural practices</article-title>. In: <conf-name>Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computers in Agriculture sponsored by the Society for Engineering in Agriculture</conf-name>, <conf-loc>Food and Biological Systems, ASAE</conf-loc>. 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Maya Publishing. p.691–699.</citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The Agricultural Information System for Farmers in Turkey</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>The Agricultural Information System for Farmers in Turkey</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Orhan</namePart><namePart type="family">Ozcatalbas</namePart><affiliation></affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: ozcatalbas@akdeniz.edu.tr</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Agricultural Economics of Agricultural Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey. ozcatalbas@akdeniz.edu.tr.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Robin G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Brumfield</namePart><affiliation></affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: Brumfield@Aesop.Rutgers.edu</affiliation><affiliation>The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers 55 Dudley Road. New Brunswick, NJ 08901–8525, USA. Brumfield@Aesop.Rutgers.edu.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Burhan</namePart><namePart type="family">Ozkan</namePart><affiliation></affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey. bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2004-06</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2004</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Describes the general model and current status of the Turkish agricultural information system and the roles of research and extension agencies. Concludes that, while Turkey has many agricultural and related organisations that have made considerable contributions to agricultural development within the country, there is no effective communication between the research and extension institutions. This has inhibited the generation and dissemination of new technologies to farmers. The private sector is not likely to be a major substitute for public sector research and extension for several decades. Makes recommendations for the improvement of the system.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Information Development</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0266-6669</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1741-6469</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">IDV</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">spidv</identifier><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>20</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>97</start><end>105</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">1E727FF6425770683D3DFD059B77537CD1EF48FF</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1177/0266666904045322</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_0266666904045322</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SAGE</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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