Money for nothing — Atrophy correlates of gambling decision making in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease☆
Identifieur interne : 002641 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002640; suivant : 002642Money for nothing — Atrophy correlates of gambling decision making in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease☆
Auteurs : Silvie Kloeters [Australie] ; Maxime Bertoux [France] ; Claire O'Callaghan [Australie] ; John R. Hodges [Australie] ; Michael Hornberger [Australie]Source :
- NeuroImage : Clinical [ 2213-1582 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Neurodegenerative patients show often severe everyday decision making problems. Currently it is however not clear which brain atrophy regions are implicated in such decision making problems. We investigated the atrophy correlates of gambling decision making in a sample of 63 participants, including two neurodegenerative conditions (behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia — bvFTD; Alzheimer's disease — AD) as well as healthy age-matched controls. All participants were tested on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the behavioural IGT results were covaried against the T1 MRI scans of all participants to identify brain atrophy regions implicated in gambling decision making deficits. Our results showed a large variability in IGT performance for all groups with both patient groups performing especially poor on the task. Importantly, bvFTD and AD groups did not differ significantly on the behavioural performance of the IGT. However, by contrast, the atrophy gambling decision making correlates differed between bvFTD and AD, with bvFTD showing more frontal atrophy and AD showing more parietal and temporal atrophy being implicated in decision making deficits, indicating that both patient groups fail the task on different levels. Frontal (frontopolar, anterior cingulate) and parietal (retrosplenial) cortex atrophy covaried with poor performance on the IGT. Taken together, the atrophy correlates of gambling decision making show that such deficits can occur due to a failure of different neural structures, which will inform future diagnostics and treatment options to alleviate these severe everyday problems in neurodegenerative patients.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.01.011
PubMed: 24179781
PubMed Central: 3778267
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Hodges</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0005">Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0015">ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0020">School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hornberger, Michael" sort="Hornberger, Michael" uniqKey="Hornberger M" first="Michael" last="Hornberger">Michael Hornberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0005">Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0015">ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0020">School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">NeuroImage : Clinical</title><idno type="eISSN">2213-1582</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Neurodegenerative patients show often severe everyday decision making problems. Currently it is however not clear which brain atrophy regions are implicated in such decision making problems. We investigated the atrophy correlates of gambling decision making in a sample of 63 participants, including two neurodegenerative conditions (behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia — bvFTD; Alzheimer's disease — AD) as well as healthy age-matched controls. All participants were tested on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the behavioural IGT results were covaried against the T1 MRI scans of all participants to identify brain atrophy regions implicated in gambling decision making deficits. Our results showed a large variability in IGT performance for all groups with both patient groups performing especially poor on the task. Importantly, bvFTD and AD groups did not differ significantly on the behavioural performance of the IGT. However, by contrast, the atrophy gambling decision making correlates differed between bvFTD and AD, with bvFTD showing more frontal atrophy and AD showing more parietal and temporal atrophy being implicated in decision making deficits, indicating that both patient groups fail the task on different levels. Frontal (frontopolar, anterior cingulate) and parietal (retrosplenial) cortex atrophy covaried with poor performance on the IGT. Taken together, the atrophy correlates of gambling decision making show that such deficits can occur due to a failure of different neural structures, which will inform future diagnostics and treatment options to alleviate these severe everyday problems in neurodegenerative patients.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andersson, J L R" uniqKey="Andersson J">J.L.R. Andersson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jenkinson, M" uniqKey="Jenkinson M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Neuroimage Clin</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Neuroimage Clin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>NeuroImage : Clinical</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2213-1582</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24179781</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3778267</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2213-1582(13)00013-2</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nicl.2013.01.011</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Money for nothing — Atrophy correlates of gambling decision making in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e1352">☆</xref></sup></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kloeters</surname><given-names>Silvie</given-names></name><xref rid="af0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bertoux</surname><given-names>Maxime</given-names></name><xref rid="af0010" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O'Callaghan</surname><given-names>Claire</given-names></name><xref rid="af0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hodges</surname><given-names>John R.</given-names></name><xref rid="af0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="af0015" ref-type="aff">c</xref><xref rid="af0020" ref-type="aff">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hornberger</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><email>m.hornberger@neura.edu.au</email><xref rid="af0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="af0015" ref-type="aff">c</xref><xref rid="af0020" ref-type="aff">d</xref><xref rid="cr0005" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af0005"><label>a</label>Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="af0010"><label>b</label>University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris VI, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France</aff><aff id="af0015"><label>c</label>ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="af0020"><label>d</label>School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cr0005"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author at: Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Sydney, Australia. Tel.: + 61 2 9399 1816. <email>m.hornberger@neura.edu.au</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>4</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was
based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><fpage>263</fpage><lpage>272</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>15</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Neurodegenerative patients show often severe everyday decision making problems. Currently it is however not clear which brain atrophy regions are implicated in such decision making problems. We investigated the atrophy correlates of gambling decision making in a sample of 63 participants, including two neurodegenerative conditions (behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia — bvFTD; Alzheimer's disease — AD) as well as healthy age-matched controls. All participants were tested on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the behavioural IGT results were covaried against the T1 MRI scans of all participants to identify brain atrophy regions implicated in gambling decision making deficits. Our results showed a large variability in IGT performance for all groups with both patient groups performing especially poor on the task. Importantly, bvFTD and AD groups did not differ significantly on the behavioural performance of the IGT. However, by contrast, the atrophy gambling decision making correlates differed between bvFTD and AD, with bvFTD showing more frontal atrophy and AD showing more parietal and temporal atrophy being implicated in decision making deficits, indicating that both patient groups fail the task on different levels. Frontal (frontopolar, anterior cingulate) and parietal (retrosplenial) cortex atrophy covaried with poor performance on the IGT. Taken together, the atrophy correlates of gambling decision making show that such deficits can occur due to a failure of different neural structures, which will inform future diagnostics and treatment options to alleviate these severe everyday problems in neurodegenerative patients.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="graphical"><title>Highlights</title><p>► bvFTD and AD patients are both impaired in gambling decision making. ► However, atrophy correlates for gambling decision making differ between groups. ► Poor performance in decision making covaried with frontal atrophy in bvFTD. ► Poor performance in decision making covaried with parietal/temporal atrophy in AD. ► Gambling decision deficits can occur due to atrophy in different brain regions.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer's disease</kwd><kwd>Voxel-based morphometry</kwd><kwd>Gambling decision making</kwd><kwd>Iowa Gambling Task</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f0005"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Shows the behavioural performance of all groups for the total IGT net score: A) line graph showing mean performance across trials and participant groups; error bars indicate S.E. mean; B) line graph showing mean performance across trials for bvFTD; blue shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals; C) line graph showing mean performance across trials for AD; red shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals; D) line graph showing mean performance across trials for Controls; grey shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f0010"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Voxel-based morphometry analyses showing grey matter atrophy covarying with the original IGT net score (A) and the modified IGT net score (B). Clusters are overlaid on the MNI standard brain (t > 2.41). Coloured voxels show regions that were significant in the analyses for <italic>p</italic> < 0.01 FDR corrected and a cluster threshold of 50 contiguous voxels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f0015"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Voxel-based morphometry analyses showing grey matter atrophy covarying with the modified IGT net score for A) bvFTD and B) AD. Clusters are overlaid on the MNI standard brain (t > 2.41). Coloured voxels show regions that were significant in the analyses for <italic>p</italic> < 0.01 FDR corrected and a cluster threshold of 50 contiguous voxels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f0020"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>A) shows the behavioural performance of high vs. low bvFTD and AD performers for the total IGT net score across trials; B) Voxel-based morphometry analyses showing grey matter atrophy for poor versus good performers on the IGT. Clusters are overlaid on the MNI standard brain (t > 2.41). Coloured voxels show regions that were significant in the analyses for <italic>p</italic> < 0.01 FDR corrected and a cluster threshold of 50 contiguous voxels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f0025"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><p>Voxel-based morphometry analyses showing grey matter atrophy covarying with the AB error score on the Hayling test of inhibitory function (blue) and the modified IGT net score (orange-yellow). Clusters are overlaid on the MNI standard brain (t > 2.41). Coloured voxels show regions that were significant in the analyses for p < 0.01 FDR corrected and a cluster threshold of 50 contiguous voxels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr5"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t0005" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Mean scores (standard deviation) for bvFTD, AD patients and controls on demographics and cognitive tests.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Demographics, cognitive & behavioural tests</th><th align="left">bvFTD</th><th align="left">AD</th><th align="left">Controls <italic>(Con)</italic></th><th align="left">F <italic>values</italic></th><th align="left">bvFTD <italic>vs Con</italic></th><th align="left">AD <italic>vs Con</italic></th><th align="left">bvFTD vs AD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">N</td><td align="left">18</td><td align="left">17</td><td align="left">28</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Sex (M/F)</td><td align="left">(18/0)</td><td align="left">(13/4)</td><td align="left">(16/12)</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0010" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Education</td><td align="left">11.6 (3.3)</td><td align="left">13.1 (3.4)</td><td align="left">13.7 (2.2)</td><td align="left">n.s.</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Mean age (years)</td><td align="left">60.8 (7.8)</td><td align="left">64.5 (7.7)</td><td align="left">64.2 (4.4)</td><td align="left">n.s.</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Total FRS corrected</td><td align="left">48.31 (18.8)</td><td align="left">64.9 (22.8)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left">FRS Rasch score</td><td align="left">− .03 (1.1)</td><td align="left">.93 (1.4)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">n.s.</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">ACE-R (max. score = 100)</td><td align="left">80.1 (9.7)</td><td align="left">76.2 (12.6)</td><td align="left">96.1 (2.4)</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">CBI (max score = 180)</td><td align="left">74.0 (24.3)</td><td align="left">41.9 (30.5)</td><td align="left">4.8 (5.4)</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hayling total AB score</td><td align="left">31.7 (27.4)</td><td align="left">15.1 (14.1)</td><td align="left">2.0 (3.5)</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hayling overall scaled score</td><td align="left">3.1 (1.9)</td><td align="left">3.8 (2.1)</td><td align="left">6.4 (0.7)</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0005" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">IGT</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Original total net score</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> (C + D) − (A + B)</td><td align="left">1.3 (25.6)</td><td align="left">6.6 (26.6)</td><td align="left">18.9 (28.9)</td><td align="left">n.s.</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Modified total net score</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> (D − A)</td><td align="left">9.2 (19.2)</td><td align="left">11.2 (16.6)</td><td align="left">26.9 (15.9)</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0010" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0010" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td align="left">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Deck A</td><td align="left">19.7 (10.6)</td><td align="left">18.5 (6.3)</td><td align="left">12.3 (4.5)</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0010" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0010" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td align="left">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Deck B</td><td align="left">29.8 (12.3)</td><td align="left">28.2 (12.1)</td><td align="left">28.2 (12.9)</td><td align="left">n.s.</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Deck C</td><td align="left">21.5 (7.5)</td><td align="left">23.6 (6.4)</td><td align="left">20.3 (10.1)</td><td align="left">n.s.</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Deck D</td><td align="left">28.9 (11.4)</td><td align="left">29.7 (12.7)</td><td align="left">39.2 (13.6)</td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td align="left"><xref rid="tf0015" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td align="left">n.s.</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>n.s. = non significant.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tf0005"><label>⁎⁎⁎</label><p>= p < 0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tf0010"><label>⁎⁎</label><p>= p < 0.01.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tf0015"><label>⁎</label><p>= p < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0010" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>IGT total net score.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left">Regions</th><th align="left">Hemisphere<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="left">MNI coordinates<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" align="left">Number of voxels</th><th align="left">T score<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left">(L/R/B)</th><th align="left">X</th><th align="left">Y</th><th align="left">Z</th><th align="left">(peak voxel)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Orbitofrontal cortex</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="char">0</td><td align="char">34</td><td align="char">− 24</td><td align="char">4090</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Parietal operculum cortex</td><td align="left">L</td><td align="char">− 50</td><td align="char">− 32</td><td align="char">20</td><td align="char">848</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Precuneous cortex</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="char">− 10</td><td align="char">− 66</td><td align="char">16</td><td align="char">502</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Central opercular cortex</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="char">56</td><td align="char">− 16</td><td align="char">14</td><td align="char">434</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Insula</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="char">32</td><td align="char">12</td><td align="char">14</td><td align="char">211</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Supramarginal gyrus</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="char">38</td><td align="char">− 30</td><td align="char">34</td><td align="char">196</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Precentral gyrus</td><td align="left">L</td><td align="char">− 38</td><td align="char">8</td><td align="char">22</td><td align="char">169</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Planum polare</td><td align="left">L</td><td align="char">− 44</td><td align="char">− 4</td><td align="char">− 20</td><td align="char">133</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Inferior temporal gyrus, temporooccipital part</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="char">56</td><td align="char">− 40</td><td align="char">− 24</td><td align="char">110</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cingulate, posterior division</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="char">16</td><td align="char">− 22</td><td align="char">40</td><td align="char">92</td><td align="char">2.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Frontal pole</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="char">− 12</td><td align="char">42</td><td align="char">− 28</td><td align="char">91</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cerebellum</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="char">16</td><td align="char">− 80</td><td align="char">− 36</td><td align="char">90</td><td align="char">2.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hippocampus</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="char">40</td><td align="char">− 30</td><td align="char">− 10</td><td align="char">68</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Middle frontal gyrus</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="char">32</td><td align="char">− 4</td><td align="char">42</td><td align="char">68</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Inferior temporal gyrus, posterior division</td><td align="left">L</td><td align="char">− 60</td><td align="char">− 22</td><td align="char">− 34</td><td align="char">67</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Occipital fusiform gyrus</td><td align="left">L</td><td align="char">− 26</td><td align="char">− 72</td><td align="char">− 4</td><td align="char">64</td><td align="char">2.98</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0015" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Modified total net score.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left">Regions</th><th rowspan="2" align="left">Hemisphere (L/R/B)</th><th colspan="3" align="left">MNI coordinates<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" align="left">Number of voxels</th><th align="left">T score<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left">X</th><th align="left">Y</th><th align="left">Z</th><th align="left">(peak voxel)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left">All groups combined</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Temporal pole/orbitofrontal cortex/frontal pole/anterior cingulate/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="left">42</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">− 40</td><td align="left">11,318</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Parietal operculum cortex</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="left">− 50</td><td align="left">− 24</td><td align="left">16</td><td align="left">1954</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Insula</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="left">− 32</td><td align="left">18</td><td align="left">− 8</td><td align="left">874</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cerebellum</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="left">38</td><td align="left">− 52</td><td align="left">− 60</td><td align="left">467</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Supramarginal gyrus</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="left">38</td><td align="left">− 32</td><td align="left">34</td><td align="left">307</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Precuneous</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="left">− 12</td><td align="left">− 58</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">97</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hippocampus</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="left">− 28</td><td align="left">− 38</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">90</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Superior parietal lobe</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="left">28</td><td align="left">− 40</td><td align="left">46</td><td align="left">80</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Occipital pole</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="left">16</td><td align="left">− 96</td><td align="left">− 10</td><td align="left">65</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Superior temporal gyrus</td><td align="left">L</td><td align="left">− 48</td><td align="left">− 4</td><td align="left">− 20</td><td align="left">65</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cingulate, posterior division</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="left">− 16</td><td align="left">38</td><td align="left">59</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Putamen</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="left">− 22</td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">40</td><td align="left">2.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Amygdala</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="left">16</td><td align="left">− 6</td><td align="left">− 10</td><td align="left">30</td><td align="left">2.74</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left">bvFTD</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Middle frontal gyrus/frontal pole</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="left">26</td><td align="left">26</td><td align="left">36</td><td align="left">104</td><td align="left">3.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Lateral occipital cortex</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="left">48</td><td align="left">− 76</td><td align="left">− 20</td><td align="left">81</td><td align="left">3.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cerebellum</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">− 62</td><td align="left">− 16</td><td align="left">55</td><td align="left">3.36</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left">AD</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Central opercular cortex/postcentral gyrus</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="left">60</td><td align="left">− 18</td><td align="left">14</td><td align="left">98</td><td align="left">3.32</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Middle temporal gyrus, anterior division</td><td align="left">L</td><td align="left">− 58</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">− 30</td><td align="left">56</td><td align="left">3.32</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0020" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Bad versus good IGT performers.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left">Regions</th><th align="left">Hemisphere<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="left">MNI coordinates<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" align="left">Number of voxels</th><th align="left">T score<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left">(L/R/B)</th><th align="left">X</th><th align="left">Y</th><th align="left">Z</th><th align="left">(peak voxel)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Bad versus good mean net score</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Precuneous cortex</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="char">16</td><td align="char">− 60</td><td align="char">12</td><td align="char">318</td><td align="char">3.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Cingulate gyrus, anterior division</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="char">2</td><td align="char">34</td><td align="char">8</td><td align="char">135</td><td align="char">3.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Orbitofrontal cortex</td><td align="left">R</td><td align="char">26</td><td align="char">28</td><td align="char">− 6</td><td align="char">115</td><td align="char">3.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Frontal pole</td><td align="left">B</td><td align="char">− 16</td><td align="char">52</td><td align="char">24</td><td align="char">110</td><td align="char">3.1</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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