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The Origins of Parliament

Identifieur interne : 001508 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001507; suivant : 001509

The Origins of Parliament

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Transactions of the Royal Historical Society [ 0080-4401 ] ; 1928-12.

RBID : ISTEX:451BBB5CF3119EAAE89BCF05A9C5C035939D4452

Abstract

The antiquities of the word parliament have not been neglected either by lexicographers or by constitutional historians. The latter usually mention Jordan Fantosme and various thirteenth-century chroniclers; while the articles parlamentum in the Glossarium of Ducange and parlement in Godefroi's Dictionary are instructive although meagre in their references to record sources. But after he had studied all the references of historians and dictionary-makers, the enquirer might well be puzzled to know why certain sessions of the English king's court should in particular be called parliaments by the royal clerks. We may, however, get some way towards a plausible explanation by filling in a few of the gaps in the chain of references. For a full explanation we need to look at the working of parliamentary institutions; but that is a further step.

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DOI: 10.1017/S008044010000027X

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ISTEX:451BBB5CF3119EAAE89BCF05A9C5C035939D4452

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<front><div type="abstract">The antiquities of the word parliament have not been neglected either by lexicographers or by constitutional historians. The latter usually mention Jordan Fantosme and various thirteenth-century chroniclers; while the articles parlamentum in the Glossarium of Ducange and parlement in Godefroi's Dictionary are instructive although meagre in their references to record sources. But after he had studied all the references of historians and dictionary-makers, the enquirer might well be puzzled to know why certain sessions of the English king's court should in particular be called parliaments by the royal clerks. We may, however, get some way towards a plausible explanation by filling in a few of the gaps in the chain of references. For a full explanation we need to look at the working of parliamentary institutions; but that is a further step.</div>
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<abstract style="text-abstract"><p>The antiquities of the word parliament have not been neglected either by lexicographers or by constitutional historians. The latter usually mention Jordan Fantosme and various thirteenth-century chroniclers; while the articles parlamentum in the Glossarium of Ducange and parlement in Godefroi's Dictionary are instructive although meagre in their references to record sources. But after he had studied all the references of historians and dictionary-makers, the enquirer might well be puzzled to know why certain sessions of the English king's court should in particular be called parliaments by the royal clerks. We may, however, get some way towards a plausible explanation by filling in a few of the gaps in the chain of references. For a full explanation we need to look at the working of parliamentary institutions; but that is a further step.</p>
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<abstract abstract-type="text-abstract"><p><sc>The</sc>
 antiquities of the word <italic>parliament</italic>
 have not been neglected either by lexicographers or by constitutional historians. The latter usually mention Jordan Fantosme and various thirteenth-century chroniclers; while the articles <italic>parlamentum</italic>
 in the Glossarium of Ducange and <italic>parlement</italic>
 in Godefroi's Dictionary are instructive although meagre in their references to record sources. But after he had studied all the references of historians and dictionary-makers, the enquirer might well be puzzled to know why certain sessions of the English king's court should in particular be called parliaments by the royal clerks. We may, however, get some way towards a plausible explanation by filling in a few of the gaps in the chain of references. For a full explanation we need to look at the working of parliamentary institutions; but that is a further step.</p>
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<back><fn-group><fn id="fn01" symbol="page 137 note 1"><label><sup>page 137 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Line 2836.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn02" symbol="page 138 note 1"><label><sup>page 138 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>The earliest instance of the use of the word with which I am acquainted occurs in Caffaro, <italic>Annales</italic>
, s.a. 1101 (<italic>Monumenta Historiae Germanicae, Scriptores</italic>
, XVIII, 13); later instances will be found, s.a. 1147 (ibid., p. 36), and in <italic>Annales Pisani</italic>
 (1158–60) (ibid., XIX, 244 f.). This general assembly of the commune had a variety of names: cf. <citation id="ref001" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Pertile</surname>
</name>
, <source>Storia del Diritto Italiano</source>
, <volume>II</volume>
, i, <fpage>50</fpage>
 f</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn03" symbol="page 138 note 2"><label><sup>page 138 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. Pertile, <italic>op. cit.</italic>
, II, i, 168 ff., VI, 53.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn04" symbol="page 138 note 3"><label><sup>page 138 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Mon. Hist. Germ. Scriptores</italic>
, XVIII, 591. On these diets, which were held at irregular intervals throughout nearly the whole of the twelfth century, and ceased in 1194, see <citation id="ref002" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Solmi</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Le Diete imperiali di Roncaglia</italic>
, pp. <fpage>52</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn05" symbol="page 138 note 4"><label><sup>page 138 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref003" citation-type="other"><italic>La Vie de Saint Thomas le Martyr</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Walberg</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
), p. <fpage>56</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn06" symbol="page 138 note 5"><label><sup>page 138 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Chronicles of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I</italic>
 (Rolls Series), III, 226.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn07" symbol="page 138 note 6"><label><sup>page 138 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref004" citation-type="other"><italic>Roman de Rou</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Andresen</surname>
</name>
), I, <fpage>168</fpage>
, 172 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn08" symbol="page 138 note 7"><label><sup>page 138 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref004">Ibid.</xref>
, II, 257 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn09" symbol="page 138 note 8"><label><sup>page 138 note 8</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref004">Ibid.</xref>
, II, 256, 1. 5652. The word “parliament” in any sense does, not occur in any of Wace's written sources.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn10" symbol="page 138 note 9"><label><sup>page 138 note 9</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>La Vie de Saint Thomas le Martyr</italic>
, pp. 128, 134–7.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn11" symbol="page 139 note 1"><label><sup>page 139 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>On Jean Renart's life and works, see Ch. <citation id="ref005" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>La Vie en France au moyen âge … d'après des romans mondains du temps</italic>
 (<year>1924</year>
), pp. xxvi, <fpage>36</fpage>
 ff., 72 ff., 341 ff</citation>
., and the introduction by <citation id="ref006" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Foulet</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
 to <italic>Galeran de Bretagne</italic>
 (<year>1925</year>
)</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn12" symbol="page 139 note 2"><label><sup>page 139 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref007" citation-type="other"><italic>Guillaume de Dôle</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Servois</surname>
</name>
: Soc. des Anciens Textes Français), pp. <fpage>135</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn13" symbol="page 139 note 3"><label><sup>page 139 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref008" citation-type="other"><italic>L'Escoufle</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Michelaut</surname>
</name>
 and <name><surname>Meyer</surname>
</name>
: Soc. des Anciens Textes Français), p. <fpage>256</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn14" symbol="page 139 note 4"><label><sup>page 139 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Guillaume de Dôle</italic>
, p. 44.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn15" symbol="page 139 note 5"><label><sup>page 139 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref008">Ibid.</xref>
, p. 18.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn16" symbol="page 139 note 6"><label><sup>page 139 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p>See the testimony of Geoffroi de Beaulieu to Saint Louis' hospitality: in parliaments et congregationibus militum et baronum, sicut decebat regiam dignitatem, liberaliter et largiter se habebat (<italic>Historiens de la France</italic>
, XX, 12; so also Joinville (ed. N. de Wailly), p. 394).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn17" symbol="page 139 note 7"><label><sup>page 139 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Galeran de Bretagne</italic>
, pp. 78, 104; <citation id="ref009" citation-type="other"><italic>Le Lai de I'Ombre</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Bédier</surname>
</name>
: Soc. des Anciens Textes Français), p. <fpage>35</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn18" symbol="page 140 note 1"><label><sup>page 140 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Liber de Antiquis Legibus</italic>
 (Camden Soc), p. 197. I incline to think that this was written not much later than 1217; one passage, which looks like an insertion (p. 204), refers to 1225.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn19" symbol="page 140 note 2"><label><sup>page 140 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal</italic>
 (Société de l'histoire de France: 1891–1901).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn20" symbol="page 140 note 3"><label><sup>page 140 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Histoire des Dues de Normandie et des Rois d'Angleterre</italic>
 (Soc. de l'histoire de France: 1840).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn21" symbol="page 140 note 4"><label><sup>page 140 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Chronique française des Rois de France par un anonyme de Béthune</italic>
 in <italic>Historiens de la France</italic>
, XXIV, 754 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn22" symbol="page 140 note 5"><label><sup>page 140 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>The same author appears to have written both the <italic>Histoire … des Rois d'Angleterre</italic>
 —the <italic>Histoire des Dues de Normandie</italic>
 is borrowed matter —and the <italic>Chronique des Rois de France</italic>
. See <italic>Mon. Hist. Germ. Scriptores</italic>
, XXVI, 699, and <italic>Historiens de la France</italic>
, XXIV, 751 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn23" symbol="page 140 note 6"><label><sup>page 140 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Liber de Antiquis Legibus</italic>
, p. 199.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn24" symbol="page 140 note 7"><label><sup>page 140 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">Ibid.</xref>
, p. 202: apud Stanes captum est parlamentum, ubi predictus Archiepiscopus et fere omnes Episcopi Anglie et predicti Barones convenerunt et fecerunt ibi moram per tres dies continuos. Idem vero Rex absentavit se et noluit ibi venire.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn25" symbol="page 140 note 8"><label><sup>page 140 note 8</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Guillaume le Maréchal</italic>
, I, 301, 322 (meetings between Philip Augustus and Henry, May 1188, July 1189); II, 46 f. (proposed meetings between Philip Augustus and Richard, 1198–9), 68 (meeting between Philip Augustus and John, 1201).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn26" symbol="page 140 note 9"><label><sup>page 140 note 9</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">Ibid.</xref>
, II, 273, 277.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn27" symbol="page 141 note 1"><label><sup>page 141 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">Ibid.</xref>
, II, 191: N'ont que ces quatre al pallement.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn28" symbol="page 141 note 2"><label><sup>page 141 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Summoned by Meiler fitz Henry the justiciar; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">ibid.</xref>
, II, 129, 131.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn29" symbol="page 141 note 3"><label><sup>page 141 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">Ibid.</xref>
, II, 279. Cf. p. 282, 1. 17872, where the word is applied to an assembly held after Michaelmas, 1218; see the note to this passage, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">Ibid.</xref>
137, III, 252.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn30" symbol="page 141 note 4"><label><sup>page 141 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Histoire des dues de Normandie et des rois d'Angleterre</italic>
, p. 120.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn31" symbol="page 141 note 5"><label><sup>page 141 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">Ibid.</xref>
, pp. 149 f. This is, of course, the “parleamentum de Runemede” of the Close Roll (<italic>Close Rolls</italic>
 (1242–7), p. 242).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn32" symbol="page 141 note 6"><label><sup>page 141 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">Ibid.</xref>
, p. 125.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn33" symbol="page 141 note 7"><label><sup>page 141 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref010" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wendover</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Chronica</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Coxe</surname>
</name>
), III, <fpage>276</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn34" symbol="page 141 note 8"><label><sup>page 141 note 8</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Histoire … des Rois d'Angleterre</italic>
, pp. 146 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn35" symbol="page 141 note 9"><label><sup>page 141 note 9</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref010">Ibid</xref>
., 145.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn36" symbol="page 141 note 10"><label><sup>page 141 note 10</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref010">Ibid.</xref>
, pp. 176 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn37" symbol="page 141 note 11"><label><sup>page 141 note 11</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref010">Ibid.</xref>
, pp. 197 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn38" symbol="page 141 note 12"><label><sup>page 141 note 12</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref010">Ibid.</xref>
, p. 205.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn39" symbol="page 141 note 13"><label><sup>page 141 note 13</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Historiens de la France</italic>
, XXIV, 765.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn40" symbol="page 141 note 14"><label><sup>page 141 note 14</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref010">Ibid.</xref>
, 772.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn41" symbol="page 141 note 15"><label><sup>page 141 note 15</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref011" citation-type="other"><italic>La Conquéte de Constantinople</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Bouchet</surname>
</name>
), pp. <fpage>10</fpage>
, 30</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn42" symbol="page 141 note 16"><label><sup>page 141 note 16</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Liber de Antiquis Legibus</italic>
, p. 131.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn43" symbol="page 142 note 1"><label><sup>page 142 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Annales Monastici</italic>
 (Theokesb.), I, 116; this may not be strictly contemporary.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn44" symbol="page 142 note 2"><label><sup>page 142 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Bishop Bronescombe's Register</italic>
, p. 218.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn45" symbol="page 142 note 3"><label><sup>page 142 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref012" citation-type="other"><italic>Histoire de Saint Louis</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>de Wailly</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
, <year>1874</year>
), p. <fpage>42</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn46" symbol="page 142 note 4"><label><sup>page 142 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref012">Ibid.</xref>
, p. 332.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn47" symbol="page 142 note 5"><label><sup>page 142 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref012">Ibid.</xref>
, pp. 370, 394.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn48" symbol="page 142 note 6"><label><sup>page 142 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p>This treatise was completed by May 1332; see Introduction, p. vii, to Aubert's edition.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn49" symbol="page 143 note 1"><label><sup>page 143 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref013" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Joinville's</surname>
<given-names>Besides</given-names>
</name>
 well-known description (<italic>Histoire</italic>
, ed. <name><surname>Wailly</surname>
</name>
, p. <fpage>370</fpage>
</citation>
; <citation id="ref014" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Textes relatifs d I'histoire du Parlement</italic>
, pp. <fpage>80</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.) and Geoffroi de Beaulieu's statement of how Louis entertained his barons at his parlements (<italic>Historiens de la France</italic>
, XX, 12), we have such anecdotes as that told by Guillaume de Chartres of the overdressed lady who, on the occasion of one parlement, with a few others went with the king from the <italic>curia</italic>
 to the <italic>camera</italic>
 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref014">ibid.</xref>
, XX, 33), and that told by Guillaume de Saint Pathus of the arrest of the comte de Joigny “en un plein parlement” at the king's order (<citation id="ref015" citation-type="other"><italic>Vie de Saint Louis</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Delaborde</surname>
</name>
), p. <fpage>148</fpage>
)</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn50" symbol="page 143 note 2"><label><sup>page 143 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <italic>Parliamentary Writs</italic>
, I, 131 f.: a petitioner hands a petition to Edward himself; <italic>Year Book</italic>
 3 <italic>Edward II</italic>
 (Selden Soc), p. 196: Hereford's story of a parliament of Edward I.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn51" symbol="page 143 note 3"><label><sup>page 143 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <citation id="ref016" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stubbs</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Constitutional History</italic>
, I, <fpage>645</fpage>
 ff</citation>
. For a case under John seep. 153 below. For France, see the cases collected by <citation id="ref017" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Textes relatifs d I'histoire du Parlement</italic>
, pp. <fpage>21</fpage>
 ff.</citation>
; but not all of these seem to have come before plenary meetings of the court. Cf. <citation id="ref018" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Luchaire</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Histoire des Institutions Monarchiques</italic>
, I, <fpage>310</fpage>
</citation>
. The story of the wicked seneschal told by Jean Renart (above, p. 139) also suggests that it was in exceptional cases only that judicial functions were exercised in parliament.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn52" symbol="page 143 note 4"><label><sup>page 143 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>“Colloquium quod vulgo dicitur parlamentum”: Iohannes de Ianua, <italic>Catholicon</italic>
, s.v. colloquium. Note that here the word is equated with both <italic>consilium</italic>
 and <italic>concio.</italic>
</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn53" symbol="page 144 note 1"><label><sup>page 144 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Colchester Chartulary</italic>
 (Roxburghe Club), II, 355. Since William fitz Fulc, “vicecomes Essexe”, is a witness, the charter must be dated 19 May, 1208–29 September, 1213, between which dates he acted as substitute or under-sheriff for Aubrey de Vere.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn54" symbol="page 144 note 2"><label><sup>page 144 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Cal. Charter Rolls</italic>
, IV, 327; see also <italic>Archaeologia Cambrensis</italic>
, 4th Series, X, 96 f.; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref018">ibid.</xref>
, Original Documents, II, xxxviii.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn55" symbol="page 144 note 3"><label><sup>page 144 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Cartae de Glamorgan</italic>
, II, 360 (No. ccclxi).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn56" symbol="page 145 note 1"><label><sup>page 145 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Curia Regis Roll</italic>
, No. 159, mm. 2, 10 f. Partly printed <italic>Cartae de Glamorgan</italic>
, II, 547, and <italic>Archaeologia Cambrensis</italic>
, 4th Series, IX, 241, from partial transcript in Cott. MS., Vitellius C.X. See also <italic>Cartae de Glamorgan</italic>
, II, 543, 562.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn57" symbol="page 145 note 2"><label><sup>page 145 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <citation id="ref019" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Theiner</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Codex Diplomaticus Dominii Temporalis S. Sedis</italic>
, I, <fpage>35</fpage>
</citation>
 (No. xliii): tam vos quam omnes qui sunt de vestro districto, nobis et successoribus nostris et ecclesie Romane fidelitatem curabitis universaliter exhibere, expeditionem, parlamentum, pacem et guerram ad mandatum nostrum et legatorum et mintiorum nostrorum per totam Marchiam bona fide iuxta proprias facultates vestris expensis facere. … This is dated 23 November, 1200. For later documents see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref019">ibid.</xref>
, 41, 129; <italic>Mon. Hist. Germ. Epistolae Saeculi xiii e registris Pontificum Romanorum</italic>
, I, 507; III, 107, 499, note 5. Cf. <citation id="ref020" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Boüard</surname>
<given-names>A. de</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Le Régime politique et les institutions de Rome au Moyen Age</italic>
, p. <fpage>214</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn58" symbol="page 145 note 3"><label><sup>page 145 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>I do not, of course, suggest that there were close similarities in detail. For an account of the <italic>parlamento</italic>
 of Friuli see Pertile, <italic>Storia del Diritto Italiano</italic>
, I, 342 ff. For the <italic>acta</italic>
 of this parliament see P. S. Leicht, <italic>Parlamento Friulano</italic>
 (R. Accademia dei Lincei): the first mention of <italic>parlamentum</italic>
 in these documents seems to be in 1290 (No. xxvi).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn59" symbol="page 145 note 4"><label><sup>page 145 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Historians de la France</italic>
, XXI, 233, 238.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn60" symbol="page 145 note 5"><label><sup>page 145 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Close Roll</italic>
 (1237–42), p. 447.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn61" symbol="page 146 note 1"><label><sup>page 146 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>E. 368/20 (L.T.R. Mem. Roll, 32 Hen. III), mm. 4, 13.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn62" symbol="page 146 note 2"><label><sup>page 146 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Comptes d'Alfonse de Poitiers</italic>
 (ed. Bardonnet: Archives historiques de Poitou, IV), pp. 158, 160, 170. Cf. <citation id="ref021" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Serres</surname>
<given-names>Borrelli de</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Recherches sur divers services publics</italic>
, I, <fpage>292</fpage>
 f</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn63" symbol="page 146 note 3"><label><sup>page 146 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Among the St. Albans chroniclers Wendover scrupulously employs the word <italic>colloquium</italic>
: his successor Matthew Paris has no hesitation in using the more popular word, although he seems never to have translated Wendover's <italic>colloquium</italic>
 into <italic>parlamentum</italic>
 in the chronicle he took over and revised. See the fifth volume of Coxe's edition of Wendover where Paris' alterations and additions are set out; see also <italic>Modern Language Review</italic>
, IX, 92 f., for some remarks by A. B. White upon Paris' use of the word. In Appendix I will be found a number of references from chroniclers for the years 1258–1272: I have omitted any notice of so-called parliaments which do not appear to be technically such.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn64" symbol="page 146 note 4"><label><sup>page 146 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><sup>1</sup>
<italic>Close Roll</italic>
, No. 73 (42 Hen. III), mm. 7, 8 (<italic>parleamentum</italic>
), <italic>7b</italic>
 (<italic>colloquium</italic>
). Similar variations will be found in writs connected with the Easter parliament, 1260(<italic>Close Roll</italic>
, No. 76, mm. I, 1b, 2, <italic>2b</italic>
).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn65" symbol="page 146 note 5"><label><sup>page 146 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>See <italic>Scottish Historical Review</italic>
, XXV, 300 f. Add to the references there cited a letter to the sheriff of Yorkshire which speaks of “parleamentum suum captum apud Edeneburg'” (<italic>Close Roll</italic>
, No. 73, m. 8<italic>b</italic>
).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn66" symbol="page 146 note 6"><label><sup>page 146 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Lords' Report on the Dignity of a Peer</italic>
, III, 32 ff. For the later usage, see <italic>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</italic>
, VI, No. 17.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn67" symbol="page 147 note 1"><label><sup>page 147 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Liber de Antiquis Legibus</italic>
, p. 98.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn68" symbol="page 147 note 2"><label><sup>page 147 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Calendar of Early Mayor's Court Rolls</italic>
, p. 25.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn69" symbol="page 147 note 3"><label><sup>page 147 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref021">Ibid.</xref>
, p. 33.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn70" symbol="page 147 note 4"><label><sup>page 147 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>There were, of course, several such in Italy. Besides those instances mentioned above (p. 144, notes 2, 3), parliament <italic>eo nomine</italic>
 is found in Monferrat in 1305 (<citation id="ref022" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bozzola</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Parlamento del Munferrato</italic>
 (<name><surname>dei Lincei</surname>
<given-names>R. Accademia</given-names>
</name>
), p. <fpage>3</fpage>
)</citation>
. In France there was the rather curious episode of the parlement of Charroux, instituted by Charles the Fair after he became comte de la Marche in 1314. It disappeared on his accession to the throne in 1322. See <citation id="ref023" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Thomas</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Les Archives du comté de la Marche (Bibliothèque de I'École des Charles</italic>
, XLII, <fpage>40</fpage>
 f</citation>
.) and <italic>Le comté de la Marche et le parlement de Poitiers</italic>
, p. lix.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn71" symbol="page 148 note 1"><label><sup>page 148 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Revue Numismatique</italic>
 (1844), pp. 104 ff.; <italic>Annuaire Soc. française de Numismatique</italic>
, XIX, 108 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn72" symbol="page 148 note 2"><label><sup>page 148 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Close Rolls</italic>
 (1242–7), p. 221; <italic>Cal. Patent Rolls</italic>
 (1232–47), p. 434; <italic>Cal. Docts. Scotland</italic>
, I, 300 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn73" symbol="page 148 note 3"><label><sup>page 148 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Foedera</italic>
, I, 339, 526; Shirley, <italic>Royal Letters</italic>
, II, 329; <italic>Liber de Antiquis Legibus</italic>
, p. 95.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn74" symbol="page 148 note 4"><label><sup>page 148 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Abbreviatio Placitorum</italic>
, p. 226; <italic>Cartae de Glamorgan</italic>
, III, 869.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn75" symbol="page 148 note 5"><label><sup>page 148 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>Historical Manuscripts Commission, <italic>Report on Various Collections</italic>
, I, 257.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn76" symbol="page 148 note 6"><label><sup>page 148 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Cal. Judiciary Rolls</italic>
 (33–35 Edw. I), p. 385; Historical MSS. Commission, <italic>Tenth Report</italic>
, App. V, 257, 260; <italic>Early Statutes of Ireland</italic>
, pp. 378, 448.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn77" symbol="page 148 note 7"><label><sup>page 148 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p>As Professor Pollard has pointed out: <italic>Evolution of Parliament</italic>
, p. 32 note.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn78" symbol="page 149 note 1"><label><sup>page 149 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>A letter from archbishop Giffard to the Pope in 1271 is very pertinent: quinimmo parliamentis secularibus oportebit frequentius intendere, iracundie tempora mitigare, reconciliare discordes et que pacis sunt, cum ordinatione regni, pro viribus procurare (<italic>Letters from Northern Registers</italic>
, P. 36).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn79" symbol="page 149 note 2"><label><sup>page 149 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Very early in the fourteenth century Pierre de Saint Pol, a citizen of Bayonne, is saying that he has “sui ceste besoigne … iiij ans a touz les parlementz Dengleterre et de France”: Ancient Petitions, No. 14,432. For this important case which illustrates the conflict of jurisdiction arising out of the Treaty of Paris of 1259 and the difficulty of the position of the French subjects of the English king, see <italic>Cal. Chancery Warrants</italic>
 (1244–1326), p. 398; <italic>Cal. Close Rolls</italic>
 (1313–18), p. 181 (1318–23), p. 390.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn80" symbol="page 150 note 1"><label><sup>page 150 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>De Eruditione Praedicatorum</italic>
, lib. II, tract, ii, c. 86, in <citation id="ref024" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bigne</surname>
<given-names>La</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Maxima Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum</italic>
 (<year>1677</year>
), XXV, <fpage>559</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn81" symbol="page 150 note 2"><label><sup>page 150 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>“Ut ratio ibi reddatur”: on this passage see <citation id="ref025" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Serres</surname>
<given-names>Borrelli de</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Recherches sur divers services publics</italic>
, I, <fpage>337</fpage>
</citation>
. He argues, against Lecoy de la Marche and Ch. V. Langlois. that this has reference not to a financial account but to a report, <italic>compte rendu</italic>
, by public servants of their administration. However little this passage may fit the parlement of Paris, if <italic>ratio</italic>
 is taken in the former sense, it might be argued that it would apply to the parlements of Alfonse of Poitiers which synchronized with the <italic>compoti</italic>
 (Molinier, <italic>Correspondance administrative d'Alfonse de Poitiers</italic>
, II, liv. f.) and to English parliaments until the meeting of which the settlement of accounts was not infrequently adjourned from 1248 onwards (below, p. 154).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn82" symbol="page 150 note 3"><label><sup>page 150 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>“Ut <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref009">ibidem</xref>
 ordinetur de Regno quod fuit ordinandum.”</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn83" symbol="page 151 note 1"><label><sup>page 151 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Borrelli de Serres, <italic>loc. cit.</italic>
: sujet d'homélie, qui ne peut d'ailleur guère passer pour une source historique.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn84" symbol="page 151 note 2"><label><sup>page 151 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Humbert himself seems to have sat as a member of the court in the parliament of the Nativity of Our Lady, 1258: <citation id="ref026" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Echard</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum</italic>
, I, <fpage>148</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn85" symbol="page 151 note 3"><label><sup>page 151 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Summaries will be found in <citation id="ref027" citation-type="other"><italic>Registres de Clement IV</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Jordan</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
), p. <fpage>125</fpage>
, No. 426</citation>
, and <italic>Cal. Papal Letters</italic>
, I, 434. A transcript is in Add. MSS., 15,362, No. 92: I quote the relevant passage (f. 3446): “Quocirca mandamus quatinus huiusmodi excommunicationum sententias in sollempnibus Parlamentis, quibus Parisius et alibi te interesse contigerit per te ipsum sollempniter publices, et per alios in omnibus locis in quibus expedire videris et precipue in locis marittimis, seu mari uicinis facias publicari.” Similar instructions were given to the archbishop-elect of Reims and the archbishops of Rouen, Tours, Bourges and Sens.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn86" symbol="page 151 note 4"><label><sup>page 151 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref028" citation-type="other"><italic>Regestrum Visitationum</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Bonnin</surname>
</name>
), p. <fpage>312</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn87" symbol="page 151 note 5"><label><sup>page 151 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref029" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stubbs</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Constitutional History</italic>
, III, <fpage>442</fpage>
 f.</citation>
; <citation id="ref030" citation-type="other"><italic>Modus Tenendi Parliamentum</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Hardy</surname>
</name>
), p. <fpage>31</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn88" symbol="page 151 note 6"><label><sup>page 151 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p>See below, p. 165 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn89" symbol="page 152 note 1"><label><sup>page 152 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref031" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Mortier</surname>
</name>
 <italic>(Les Maitres Généraux</italic>
, I, <fpage>659</fpage>
)</citation>
 states definitely that most of his works were written after his resignation, <italic>i.e.</italic>
 between 1263 and 1277. This is probable, but direct evidence seems lacking.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn90" symbol="page 152 note 2"><label><sup>page 152 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref032" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stubbs</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Constitutional History</italic>
 (<fpage>1897</fpage>
), I, <fpage>399</fpage>
 f., 603</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn91" symbol="page 152 note 3"><label><sup>page 152 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref033" citation-type="other"><italic>Actes de Philippe Auguste</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Delaborde</surname>
</name>
), No. <fpage>53</fpage>
</citation>
. It is, however, to be noted that the clause dealing with this point is, like others, repeated from a charter of Louis VII, of 1144–5: see <citation id="ref034" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Loisel</surname>
<given-names>Antoine</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Memoires…de Beauvais</italic>
 (<year>1617</year>
), pp. <fpage>271</fpage>
 ff.</citation>
; <citation id="ref035" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Luchaire</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Actes de Louis VII</italic>
, No. <fpage>138</fpage>
.</citation>
 Cf. <citation id="ref036" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Luchaire</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Histoire des Institutions Monarchiques de la France</italic>
 (<year>1891</year>
), I, <fpage>263</fpage>
 f.</citation>
; <citation id="ref037" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Pfister</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Études sur le règne de Robert le Pieux</italic>
, p. <fpage>149</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn92" symbol="page 152 note 4"><label><sup>page 152 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>œuvres de Rigord et de Guillaume le Breton</italic>
 (Société de I'histoire de France), I, 101.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn93" symbol="page 153 note 1"><label><sup>page 153 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <citation id="ref038" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Serres</surname>
<given-names>Borrelli de</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Recherches sur divers services publics</italic>
, I, <fpage>290</fpage>
</citation>
. See also the cases collected by Ch. <citation id="ref039" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Textes relatifs d I'histoire du Parlement</italic>
, pp. <fpage>30</fpage>
 ff.</citation>
 Minor cases did undoubtedly find their way to the king's court, but not apparently in any systematic way nor presumably especially for consideration at a solemn or plenary meeting of the court: cf. <italic>Historiens de la France</italic>
, XXIV, 284 f. (case in 1237), 389 (case in 1239–41). On the distinction between the ordinary and plenary sessions of the king's court, see <citation id="ref040" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Luchaire</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Histoire des Institutions Monarchiques</italic>
, I, <fpage>310</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn94" symbol="page 153 note 2"><label><sup>page 153 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <citation id="ref041" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stubbs</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Const. Hist</italic>
, I, <fpage>612</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn95" symbol="page 153 note 3"><label><sup>page 153 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Curia Regis Rolls</italic>
, III, 124, 147.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn96" symbol="page 154 note 1"><label><sup>page 154 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Rotuli Litterarum Patentium</italic>
, p. 44. See also <italic>Law Quarterly Review</italic>
, XLIV, 116 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn97" symbol="page 154 note 2"><label><sup>page 154 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Close Roll</italic>
 (1237–42), p. 447.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn98" symbol="page 154 note 3"><label><sup>page 154 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref041">Ibid.</xref>
 (1247–51), p. 104.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn99" symbol="page 154 note 4"><label><sup>page 154 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>E. 368/20 (L.T.R. Mem. Roll, 36 Hen. III), mm. 4, 13.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn100" symbol="page 154 note 5"><label><sup>page 154 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>They appear to have been enrolled very unsystematically: references to a number under Henry III will be found in Appendix I. They do not, however, appear in any large number until after the accession of Edward I: cf. <italic>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</italic>
, V, 129 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn101" symbol="page 155 note 1"><label><sup>page 155 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref042" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Serres</surname>
<given-names>Borrelli de</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Recherches sur divers services publics</italic>
, I, <fpage>290</fpage>
 f</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn102" symbol="page 155 note 2"><label><sup>page 155 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <citation id="ref043" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bémont</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Simon de Montfort</italic>
, p. <fpage>351</fpage>
</citation>
: Le conte dit que en la commune porveance fete par le roy et par son conseil est porveu que trois parlemanz soient tenuz par an. The inference is that this requirement of the Provisions of Oxford was a new departure.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn103" symbol="page 155 note 3"><label><sup>page 155 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>I have drawn attention to this point in a previous volume of the <italic>Transactions</italic>
, IV Series, V, 56 ff.: other cases, besides those there mentioned, will be found in Assize Roll, No. 873, mm. 6, 7. I strongly suspect that cases marked “Loquendum cum Rege” or “Loquendum,” where there is no specific reference to parliament, not infrequently found their way there: <citation id="ref044" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Jacob</surname>
<given-names>E. F.</given-names>
<prefix>Mr</prefix>
</name>
 believes such cases went to the council (<italic>Studies in the Period of Baronial Reform and Rebellion</italic>
, p. <fpage>53</fpage>
)</citation>
, but this does not exclude a decision in parliament.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn104" symbol="page 156 note 1"><label><sup>page 156 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Statutes of the Realm</italic>
, I, 44.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn105" symbol="page 156 note 2"><label><sup>page 156 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref045" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Cam</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Studies in the Hundred Rolls</italic>
, pp. <fpage>41</fpage>
 f</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn106" symbol="page 156 note 3"><label><sup>page 156 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Statutes of the Realm</italic>
, I, 98. Cf. <citation id="ref046" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ryley</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Placita Parliamentaria</italic>
, pp. <fpage>451</fpage>
 ff.</citation>
;<italic>Cal. Patent Rolls</italic>
 (1281–92), pp. 264 f.; <italic>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</italic>
, V, 134 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn107" symbol="page 156 note 4"><label><sup>page 156 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Parliamentary Writs</italic>
, II, ii, App. 24 f.: <italic>Cal. Patent Rolls</italic>
 (1307–13), pp. 248 ff., where the reference to parliament is omitted.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn108" symbol="page 156 note 5"><label><sup>page 156 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Rotuli Parliamentorum</italic>
, I, 285 f., Nos. 29, 40.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn109" symbol="page 157 note 1"><label><sup>page 157 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref047" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Textes relatifs à I'histoire du parlement</italic>
, pp. <fpage>229</fpage>
 ff.</citation>
; <citation id="ref048" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ducoudray</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Les origines du parlement de Paris</italic>
, pp. <fpage>50</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn110" symbol="page 157 note 2"><label><sup>page 157 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</italic>
, V, 133 ff., 151 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn111" symbol="page 157 note 3"><label><sup>page 157 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>See Appendix I.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn112" symbol="page 157 note 4"><label><sup>page 157 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>As against Boutaric, Molinier insists upon the differences between the parlements of <citation id="ref049" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Louis</surname>
<given-names>Saint</given-names>
</name>
 and <name><surname>Alfonse</surname>
</name>
 (<italic>Correspondance Administrative</italic>
, II, <fpage>xxvi</fpage>
 ff.)</citation>
: he concludes (p. lxv) “ce parlement d'Alfonse est bien plutôt un corps administratif qu'un organe judiciare.”</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn113" symbol="page 158 note 1"><label><sup>page 158 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Of early Irish parliaments there does not appear to be any adequate account in print., I can only refer to a forthcoming paper by Mr. G. O. Sayles and myself.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn114" symbol="page 158 note 2"><label><sup>page 158 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <italic>Scottish Historical Review</italic>
, XXV, 300 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn115" symbol="page 158 note 3"><label><sup>page 158 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>For the Imperial parliaments of this period, see <citation id="ref050" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ehrenberg</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Der deutsche Reichstag</italic>
, <fpage>1273</fpage>
–<lpage>1378</lpage>
</citation>
; see also below, p. 165.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn116" symbol="page 158 note 4"><label><sup>page 158 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref051" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shirley</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Royal Letters</italic>
, II, <fpage>155</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn117" symbol="page 158 note 5"><label><sup>page 158 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>For the activities of the council, see <citation id="ref052" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Powicke</surname>
</name>
, <italic>The Baronial Council</italic>
 (<fpage>1258</fpage>
–<lpage>1260</lpage>
)</citation>
 in <italic>Essays in Medieval History presented to T. F. Tout</italic>
, pp. 119 ff. For the position which parliament was intended to occupy our best evidence is provided by the Provisions of <citation id="ref053" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Westminster</surname>
</name>
 (<source>Annales Monastici</source>
 (<publisher-loc>Burton</publisher-loc>
), I, <fpage>477</fpage>
</citation>
; cf. <citation id="ref054" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Jacob</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Studies in the Period of Baronial Reform</italic>
, p. <fpage>373</fpage>
)</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn118" symbol="page 159 note 1"><label><sup>page 159 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>This is not, of course, to say that legal decisions were not taken or administrative questions considered in exceptional cases at plenary meetings of the king's court: cf. <citation id="ref055" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stubbs</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Constitutional History</italic>
, I, <fpage>401</fpage>
</citation>
; <citation id="ref056" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Luchaire</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Histoire des institutions monarchiques</italic>
, I, <fpage>265</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn119" symbol="page 159 note 2"><label><sup>page 159 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref057" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ehrenberg</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Der Deutsche Reichstag</italic>
, <fpage>61</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn120" symbol="page 159 note 3"><label><sup>page 159 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref058" citation-type="other"><name><surname>de Serres</surname>
<given-names>Borrelli</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Recherches sur divers services publics</italic>
, I, <fpage>296</fpage>
</citation>
. Cf. <citation id="ref059" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Revue Historique</italic>
, XLII, <fpage>90</fpage>
 f</citation>
. But see <citation id="ref060" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ducoudray</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Les Origines du Parlement de Paris</italic>
, pp. <fpage>316</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn121" symbol="page 159 note 4"><label><sup>page 159 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Textes relatifs à I'histoire du Parlement</italic>
, pp. 229 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn122" symbol="page 159 note 5"><label><sup>page 159 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Origines du Parlement de Paris</italic>
, pp. 50 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn123" symbol="page 160 note 1"><label><sup>page 160 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>In this year the parlement sat at All Saints as well as at Martinmas: possibly the two sessions were continuous.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn124" symbol="page 160 note 2"><label><sup>page 160 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>A table of the sessions of the parlement may make the position clearer: all sessions were probably at Paris except that of the Nativity, 1263:—</p>
<p><disp-formula><graphic xlink:href="S008044010000027X_eqnU1" mime-subtype="gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
</p>
<p>It is possible that there was a special session late in Lent, 1261: <citation id="ref061" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Rigaud</surname>
<given-names>Eudes</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Regestrum Visitationum</italic>
, p. <fpage>398</fpage>
</citation>
; see below, p. 165, note 4.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn125" symbol="page 160 note 3"><label><sup>page 160 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Foedera</italic>
, I, 432.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn126" symbol="page 160 note 4"><label><sup>page 160 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Liber de Antiquis Legibus</italic>
, p. 57.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn127" symbol="page 160 note 5"><label><sup>page 160 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>So Guillaume de Nangis: rex Franciae Ludovicus…Simonem comitem ad parlamentum suum apud Boloniam super mare convocavit (<italic>Historiens de la France</italic>
, XX, 414). Cf. <citation id="ref062" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Shirley</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Royal Letters</italic>
. II, <fpage>249</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn128" symbol="page 162 note 1"><label><sup>page 162 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Liber de Antiquis Legibus</italic>
, pp. 110 f. Parlements were held at this term 1262, 1273, 1274. Cf. <italic>Olim</italic>
, I, 765, No. 32, where there is what seems to be an adjournment to this term in 1269.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn129" symbol="page 161 note 2"><label><sup>page 161 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>This “Historiola de pietate Regis Henrici III” has been printed from Rymer's transcript (Add. MS., 4573 ff., 57 f.) of the destroyed Vitellius D. XIV. by <citation id="ref063" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Champollion-Figeac</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Lettres de Rois</italic>
, I, <fpage>402</fpage>
 ff.</citation>
, and <citation id="ref064" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bond</surname>
<given-names>E. A.</given-names>
</name>
 in <italic>Archæological Journal</italic>
, XVII, <fpage>317</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn130" symbol="page 161 note 3"><label><sup>page 161 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>The story is written round Henry's one recorded <italic>bon mot</italic>
, and perhaps quite correctly, and certainly quite naturally, appears in several contemporary or subcontemporary versions which do not mention parliament. One will be found in a collection of <italic>exempla:</italic>
 (<citation id="ref065" citation-type="other"><italic>Speculum Laicorum</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Welter</surname>
<given-names>J. Th.</given-names>
</name>
), p. <fpage>10</fpage>
)</citation>
, another in the continuation of Matthew Paris (ed. Wats (1640), p. 1009), repeated in Trevet's <italic>Annales</italic>
, p. 280, and yet another in the <citation id="ref066" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Albans</surname>
<given-names>St.</given-names>
</name>
 <source>Opus Chronicorum</source>
 (<publisher-loc>Trokelowe</publisher-loc>
, <italic>Chronica</italic>
, p. <fpage>36</fpage>
)</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn131" symbol="page 161 note 4"><label><sup>page 161 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>There seems no reason for doubting that the “pallamentum” in 1261 to which the clergy of the province of Rouen sent representatives to treat concerning a crusade was a “parlement” (see <citation id="ref067" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Rigaud</surname>
<given-names>Eudes</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Regestrum Visitationum</italic>
, p. <fpage>398</fpage>
</citation>
, and Bonnin's note, p. 399). See also <citation id="ref068" citation-type="other"><italic>Grandes Chroniques de France</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Paris</surname>
<given-names>Paulin</given-names>
</name>
), V, <fpage>150</fpage>
, 167</citation>
, where “parlements” of 1303 and 1304 are mentioned. I feel considerable difficulty in following Borrelli de Serres in dismissing these assemblies—the one the first of the “Etats Généraux,” the second a meeting for treating of peace with Flanders—as having no connexion with the parlement of Paris (<italic>Recherches sur divers services publics</italic>
, I, 288 f.).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn132" symbol="page 162 note 1"><label><sup>page 162 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>The earliest use of the name known to me is in a letter of January 1294 from Adolf of Nassau to <citation id="ref069" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Edward</surname>
</name>
 I (<publisher-loc>Bart. Cotton</publisher-loc>
, <source>Historia Anglicana</source>
, p. <fpage>434</fpage>
</citation>
; <italic>Mon. Germ. Hist. Constitutiones et Acta publica</italic>
, III, 434), the next in 1296 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref069">ibid.</xref>
, 523 f.: cf. <citation id="ref070" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ehrenberg</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Der deutsche Reichstag</italic>
, pp. <fpage>3</fpage>
 f.)</citation>
. It is perhaps not without significance that Richard of Cornwall did not, so far as we know, call his one general Reichstag in 1269 a parliament but <italic>colloquium</italic>
 (<italic>Mon. Germ. Hist. Constitutiones et Ada publica</italic>
, II, 488, 616: cf. <citation id="ref071" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Boppart</surname>
<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Richard von Cornwall</italic>
, p. <fpage>115</fpage>
)</citation>
. In the account of this assembly to be found in <citation id="ref072" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wyke's</surname>
</name>
 <italic>Chronicon</italic>
, pp. <fpage>223</fpage>
 f.</citation>
, and apparently furnished by a follower of Richard's, it is called “principum et magnatum Alemanniae convocatio.”</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn133" symbol="page 162 note 2"><label><sup>page 162 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>For <citation id="ref073" citation-type="journal"><name><surname></surname>
<given-names>Edward I's</given-names>
</name>
 Scottish parliaments, see <source>Scottish Historical Review</source>
, <volume>XXV</volume>
, <fpage>300</fpage>
 ff</citation>
. For Edward I's Irish parliaments I can only refer to the paper mentioned above, p. 158, note 1.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn134" symbol="page 163 note 1"><label><sup>page 163 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Foedera</italic>
, I, 516, 524; <citation id="ref074" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Textes relatifs à l'histoire du Parlement</italic>
, p. <fpage>92</fpage>
</citation>
; Chanc. Misc. 3/21, No. 2; <italic>Statutes of the Realm</italic>
, I, 42; <italic>Parliamentary Writs</italic>
, I, 6.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn135" symbol="page 163 note 2"><label><sup>page 163 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Langlois, <italic>op. cit.</italic>
, 124 f., 133: cf. <citation id="ref075" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Maitland</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Memoranda de Parliamento</italic>
, pp. <fpage>3</fpage>
, 300</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn136" symbol="page 163 note 3"><label><sup>page 163 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Chanc. Misc. 4/5, ff.12<italic>b</italic>
, 16, 17, 226; <italic>Parl. Writs</italic>
, I, 8, 16, 19; <italic>Rot. Parl.</italic>
, I, 3<italic>b</italic>
, 98<italic>a</italic>
, 126<italic>b</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn137" symbol="page 163 note 4"><label><sup>page 163 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>Chanc. Misc. 4/5, ff. 16, 22<italic>b</italic>
; <citation id="ref076" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Textes</italic>
, p. <fpage>102</fpage>
</citation>
;<italic>Rot. Parl</italic>
., l, 3<italic>b</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn138" symbol="page 163 note 5"><label><sup>page 163 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>Chanc. Misc. 4/5, f. 126; <italic>Parl. Writs</italic>
, I, 15, 20, 29; <italic>Rot. Parl</italic>
. I, 93<italic>a</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn139" symbol="page 163 note 6"><label><sup>page 163 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p>Chanc. Misc. 4/4, f. 13; Langlois, <italic>op. cit.</italic>
, pp. 103, 124: cf.<italic>Parl. Writs</italic>
, I, 62.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn140" symbol="page 163 note 7"><label><sup>page 163 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p>Chanc. Misc. 4/5, ff. 11, 23, 29; <italic>Parl. Writs</italic>
, I, 2, 81 f., 136; <italic>Rot. Parl.</italic>
, I, 76<italic>a</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn141" symbol="page 163 note 8"><label><sup>page 163 note 8</sup>
</label>
<p>Exch. T.R. Misc. Books, E. 36/201, p. 23; <italic>Rot. Parl.</italic>
, I, 44<italic>b</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn142" symbol="page 163 note 9"><label><sup>page 163 note 9</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Foedera</italic>
, I, 793 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn143" symbol="page 164 note 1"><label><sup>page 164 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Chancery Misc. 4/5 (Wardrobe Account, 1289–1290), f. 25.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn144" symbol="page 164 note 2"><label><sup>page 164 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland</italic>
, I, 445 f.; <italic>Rot. Parl.</italic>
, I, 61<italic>a</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn145" symbol="page 164 note 3"><label><sup>page 164 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland</italic>
, I, 448.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn146" symbol="page 164 note 4"><label><sup>page 164 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>He appears as a litigant on several occasions between 1257 and 1296; on the first occasion he was presumably a minor (<citation id="ref077" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Boutaric</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Actes du Parlement de Paris</italic>
, I, Nos. <fpage>79</fpage>
, 2305, 2410, 2574)</citation>
. Relying upon a document printed by Dutillet in his <italic>Recueil des rangs des Grands de France</italic>
, <citation id="ref078" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Darsy</surname>
<given-names>F. I.</given-names>
</name>
 (<italic>Picquigny et ses seigneurs</italic>
, p. <fpage>36</fpage>
)</citation>
 stated that in 1298 Jean de Picquigny sat as a member of the court: this document is a French translation of the list in <italic>Olim</italic>
, II, 423, No. xiii, printed also by <citation id="ref079" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Textes</italic>
, p. <fpage>169</fpage>
</citation>
, and renders “Vicedominus Priviconii” as “Le Vidame de Piqueny”: but no such Latin form of the name is to be found elsewhere. Darsy stated also (<italic>op. cit.</italic>
, p. 37) that he visited England in the same year. He was certainly in favour with <citation id="ref080" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Edward</surname>
</name>
 I: <italic>Cal. Patent Rolls</italic>
 (1281–92), p. <fpage>321</fpage>
</citation>
; <italic>Cal. Chancery Warrants</italic>
 (1244–1326), p. 32.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn147" symbol="page 164 note 5"><label><sup>page 164 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>Palgrave, <italic>Documents illustrating the History of Scotland</italic>
, Illustrations No. 4; <citation id="ref081" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Prynne</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Exact Chronological Vindication</italic>
, III, <fpage>504</fpage>
</citation>
; <italic>Foedera</italic>
, I, 766.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn148" symbol="page 165 note 1"><label><sup>page 165 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref082" citation-type="other">Rishanger, <italic>Chronica</italic>
, pp. <fpage>255</fpage>
, 260</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn149" symbol="page 165 note 2"><label><sup>page 165 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref083" citation-type="other"><name><surname>de Langtoft</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Chronicle</italic>
, II, <fpage>204</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn150" symbol="page 165 note 3"><label><sup>page 165 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>E. 36/202 (Wardrobe Account, 23 Edw. I), p. 44.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn151" symbol="page 165 note 4"><label><sup>page 165 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Parliamentary Writs</italic>
, I, 55, No. 10.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn152" symbol="page 165 note 5"><label><sup>page 165 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref083">Ibid.</xref>
, I, 137, 139, 158 ff., 182 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn153" symbol="page 165 note 6"><label><sup>page 165 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref083">Ibid.</xref>
, I, 55, No. 10.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn154" symbol="page 165 note 7"><label><sup>page 165 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref083">Ibid.</xref>
, I, 159 ff., Nos. 54–6, 59: Exch. Parliament and Council Proceedings, 1/20.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn155" symbol="page 165 note 8"><label><sup>page 165 note 8</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref084" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Stubbs</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Constitutional History</italic>
, III, <fpage>394</fpage>
</citation>
; <citation id="ref085" citation-type="other"><italic>Modus Tenendi Parliamentum</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Hardy</surname>
</name>
), p. <fpage>3</fpage>
</citation>
; <citation id="ref086" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Hannay</surname>
</name>
, <italic>On ”Parliament” and ”General Council”</italic>
 in <italic>Scottish Historical Review</italic>
, xviii, <fpage>158</fpage>
</citation>
; <citation id="ref087" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ehrenberg</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Der Deutsche Reichstag</italic>
 (<year>1273</year>
–<year>1378</year>
), pp. <fpage>10</fpage>
 f</citation>
. In Germany as in England the custom of a seven weeks' summons was not maintained: much shorter periods are found in the fourteenth century.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn156" symbol="page 165 note 9"><label><sup>page 165 note 9</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. the summons to Lübeck in 1310: <italic>Mon. Hist. Germ., Constitutiones et Ada publica</italic>
, IV, 332.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn157" symbol="page 165 note 10"><label><sup>page 165 note 10</sup>
</label>
<p>For Germany, see Ehrenberg, <italic>op. cit.</italic>
, pp. 23 f.: for <citation id="ref088" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ireland</surname>
</name>
, <name><surname>Lynch</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>A View of the Legal Institutions … in Ireland</italic>
 (<year>1830</year>
), pp. <fpage>160</fpage>
, 338</citation>
; <citation id="ref089" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Betham</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
<suffix>Sir</suffix>
</name>
, <italic>Origin and History … of the Early Parliaments of Ireland</italic>
 (<year>1834</year>
), p. <fpage>258</fpage>
</citation>
; <italic>Cal. Close Rolls</italic>
 (1288–96), p. 287. Cf. <italic>Modus Tenendi Parliamenti</italic>
, p. 29.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn158" symbol="page 166 note 1"><label><sup>page 166 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>See Appendix II.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn159" symbol="page 166 note 2"><label><sup>page 166 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>For references to these, see Appendix I and <italic>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</italic>
, V, 129 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn160" symbol="page 166 note 3"><label><sup>page 166 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, I, 3, No. 4: App. II, Nos. 22, 25. For some account of corresponding English documents see <italic>The Early Records of the English Parliaments</italic>
 in the <italic>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</italic>
, V, 129 ff., VI, 71 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn161" symbol="page 166 note 4"><label><sup>page 166 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, II, lxiii and references there cited.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn162" symbol="page 166 note 5"><label><sup>page 166 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Mandements inédits d'Alfonse de Poitiers</italic>
 in <italic>Annales du Midi</italic>
, XII, pp. 307, 313; <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, I, 64, No. 100: cf. p. 23, No. 35.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn163" symbol="page 166 note 6"><label><sup>page 166 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, II, lxii, and references there cited.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn164" symbol="page 167 note 1"><label><sup>page 167 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, II, lxii f.: cf. App. II, No. 27.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn165" symbol="page 167 note 2"><label><sup>page 167 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>On this subject, see <citation id="ref090" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Guilhiermoz</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Enquttes et Procès</italic>
 (<year>1892</year>
)</citation>
: the section on “Commissions à enquérir” (pp. 27 ff.) affords a succinct view of the main features of the French system, which it is thus easy to compare with the system, if such it can be called, in England, as it appears in documents of the kind here cited.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn166" symbol="page 167 note 3"><label><sup>page 167 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Cal. Patent Rolls</italic>
 (1272–81), p. 120.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn167" symbol="page 167 note 4"><label><sup>page 167 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Foedera</italic>
, I, 565.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn168" symbol="page 167 note 5"><label><sup>page 167 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref091" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Champollion-Figeac</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Lettres de Rois</italic>
, I, <fpage>280</fpage>
 f</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn169" symbol="page 168 note 1"><label><sup>page 168 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Foedera</italic>
, I, 715. The detailed procedure of the enquiry has still to be worked out from the surviving <italic>querelae</italic>
 and other documents. There is no doubt that certain of the complaints did come before parliament. But a discussion of this matter must be deferred.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn170" symbol="page 168 note 2"><label><sup>page 168 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>The surviving enrolments for two parliaments of 1293 are printed in <italic>Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland</italic>
, I, 445 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn171" symbol="page 168 note 3"><label><sup>page 168 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>This question is discussed in the paper referred to above, p. 162, note 1.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn172" symbol="page 169 note 1"><label><sup>page 169 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Close Roll</italic>
 (1242–7), pp. 129 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn173" symbol="page 169 note 2"><label><sup>page 169 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Annales Monastics</italic>
 (Winton.), II, 113.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn174" symbol="page 169 note 3"><label><sup>page 169 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Parliamentary Writs</italic>
, II, ii., 17f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn175" symbol="page 169 note 4"><label><sup>page 169 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>This is more particularly the case with town representatives who were summoned several times by Edward I to discuss such matters as town planning and customs duties(<italic>Parliamentary Writs</italic>
, I, 49 ff., 134 f.): in France under Saint Louis they were consulted about coinage (on this see <citation id="ref092" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Langlois</surname>
<given-names>Ch. V.</given-names>
</name>
 in Lavisse, <italic>Histoire de France</italic>
, III, ii, <fpage>259</fpage>
)</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn176" symbol="page 169 note 5"><label><sup>page 169 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>William of Jumièges, <citation id="ref093" citation-type="other"><italic>Gesta Normannorum Ducum</italic>
 (ed. <name><surname>Marx</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
), pp. <fpage>73</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn177" symbol="page 169 note 6"><label><sup>page 169 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p>In 1252 the articles of confederation between Dublin and Drogheda provide for common counsel between representatives of the towns (<citation id="ref094" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Gilbert</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Historical and Municipal Documents of Ireland</italic>
, p. <fpage>131</fpage>
</citation>
): in 1285 the confederation embraces Dublin, Drogheda, Cork, Limerick and Waterford and the articles provide that two or three citizens or burgesses from each town are to meet triennially at Kilkenny on the morrow of Trinity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref094">ibid.</xref>
, p. 196). It is possible that the court of the Four Burghs in Scotland has its origin in a similar confederation (cf. <italic>Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland</italic>
, I, 724: an earlier reference to the Four Burghs will be found in <italic>Rot. Parl.</italic>
, I, 108). Another parallel is afforded by the moneyers of the oath of the Empire who had a representative parliament, meeting every four years, but the evidence does not go beyond the first half of the fourteenth century: see <italic>Revue Numismatique</italic>
 (1844), pp. 105 f.; <italic>Annuaire Soc.française de Numismatique</italic>
, XIX, 108 ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn178" symbol="page 170 note 1"><label><sup>page 170 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref095" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Barker</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>The Dominican Order and Convocation</italic>
, pp. <fpage>72</fpage>
 ff</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn179" symbol="page 171 note 1"><label><sup>page 171 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Compare, however, <citation id="ref096" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Pertile</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Storia del Diritto Italiano</italic>
, <fpage>II</fpage>
, i, 319</citation>
. But the French model which is supposed to have been adopted in Savoy seems to be the <italic>états gé néraux</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn180" symbol="page 172 note 1"><label><sup>page 172 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Apparently originally summoned for 24 February (Matt. <citation id="ref097" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Paris</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Chron. Maj.</italic>
, VI, <fpage>392</fpage>
)</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn181" symbol="page 172 note 2"><label><sup>page 172 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>The session of this parliament seems to have been regarded as continued at Winchester: see <italic>L.A.L.</italic>
, 38, <italic>Ann. Mon. (Winton.)</italic>
, II, 97; <italic>Chron. of Edward I and Edward II</italic>
, i, 51: cf. <italic>C.P.R.</italic>
 (1247–58), pp. 640 f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn182" symbol="page 173 note 1"><label><sup>page 173 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Held apparently in the king's absence in three weeks of Candlemas. London may here, as elsewhere, signify Westminster.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn183" symbol="page 173 note 2"><label><sup>page 173 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>It is improbable that this parliament ever met. An Easter parliament seems to have been abandoned, <italic>Annales Monastici</italic>
 (Wykes), IV, 128. A parliament has been supposed to have been held at Winchester at Whitsuntide (<citation id="ref098" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Prothero</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Simon de Montfort</italic>
, p. <fpage>230</fpage>
</citation>
; <citation id="ref099" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bémont</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Simon de Montfort</italic>
, p. <fpage>190</fpage>
, note 2)</citation>
: but the evidence does not seem satisfactory. I have traced nothing in record sources and Wykes' language does not demand this interpretation.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn184" symbol="page 173 note 3"><label><sup>page 173 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Apparently there was a brief session at this term, and another after the king's return from France.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn185" symbol="page 174 note 1"><label><sup>page 174 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>It is dubious whether this assembly, which was rather in the nature of a gathering in arms, should be regarded as a parliament.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn186" symbol="page 174 note 2"><label><sup>page 174 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>A meeting, termed by certain chroniclers a parliament (<italic>Annales Monastici</italic>
, III, 235; IV, 154ff.) was summoned to meet at Oxford on 30 November, 1264; but it is not clear that any business was transacted in the absence of the Marchers.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn187" symbol="page 174 note 3"><label><sup>page 174 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>One entry out of four on the Close Roll gives Winchester as the place of meeting; this seems undoubtedly a mistake for Westminster.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn188" symbol="page 175 note 1"><label><sup>page 175 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>It is not quite certain that this meeting was a parliament.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn189" symbol="page 175 note 2"><label><sup>page 175 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>The Winchester Annalist (<italic>Ann. Mon.</italic>
, II, 107) appears to refer to this parliament as meeting at Winchester, a mistake perhaps for Westminster.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn190" symbol="page 175 note 3"><label><sup>page 175 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Despite the attendance of town representatives it is doubtful whether this meeting was a parliament.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn191" symbol="page 176 note 1"><label><sup>page 176 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>As J. 1131: <italic>St. Louis et Alfonse de Poitiers</italic>
, pp. 416 f., and numerous footnotes elsewhere.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn192" symbol="page 176 note 2"><label><sup>page 176 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Not 19, as stated by <citation id="ref100" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Boutaric</surname>
</name>
 and in <italic>Layettes du Trésor des Charles</italic>
, V, <fpage>303</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn193" symbol="page 176 note 3"><label><sup>page 176 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p><citation id="ref101" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Molinier</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Correspondance administrative d'Alfonse de Poitiers</italic>
, No. <year>1406</year>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn194" symbol="page 176 note 4"><label><sup>page 176 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>On the same date a letter was addressed to the seneschal of Saintonge announcing a similar meeting on 3 March at Poitiers (<italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, No. 1067). It will be noted, however, that petitioners from Saintonge presented themselves at Toulouse.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn195" symbol="page 176 note 5"><label><sup>page 176 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>Alfonse signs at Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) on 16 April (<italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, No. 1824) and at Aimargues near Aigues-Mortes on 17 June (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">ibid.</xref>
, No. 972). Cf.Boutaric, <italic>op. cit.</italic>
, p. 119, <citation id="ref102" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Ledain</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
, <italic>Histoire d'Alphonse, frère de saint Louis</italic>
, p. <fpage>98</fpage>
</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn196" symbol="page 177 note 1"><label><sup>page 177 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, II, lxv.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn197" symbol="page 177 note 2"><label><sup>page 177 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Le Port Sainte-Marie (Lot-et-Garonne).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn198" symbol="page 177 note 3"><label><sup>page 177 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Puy-Laurens (Tarn).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn199" symbol="page 177 note 4"><label><sup>page 177 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>As to this contribution levied on the Jews, see <citation id="ref103" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Boutaric</surname>
</name>
, <italic>Saint Louis et Alfonse de Poitiers</italic>
, pp. <fpage>324</fpage>
</citation>
ff.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn200" symbol="page 178 note 1"><label><sup>page 178 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Rectius</italic>
 morlanorum: money of Morlaas (Basses-Pyrénées).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn201" symbol="page 178 note 2"><label><sup>page 178 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Rançon (Haute-Vienne): for <citation id="ref104" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Geoffrey</surname>
</name>
 see <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, No. 1051; <italic>Annales du Midi</italic>
, XII, <fpage>293</fpage>
, 296, 306</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn202" symbol="page 178 note 3"><label><sup>page 178 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Cordes (Tarn).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn203" symbol="page 178 note 4"><label><sup>page 178 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>Clerk of Alfonse of Poitiers: see Boutaric, <italic>op. cit.</italic>
, pp. 127, 418; <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, II, xlii f.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn204" symbol="page 178 note 5"><label><sup>page 178 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Comite</italic>
 repeated <italic>ms.</italic>
</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn205" symbol="page 178 note 6"><label><sup>page 178 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p>Montaut (Haute-Garonne). This entry is unfinished.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn206" symbol="page 178 note 7"><label><sup>page 178 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p>The Count's lands beyond the Garonne.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn207" symbol="page 178 note 8"><label><sup>page 178 note 8</sup>
</label>
<p>No note of reply.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn208" symbol="page 178 note 9"><label><sup>page 178 note 9</sup>
</label>
<p>Daux (Haute-Garonne). Cf. <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, No. 1219.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn209" symbol="page 179 note 1"><label><sup>page 179 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Lézat-sur-Lèze (Ariège). Cf. <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, Nos. 1350, 1403</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn210" symbol="page 179 note 2"><label><sup>page 179 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>No note of reply.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn211" symbol="page 179 note 3"><label><sup>page 179 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Jacques du Bois: responsible for revenues arising from confiscations of condemned heretics: see <citation id="ref105" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Boutaric</surname>
</name>
, <italic>op. cit.</italic>
, pp. <fpage>450</fpage>
 f</citation>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn212" symbol="page 179 note 4"><label><sup>page 179 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>M. Molinier would apparently extend mem' and memor' as memoria in this and other entries (<italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, II, lxv).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn213" symbol="page 179 note 5"><label><sup>page 179 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>L'Isle-en-Jourdain (Gers).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn214" symbol="page 179 note 6"><label><sup>page 179 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, No. 2073; <italic>Layettes du Trésor des Charles</italic>
, IV, 304, No. 5445.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn215" symbol="page 179 note 7"><label><sup>page 179 note 7</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, II, 226, No. 1548: magister Vincencius iudex Senescalli Agenensis.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn216" symbol="page 180 note 1"><label><sup>page 180 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <italic>Layettes du Trésor des Chartes</italic>
, IV, no. No. 4965: magister Rigaldus Belli iudex Tholose; see also <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, No. 1443. 1454.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn217" symbol="page 180 note 2"><label><sup>page 180 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, Nos. 1700, 1706, 1708.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn218" symbol="page 180 note 3"><label><sup>page 180 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Grandcastel, now Puymirol (Lot-et-Garonne).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn219" symbol="page 180 note 4"><label><sup>page 180 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>Deodatus de Barasc. Cf. <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
, No. 1451.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn220" symbol="page 180 note 5"><label><sup>page 180 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>Larnagol (Lot).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn221" symbol="page 180 note 6"><label><sup>page 180 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Sic</italic>
 MS.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn222" symbol="page 181 note 1"><label><sup>page 181 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>See above, No. 5.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn223" symbol="page 181 note 2"><label><sup>page 181 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>Cf. <italic>Correspondance administrative</italic>
. No. 1646.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn224" symbol="page 181 note 3"><label><sup>page 181 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>MS. <italic>episcopo</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn225" symbol="page 181 note 4"><label><sup>page 181 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>MS. <italic>capitulum</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn226" symbol="page 181 note 5"><label><sup>page 181 note 5</sup>
</label>
<p>Cardaillac (Lot).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn227" symbol="page 181 note 6"><label><sup>page 181 note 6</sup>
</label>
<p>Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn228" symbol="page 182 note 1"><label><sup>page 182 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>MS. inserts <italic>set et</italic>
 after <italic>eciam</italic>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn229" symbol="page 182 note 2"><label><sup>page 182 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p><italic>Rectius</italic>
 contemptu.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn230" symbol="page 182 note 3"><label><sup>page 182 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Montbrun (Haute-Garonne).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn231" symbol="page 182 note 4"><label><sup>page 182 note 4</sup>
</label>
<p>Laurac (Aude).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn232" symbol="page 183 note 1"><label><sup>page 183 note 1</sup>
</label>
<p>(?) Beaudeville (Haute-Garonne).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn233" symbol="page 183 note 2"><label><sup>page 183 note 2</sup>
</label>
<p>(?) Vopillon near Condom (Gers).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn234" symbol="page 183 note 3"><label><sup>page 183 note 3</sup>
</label>
<p>Apparently la Romieu (Gers).</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
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<mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>The Origins of Parliament</title>
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<titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>The Origins of Parliament</title>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H. G.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Richardson</namePart>
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<language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm>
</language>
<abstract type="text-abstract">The antiquities of the word parliament have not been neglected either by lexicographers or by constitutional historians. The latter usually mention Jordan Fantosme and various thirteenth-century chroniclers; while the articles parlamentum in the Glossarium of Ducange and parlement in Godefroi's Dictionary are instructive although meagre in their references to record sources. But after he had studied all the references of historians and dictionary-makers, the enquirer might well be puzzled to know why certain sessions of the English king's court should in particular be called parliaments by the royal clerks. We may, however, get some way towards a plausible explanation by filling in a few of the gaps in the chain of references. For a full explanation we need to look at the working of parliamentary institutions; but that is a further step.</abstract>
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<identifier type="ISSN">0080-4401</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1474-0648</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">RHT</identifier>
<part><date>1928</date>
<detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption>
<number>11</number>
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<extent unit="pages"><start>137</start>
<end>183</end>
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