Social geography
Identifieur interne : 001961 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001960; suivant : 001962Social geography
Auteurs : Peter JacksonSource :
- Progress in Human Geography [ 0309-1325 ] ; 1988-06.
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- Teeft :
- American geographers, Antipode, Cambridge university press, Croom helm, Cultural geography, Gender, Gender relations, Gentrification, Geographer, Geographical description, Geography, Historical geography, Human geography, Locality studies, Neighbourhood change, Popular consciousness, Postmodernism, Professional geographer, Social geographers, Social geography, Social theory, Spatial strategies, Structuration theory, Subordinate groups, Urban analysis, Urban geography.
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DOI: 10.1177/030913258801200205
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ISTEX:F404569B6DA7B25C3B68C5397B3A5CB89528C961Le document en format XML
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contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jackson</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><aff>Department of Geography, University College London, UK</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>06</month><year>1988</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>263</fpage><lpage>269</lpage><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Other</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value>263 Progress reportsSocial geographysocial struggles and spatial strategies SAGE Publications, Inc.1988DOI: 10.1177/030913258801200205 Peter Jackson Department of Geography, University College London, UK This is the sixth (and last) in the series of annual reviews that I have undertaken of 'progress in social geography'. It has been a period of considerable excitement and turmoil within the discipline and within social geography in particular. Keeping up with a burgeoning and diverse literature, let alone trying to evaluate it or to detect signs of intellectual 'progress', has been a daunting task. The general absence of response from readers has been disappointing but presumably indicates that the 'silent majority' treat these reviews simply as an annotated bibliography. Several other journals, including Urban Geography and Society and Space, now have their own system of periodic reviews along the lines initiated by this journal which provides a further indicator of their perceived usefulness. There have also been two more ambitious attempts to take the subject's pulse in recent months as social geography has taken its place in Pacione's inventory of the discipline (Pacione, 1986) and in the context of an international survey (Eyles, 1986). In the light of all this recent activity, it may be worth undertaking a brief retrospective of some of the more significant developments of the period covered by these reviews before proceeding with this year's report. For many social geographers, the last six years will have been dominated by developments in social theory and particularly by the emergence, refinement and tentative application of structuration theory (Dear and Moos, 1986; Moos and 112264 Dear, 1986; Gregson, 1987: Kellerman, 1987). The period also witnessed the rise (and fall?) of urban social movements as a theoretical framework for comparative urban analysis (Pickvance, 1985; Lowe, 1986; Carchedi, 1987; Fincher, 1987a). It saw a debate about realism as a method for social science (Sayer, 1985; Sarre, 1987); an increasingly confident and wide-ranging feminist critique of 'human' geography (Gilbert and Rose, 1987; Whatmore, 1988); and the generation of a series of locality studies (Cooke, 1987a) which have given rise to a spirited debate about the relationship between theory and empirical research (Smith, 1987a; Cooke, 1987b; Beauregard, 1988). The period ended with the emergence of a more critical approach to the study of 'race' and ethnicity (Jackson, 1987; Sibley, 1987); the development of a 'new' cultural geography with a clearer social and political basis than its Berkeley school forebears (Cosgrove and Daniels, 1988; Cosgrove and Jackson, 1987); and, amidst a flurry of posturing and pretension, the advent of a self-consciously 'postmodern' social geography (Soja, 1987; Gregory, 1988; Graham, 1988). Whilst, politically, these years have been no time for complacency or self-congratulation, this profusion of new ideas and approaches is one measure of the continued vitality of social geography which has enabled it to resist the bullish attitude of central government towards the funding of social science research (ESRC, 1987; Hall et al., 1987). Let us take up the story - a singularly appropriate metaphor in view of the current preoccupation with 'discourse' and 'text' - where this retrospective has ended. I The politics and poetics of postmodernism The rise of an avowedly post-modern human geography has to date been dominated by analyses of the broader social meaning of certain architectural styles (e.g. Dear, 1986; Olson, 1986; Domosh, 1987; Ley, 1987) and by a growing sensitivity to the problems of geographical description (Daniels, 1985; Lewis, 1985). The former trend, which develops the metaphor of 'city as text', runs the risk of over-emphasizing the surface features of aesthetic style and of getting lost amid the virtual infinity of meanings that attach to particular symbolic forms. The materialist critique of postmodernism (e.g. Davis, 1985; Harvey, 1987) questions this abstraction of 'culture' from 'politics' and offers a sobering counter-balance to the more exuberant flourishes of postmodernist rhetoric. The latter current, concerning the problem of geographical description, develops the 'narrative self-consciousness' of postmodernism in general and parallels recent developments in social anthropology, concerning the poetics and politics of ethnographic description (Clifford and Marcus, 1986; Marcus and Fischer, 1986). To date, however, the emphasis in geography has been more on poetics (or textual strategies) than on politics with the result that 'textual play' often appears to be an end in itself (cf. Gregory, 1987a). When, however, such thoroughly modernist conceptions as the 'friction of distance' are translated into a 113265 postmodernist fiction of distance (Gregory, 1987b), one wonders whether such literary conceits actually clarify our conception of the changing nature of time and space (Kern, 1983) or help us move beyond the radical insight of Marx's formulations concerning 'the annihilation of space by time'. II Gender, sexuality and 'race' Though there are important differences between gender and sexuality, as there are also between the socially-constructed idea of gender and the biologically given realities of sex, both topics have until comparatively recently been regarded as taboo by social geographers. The literature has developed rapidly from an initial focus on the geography of women and on the gender roles appropriate to masculinity and femininity, to a more wide-ranging concern for the geography of gender relations involving both men and women. Two recent reviews both make this point, warning of the dangers of creating a subordinate 'ghetto' of women's studies where gender issues are marginalized from the rest of society (Fincher, 1987b; Gilbert and Rose, 1987). Focusing on the inequalities between men and women's use of space provides an alternative means of conceptualizing gender relations that has the potential for transforming every aspect of social geography. A number of recent studies demonstrate this potential including contributions from feminist perspectives to the locality studies debate (Bowlby et al. , 1986) and to the literature on gentrification and urban restructuring (Rose, 1987). Discussion of feminist theory within social geography has given rise to a fierce debate over the nature of patriarchy and its relation to the history of capitalism (Foord and Gregson, 1986; McDowell, 1986; Gier and Walton, 1987; Johnson, 1987). The debate has also started to raise questions about the relationship between gender and sexuality (Knopp and Lauria, 1987; Knopp, 1987). Prostitution is one area of sexual relations that has a strongly developed spatial dimension or 'moral geography', a theme which Stansell (1987) has taken up in her recent study of sex and class in nineteenth-century New York where she demonstrates how the 'politics of the streets' generated particularly intense problems of social control for the urban middle classes. Our knowledge of the geography of commercialized sex in the contemporary city is scarcely any better understood, so ethnographic studies such as that by Weatherford (1986) in Washington, DC are particularly welcome. Studies of the social geography of gay and lesbian communities have also begun to appear (e.g. Fitzgerald, 1986; Knopp, 1987), drawing on the literature of urban social movements and contributing, in turn, to debates about the social significance of space. Sociologists have also used the concept of urban social movements in the analysis of 'race' and racism (Gilroy, 1987), while geographers have been drawing attention to the fact that racism is spatially as well as socially constituted (Jackson, 1987). Others (e.g. Sarre, 1986), inspired by realist and 114266 structurationist perspectives, have begun to deconstruct the categories of 'choice' and 'constraint' that have been employed uncritically in so many studies of ethnic segregation. The significance of 'race' in contemporary British and American politics has also generated its own voluminous literature (e.g. Carter, 1986; Jacobs, 1986; Ramdin, 1987; Marable, 1985). III Gentrification and neighbourhood change While some authors (e.g. Ley, 1986) have continued to employ aggregate statistical data to 'test' the validity of rival explanations of gentrification at the national level, others have attempted a more careful disaggregation of the chaotic concept of 'gentrification' itself. Thus, Bunting (1987) focuses on the 'invisible upgrading' of homeowners in Kitchener, Ontario, while Wilson (1987) has examined the impact of a range of institutions on the course of neighbourhood change in the Chelsea district of New York. The polarization of structure and agency that once characterized the study of gentrification now seems to be ameliorating as authors focus simultaneously on the process of spatial restructuring and on the complex ideologies that inform this process (Smith, 1987b). Only rarely, however, have such studies begun to address the more slippery connections that are thought to exist between the changing experience of localilty and changes in popular consciousness and morality (Eyles and Evans, 1987). Social geographers have also only recently begun to explore the opposite end of this process of spatial restructuring, tracing the effects of recent urban developments on the poor and homeless where decades of private-sector neglect have been accompanied by more recent public policies of 'deinstitutionalization'. The result has been the creation of widespread 'landscapes of despair' (Dear and Wolch, 1986), a spatial indictment of society's callous indifference to the inequalities it produces. That social geographers and criminologists should simultaneously be beginning to trace the geography of fear (Smith, 1987) is surely no coincidence. Many of the issues covered in this and in previous reveiws can be thought of in terms of the social and political struggles of subordinate groups to challenge or resist their domination by more powerful groups. Thus, Gilroy (1987) talks of music as one domain in which black people can 'disperse and suspend the temporal and spatial order of the dominant culture' (p. 210). Music offers a haven 'beyond the reach of racism', or, more accurately, a symbolic space in which racism can be contested and resisted. For other oppressed groups, spatial concentration or confinement, even if it results from economic or political exclusion, offers at least some scope for exercising resistance. Much of David Harvey's recent work, for example, has been concerned to show the diverse ways in which the control of space is a central strategy in the urbanization of capital and, hence, also in its resistance (Peake and Jackson, 1988). In virtually every arena of social life, the spatial strategies by which subordinate groups seek to 115267 contest their domination remain to be investigated. The prospect of a geography of resistance is one that surely merits the most urgent consideration. IV References Beauregard, R.A. 1988: In the absence of practice: the locality research debate . Antipode 20, 52-59. Bowlby, S.R., Foord, J. and McDowell, L. 1986: The place of gender in locality studies. Area 18, 327-31. Bunting, T. 1987: Invisible upgrading in inner cities: homowners' reinvestment behaviour in Central Kitchener. Canadian Geographer 31, 209-22. Carchedi, G. 1987: Popular movements and socialist development. Antipode 19, 216-21. Carter, T. 1986: Shattering illusions: West Indians in British politics . London: Lawrence and Wishart . Clifford, J. and Marcus, G.E. editors, 1986: Writing cultures: the poetics and politics of ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cooke, P. 1987a: The changing urban and regional system in the United Kingdom. Regional Studies 20, 243-51. 1987b: Clinical inference and geographic theory. Antipode 19, 69-78. Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S.J. editors, 1988: The iconography of landscape . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press. Cosgrove, D. and Jackson, P. 1987: New directions in cultural geography. Area 19, 95-101. Daniels, S.J. 1985: Arguments for a humanistic geography. In Johnston, R.J., editor, The future of geography , London and New York: Methuen, 143-58. Davis, M. 1985: Urban renaissance and the spirit of postmodernism . New Left Review 151, 106-13. Dear, M.J. 1986: Postmodernism and planning. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 4, 367-84. Dear, M.J. and Moos, A.I. 1986: Structuration in urban analysis II: empirical application . Environment and Planning A 18, 351-73. Dear, M.J. and Wolch, J.R. 1986: Landscapes of despair: from deinstitutionalization to homelessness. Cambridge: Polity Press. Domosh, M. 1987: Imagining New York's first skyscrapers, 1875-1910 . Journal of Historical Geography 13, 233-48. Esrc 1987: Horizons and opportunities in the social sciences London : Economic and Social Research Council. Eyles, J.D. editor, 1986: Social geography in international perspective. London: Croom Helm. Eyles, J.D. and Evans, M. 1987: Popular consciousness, moral ideology, and locality . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 5, 39-71. Fincher, R. 1987a: Defining and explaining urban social movements , Urban Geography 8, 152-60. 116268 1987b: Social theory and the future of urban geography. Professional Geographer 39, 9-12. Fitzgerald, F. 1986: Cities on a hill: a journey through contemporary Americar cultures. New York: Simon and Schuster . Foord, J. and Gregson, N. 1986: Patriarchy: towards a reconceptualization. Antipode 18, 186-211. Gier, J. and Walton, J. 1987: Some problems with reconceptualising patriarchy . Antipode 19, 54-58. Gilbert, A. and Rose, D. 1987: Espaces et femmes: pour une géographie renouvelée . Cahiers de géographie du Québec 31, 137-41. Gilroy, P. 1987: There ain't no black in the Union Jack: the cultural politics of 'race and nation. London: Hutchinson . Graham, J. 1988: Post-modernism and marxism. Antipode 20, 60-66. Gregory, D. 1987a: Postmodernism and the politics of social theory . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13, 130-54. 1987b: The friction of distance? Information circulation and the mails in early nineteenth-century England. Journal of Historical Geography 13, 130-54. 1988 : Areal differentiation and post-modern human geography. In Gregory, D. and Walford, R. editors, Horizons in human geography, London: Macmillan, in press. Gregson, N. 1987: Structuration theory: some thoughts on the possibilities for empirical research Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 5, 73-91. Hall, P. et al. 1987: Horizons and opportunities in research Area 19, 226-72. Harvey, D. 1987: Flexible accumulation through urbanization: reflections on 'postmodernism' in the American city. Antipode 19, 260-86. Jackson, P. 1987: Race and racism: essays in social geography. London: Allen and Unwin. Jacobs, B.D. 1986: Black politics and urban crisis in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Johnson, L. 1987: (Un)realist perspectives: patriarchy and feminist challenges in geography. Antipode 19, 210-15. Kellerman, A. 1987: Structuration theory and attempts at integration in human geography. Professional Geographer 39, 267-74. Kern, S. 1983: The culture of time and space, 1880-1918. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press . Knopp, L. 1987: Social theory, social movements and public policy: recent accomplishments of the gay and lesbian movements in Minneapolis, Minnesota . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 11, 243-61. Knopp, L. and Lauria, M. 1987: Gender relations as a particular form of social relations . Antipode 19, 48-53. Lewis, P. 1985: Beyond description. Annals, Association of American Geographers 75, 465-77. Ley, D. 1986: Alternative explanations for inner-city gentrification: a Canadian assessment. Annals, Association of American Geographers 76, 521-35. 1987: Styles of the times: liberal and neo-conservative landscapes in inner Vancouver, 1968-1986. Journal of Historical Geography 13, 40-56. Lowe, S. 1986: Urban social movements: the city after Castells . London: Macmillan. McDowell, L. 1986: Beyond patriarchy: a class-based explanation of women's subordination. Antipode 18, 311-21. 117269 Marable, M. 1985: Jackson and the rise of the Rainbow Coalition. New Left Review 149, 3-44. Marcus, G.E. and Fischer, M.M.J. 1986: Anthropology as cultural critique: an experimental moment in the human sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Moos, A.I. and Dear, M.J. 1986: Structuration and urban analysis I: theoretical exegesis . Environment and Planning A 18, 231-52. Olson, D.J. 1986: The city as a work of art: London, Paris and Vienna. London: Yale University Press. Pacione, M. editor, 1986: Social geography: progress and prospects. London: Croom Helm. Peake, L. and Jackson, P. 1988: 'The restless analyst': an interview with David Harvey . Journal of Geography in Higher Education, in press. Pickvance, C. 1985: The rise and fall of urban movements and the role of comparative analysis. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 3, 31-53. Ramdin, R. 1987: The making of the black working class in Britain . London: Gower. Rose, D. 1987: Un aperçu féministe sur la restructuration de l'emploi et sur la gentrification: le cas de Montréal. Cahiers de géographie du Québec 31, 205-24. Sarre, P. 1986: Choice and constraint in ethnic minority housing: a structurationist view. Housing Studies 1, 71-86. 1987: Realism in practice. Area 19, 3-10. Sayer, A. 1985: Realism and geography, in Johnston, R.J., editor, The future of geography, London and New York: Methuen , 159-73. Sibley, D. 1987: Racism and sexism in geographic practice. Area 19, 273. Smith, N. 1987a: Dangers of the empirical turn: some comments on the CURS initiative. Antipode 19, 59-68. 1987b: Of yuppies and housing: gentrification, social restructuring, and the urban area. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 5, 151-72. Smith, S.J. 1987: Fear of crime: beyond a geography of deviance. Progress in Human Geography 11, 1-23. Soja, E. 1987: The postmodernization of geography: a review. Annals, Association of American Geographers 77, 289-94. Stansell, C. 1987: City of women: sex and class in New York, 1789-1860. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Weatherford, J.M. 1986: Porn row. New York: Arbor House. Whatmore, S. editor, 1988: Gender and geography. Contemporary Issues in Geography and Eduction (special issue), in press. Wilson, D. 1987: Institutions and urban revitalization: the case of Chelsea in New York City. 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Geography</source><volume>8</volume>, <fpage>129</fpage>-<lpage>45</lpage>.</citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Social geography</title><subTitle>social struggles and spatial strategies</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Social geography</title><subTitle>social struggles and spatial strategies</subTitle></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Peter</namePart><namePart type="family">Jackson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geography, University College London, UK</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="other" displayLabel="other"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1988-06</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1988</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Progress in Human Geography</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0309-1325</identifier><identifier type="eISSN"></identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">PHG</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">spphg</identifier><part><date>1988</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>12</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>263</start><end>269</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F404569B6DA7B25C3B68C5397B3A5CB89528C961</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1177/030913258801200205</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_030913258801200205</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SAGE</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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