Expeditions to the Russian Arctic to Survey Black Carbon in Snow
Identifieur interne : 000E87 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000E86; suivant : 000E88Expeditions to the Russian Arctic to Survey Black Carbon in Snow
Auteurs : Thomas C. Grenfell ; Stephen G. Warren ; Vladimir F. Radionov [Russie] ; Vladimir N. Makarov [Russie] ; Sergei A. Zimov [Russie]Source :
- Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union [ 0096-3941 ] ; 2009-10-27.
Abstract
Snow is the most reflective natural surface on Earth, with an albedo (the ratio of reflected to incident light) typically between 70% and 85%. Because the albedo of snow is so high, it can be reduced by small amounts of dark impurities. Black carbon (BC) in amounts of a few tens of parts per billion (ppb) can reduce the albedo by a few percent depending on the snow grain size [Warren and Wiscombe, 1985; Clarke and Noone, 1985]. An albedo reduction of a few percent is not detectable by eye and is below the accuracy of satellite observations. Nonetheless, such a reduction is significant for climate. For a typical incident solar flux of 240 watts per square meter at the snow surface in the Arctic during spring and summer, an albedo change of 1% modifies the absorbed energy flux by an amount comparable to current anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. As a result, higher levels of BC could cause the snow to melt sooner in the spring, uncovering darker underlying surfaces (tundra and sea ice) and resulting in a positive feedback on climate [Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004].
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2009EO430002
Affiliations:
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AGU</title><idno type="ISSN">0096-3941</idno><idno type="eISSN">2324-9250</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-10-27">2009-10-27</date><biblScope unit="volume">90</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">43</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="386">386</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="387">387</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0096-3941</idno></series><idno type="istex">182D1EEF8928CDFC68EF9426F1E5D11849821B71</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2009EO430002</idno><idno type="ArticleID">EOST16979</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0096-3941</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Snow is the most reflective natural surface on Earth, with an albedo (the ratio of reflected to incident light) typically between 70% and 85%. Because the albedo of snow is so high, it can be reduced by small amounts of dark impurities. Black carbon (BC) in amounts of a few tens of parts per billion (ppb) can reduce the albedo by a few percent depending on the snow grain size [Warren and Wiscombe, 1985; Clarke and Noone, 1985]. An albedo reduction of a few percent is not detectable by eye and is below the accuracy of satellite observations. Nonetheless, such a reduction is significant for climate. For a typical incident solar flux of 240 watts per square meter at the snow surface in the Arctic during spring and summer, an albedo change of 1% modifies the absorbed energy flux by an amount comparable to current anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. As a result, higher levels of BC could cause the snow to melt sooner in the spring, uncovering darker underlying surfaces (tundra and sea ice) and resulting in a positive feedback on climate [Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004].</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Russie</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Grenfell, Thomas C" sort="Grenfell, Thomas C" uniqKey="Grenfell T" first="Thomas C." last="Grenfell">Thomas C. Grenfell</name><name sortKey="Warren, Stephen G" sort="Warren, Stephen G" uniqKey="Warren S" first="Stephen G." last="Warren">Stephen G. Warren</name></noCountry><country name="Russie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Radionov, Vladimir F" sort="Radionov, Vladimir F" uniqKey="Radionov V" first="Vladimir F." last="Radionov">Vladimir F. Radionov</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Makarov, Vladimir N" sort="Makarov, Vladimir N" uniqKey="Makarov V" first="Vladimir N." last="Makarov">Vladimir N. Makarov</name><name sortKey="Zimov, Sergei A" sort="Zimov, Sergei A" uniqKey="Zimov S" first="Sergei A." last="Zimov">Sergei A. Zimov</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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