Genesis and Paleo-ecological Interpretation of Swamp Ore Deposits at Sahara Paleo-lakes of East Niger
Identifieur interne : 001B17 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B16; suivant : 001B18Genesis and Paleo-ecological Interpretation of Swamp Ore Deposits at Sahara Paleo-lakes of East Niger
Auteurs : Peter Felix-HenningsenSource :
- Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences [ 0930-0317 ] ; 2004.
Abstract
Abstract: In formerly vegetated flat lake-shore areas of Pleistocene and Holocene paleo-lake depressions in the Sahara of East Niger (Ténéré, Tchigai mountains and in the Erg of Bilma), ancient dune sands are covered by rampart-like or flat beds of individual or networked rhizoconcretions. The massive goethite accumulation, which partly includes an outer fringe of lepidocrocite, impregnated the ancient dune sands. Apart from Fe, P, Ca, and Mg, other heavy metals were also concentrated. The formation and morphological differentiation of these “swamp ores” were generally bound at vegetated shallow water areas of paleo-lakes in ancient dune fields. Accordingly, the swamp ores of the Ténéré, which has flat to undulating relief, display a large dissemination. In contrast, in the Erg of Bilma the high altitude and steep slopes of ancient dune ridges led to steeper shore areas of the paleo-lakes, at which beds of rhizoconcretions were unable to develop. The oxides were formed by oxidation of Fe2 + -ions from the lake water and concentrated around the roots in the upper root zone of the swamp vegetation. The lack of oxygen in the warm lake water of the shore region, as well as the decomposition of vegetation residues, excluded high redox potentials within the deeper water near the subhydric soil surface. Hence, the formation of rhizoconcretions can only be explained by the specific physiological characteristics of the swamp vegetation, which was able to supply oxygen to the roots through an aerenchyma. The release of surplus oxygen from such roots obviously caused high redox potentials at the root surface and in the neighbouring root environment. As a result precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides occurred, which adsorbed nutrients and heavy metals from the soil solution. The redistribution of the ions from the reduced sediments of the lake basin into the root zone of the shore area resulted from diffusion and mass flow. Paleo-climatically, the swamp ore deposits denote humid periods accompanied by a stable lake water-table over a long period of time. The sequence of several swamp ore beds along the former shore, at different elevations above the lake floor, is evidence of decreasing paleo-lake water levels within a period of increasing aridity.
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-44930-0_4
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Genesis and Paleo-ecological Interpretation of Swamp Ore Deposits at Sahara Paleo-lakes of East Niger</title><author><name sortKey="Felix Henningsen, Peter" sort="Felix Henningsen, Peter" uniqKey="Felix Henningsen P" first="Peter" last="Felix-Henningsen">Peter Felix-Henningsen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut für Bodenkunde und Bodenerhaltung, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Gießen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F</idno><date when="2004" year="2004">2004</date><idno type="doi">10.1007/978-3-540-44930-0_4</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001B17</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001B17</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Genesis and Paleo-ecological Interpretation of Swamp Ore Deposits at Sahara Paleo-lakes of East Niger</title><author><name sortKey="Felix Henningsen, Peter" sort="Felix Henningsen, Peter" uniqKey="Felix Henningsen P" first="Peter" last="Felix-Henningsen">Peter Felix-Henningsen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut für Bodenkunde und Bodenerhaltung, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Gießen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="s">Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences</title><imprint><date>2004</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0930-0317</idno><idno type="eISSN">1613-2580</idno><idno type="ISSN">0930-0317</idno></series><idno type="istex">F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-540-44930-0_4</idno><idno type="ChapterID">4</idno><idno type="ChapterID">Chap1</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0930-0317</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: In formerly vegetated flat lake-shore areas of Pleistocene and Holocene paleo-lake depressions in the Sahara of East Niger (Ténéré, Tchigai mountains and in the Erg of Bilma), ancient dune sands are covered by rampart-like or flat beds of individual or networked rhizoconcretions. The massive goethite accumulation, which partly includes an outer fringe of lepidocrocite, impregnated the ancient dune sands. Apart from Fe, P, Ca, and Mg, other heavy metals were also concentrated. The formation and morphological differentiation of these “swamp ores” were generally bound at vegetated shallow water areas of paleo-lakes in ancient dune fields. Accordingly, the swamp ores of the Ténéré, which has flat to undulating relief, display a large dissemination. In contrast, in the Erg of Bilma the high altitude and steep slopes of ancient dune ridges led to steeper shore areas of the paleo-lakes, at which beds of rhizoconcretions were unable to develop. The oxides were formed by oxidation of Fe2 + -ions from the lake water and concentrated around the roots in the upper root zone of the swamp vegetation. The lack of oxygen in the warm lake water of the shore region, as well as the decomposition of vegetation residues, excluded high redox potentials within the deeper water near the subhydric soil surface. Hence, the formation of rhizoconcretions can only be explained by the specific physiological characteristics of the swamp vegetation, which was able to supply oxygen to the roots through an aerenchyma. The release of surplus oxygen from such roots obviously caused high redox potentials at the root surface and in the neighbouring root environment. As a result precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides occurred, which adsorbed nutrients and heavy metals from the soil solution. The redistribution of the ions from the reduced sediments of the lake basin into the root zone of the shore area resulted from diffusion and mass flow. Paleo-climatically, the swamp ore deposits denote humid periods accompanied by a stable lake water-table over a long period of time. The sequence of several swamp ore beds along the former shore, at different elevations above the lake floor, is evidence of decreasing paleo-lake water levels within a period of increasing aridity.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Peter Felix-Henningsen</name><affiliations><json:string>Institut für Bodenkunde und Bodenerhaltung, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Gießen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>OriginalPaper</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: In formerly vegetated flat lake-shore areas of Pleistocene and Holocene paleo-lake depressions in the Sahara of East Niger (Ténéré, Tchigai mountains and in the Erg of Bilma), ancient dune sands are covered by rampart-like or flat beds of individual or networked rhizoconcretions. The massive goethite accumulation, which partly includes an outer fringe of lepidocrocite, impregnated the ancient dune sands. Apart from Fe, P, Ca, and Mg, other heavy metals were also concentrated. The formation and morphological differentiation of these “swamp ores” were generally bound at vegetated shallow water areas of paleo-lakes in ancient dune fields. Accordingly, the swamp ores of the Ténéré, which has flat to undulating relief, display a large dissemination. In contrast, in the Erg of Bilma the high altitude and steep slopes of ancient dune ridges led to steeper shore areas of the paleo-lakes, at which beds of rhizoconcretions were unable to develop. The oxides were formed by oxidation of Fe2 + -ions from the lake water and concentrated around the roots in the upper root zone of the swamp vegetation. The lack of oxygen in the warm lake water of the shore region, as well as the decomposition of vegetation residues, excluded high redox potentials within the deeper water near the subhydric soil surface. Hence, the formation of rhizoconcretions can only be explained by the specific physiological characteristics of the swamp vegetation, which was able to supply oxygen to the roots through an aerenchyma. The release of surplus oxygen from such roots obviously caused high redox potentials at the root surface and in the neighbouring root environment. As a result precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides occurred, which adsorbed nutrients and heavy metals from the soil solution. The redistribution of the ions from the reduced sediments of the lake basin into the root zone of the shore area resulted from diffusion and mass flow. Paleo-climatically, the swamp ore deposits denote humid periods accompanied by a stable lake water-table over a long period of time. 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Drylands</title><bookId><json:string>10936283</json:string></bookId><volume>102</volume><pages><last>72</last><first>47</first></pages><issn><json:string>0930-0317</json:string></issn><genre><json:string>book-series</json:string></genre><eisbn><json:string>978-3-540-44930-0</json:string></eisbn><copyrightDate>2004</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1007/b92353</json:string></doi></host><publicationDate>2004</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2004</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1007/978-3-540-44930-0_4</json:string></doi><id>F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F</id><score>0.019230401</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI 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Niger</title><author xml:id="author-1" corresp="yes"><persName><forename type="first">Peter</forename><surname>Felix-Henningsen</surname></persName><affiliation>Institut für Bodenkunde und Bodenerhaltung, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Gießen, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="m">Paleoecology of Quaternary Drylands</title><idno type="pISBN">978-3-540-40345-6</idno><idno type="eISBN">978-3-540-44930-0</idno><idno type="pISSN">0930-0317</idno><idno type="eISSN">1613-2580</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/b92353</idno><idno type="book-ID">10936283</idno><idno type="book-title-ID">77849</idno><idno type="book-sequence-number">102</idno><idno type="book-volume-number">102</idno><editor><persName><forename type="first">Werner</forename><surname>Smykatz-Kloss</surname></persName></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Peter</forename><surname>Felix-Henningsen</surname></persName></editor><imprint><publisher>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><pubPlace>Berlin, Heidelberg</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2004-01-20"></date><biblScope unit="volume">102</biblScope><biblScope unit="chap">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="47">47</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="72">72</biblScope></imprint></monogr><series><title level="s">Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences</title><editor><persName><forename type="first">S.</forename><surname>Bhattacharji</surname></persName></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">H.</forename><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Neugebauer</surname></persName></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Reitner</surname></persName></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">K.</forename><surname>Stüwe</surname></persName></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Friedman</surname></persName></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename><surname>Seilacher</surname></persName></editor><biblScope><date>2004</date></biblScope><idno type="pISSN">0930-0317</idno><idno type="eISSN">1613-2580</idno><idno type="series-Id">772</idno></series><idno type="istex">F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-540-44930-0_4</idno><idno type="ChapterID">4</idno><idno type="ChapterID">Chap1</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2004</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: In formerly vegetated flat lake-shore areas of Pleistocene and Holocene paleo-lake depressions in the Sahara of East Niger (Ténéré, Tchigai mountains and in the Erg of Bilma), ancient dune sands are covered by rampart-like or flat beds of individual or networked rhizoconcretions. The massive goethite accumulation, which partly includes an outer fringe of lepidocrocite, impregnated the ancient dune sands. Apart from Fe, P, Ca, and Mg, other heavy metals were also concentrated. The formation and morphological differentiation of these “swamp ores” were generally bound at vegetated shallow water areas of paleo-lakes in ancient dune fields. Accordingly, the swamp ores of the Ténéré, which has flat to undulating relief, display a large dissemination. In contrast, in the Erg of Bilma the high altitude and steep slopes of ancient dune ridges led to steeper shore areas of the paleo-lakes, at which beds of rhizoconcretions were unable to develop. The oxides were formed by oxidation of Fe2 + -ions from the lake water and concentrated around the roots in the upper root zone of the swamp vegetation. The lack of oxygen in the warm lake water of the shore region, as well as the decomposition of vegetation residues, excluded high redox potentials within the deeper water near the subhydric soil surface. Hence, the formation of rhizoconcretions can only be explained by the specific physiological characteristics of the swamp vegetation, which was able to supply oxygen to the roots through an aerenchyma. The release of surplus oxygen from such roots obviously caused high redox potentials at the root surface and in the neighbouring root environment. As a result precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides occurred, which adsorbed nutrients and heavy metals from the soil solution. The redistribution of the ions from the reduced sediments of the lake basin into the root zone of the shore area resulted from diffusion and mass flow. Paleo-climatically, the swamp ore deposits denote humid periods accompanied by a stable lake water-table over a long period of time. The sequence of several swamp ore beds along the former shore, at different elevations above the lake floor, is evidence of decreasing paleo-lake water levels within a period of increasing aridity.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="Book-Subject-Collection"><list><label>SUCO11646</label><item><term>Earth and Environmental Science</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Book-Subject-Group"><list><label>G</label><label>G00002</label><label>G14003</label><label>G17002</label><label>G18009</label><label>G17070</label><item><term>Earth Sciences</term></item><item><term>Earth Sciences, general</term></item><item><term>Geochemistry</term></item><item><term>Geology</term></item><item><term>Geophysics/Geodesy</term></item><item><term>Paleontology</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2004-01-20">Published</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2016-11-22">References added</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2017-01-20">References added</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Springer, Publisher found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//Springer-Verlag//DTD A++ V2.4//EN" URI="http://devel.springer.de/A++/V2.4/DTD/A++V2.4.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><Publisher><PublisherInfo><PublisherName>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</PublisherName><PublisherLocation>Berlin, Heidelberg</PublisherLocation></PublisherInfo><Series><SeriesInfo TocLevels="0" SeriesType="Series"><SeriesID>772</SeriesID><SeriesPrintISSN>0930-0317</SeriesPrintISSN><SeriesElectronicISSN>1613-2580</SeriesElectronicISSN><SeriesTitle Language="En">Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences</SeriesTitle><SeriesAbbreviatedTitle>LNES</SeriesAbbreviatedTitle></SeriesInfo><SeriesHeader><EditorGroup><Editor><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>S.</GivenName><FamilyName>Bhattacharji</FamilyName></EditorName></Editor><Editor><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>H.</GivenName><GivenName>J.</GivenName><FamilyName>Neugebauer</FamilyName></EditorName></Editor><Editor><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>J.</GivenName><FamilyName>Reitner</FamilyName></EditorName></Editor><Editor><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>K.</GivenName><FamilyName>Stüwe</FamilyName></EditorName></Editor><Editor><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>G.</GivenName><GivenName>M.</GivenName><FamilyName>Friedman</FamilyName></EditorName></Editor><Editor><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>A.</GivenName><FamilyName>Seilacher</FamilyName></EditorName></Editor></EditorGroup></SeriesHeader><Book Language="En"><BookInfo BookProductType="Monograph" Language="En" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered" TocLevels="0" ContainsESM="No" MediaType="Book"><BookID>10936283</BookID><BookTitle>Paleoecology of Quaternary Drylands</BookTitle><BookVolumeNumber>102</BookVolumeNumber><BookSequenceNumber>102</BookSequenceNumber><BookDOI>10.1007/b92353</BookDOI><BookTitleID>77849</BookTitleID><BookPrintISBN>978-3-540-40345-6</BookPrintISBN><BookElectronicISBN>978-3-540-44930-0</BookElectronicISBN><BookCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2004</CopyrightYear></BookCopyright><BookSubjectGroup><BookSubject Type="Primary" Code="G">Earth Sciences</BookSubject><BookSubject Type="Secondary" Priority="1" Code="G00002">Earth Sciences, general</BookSubject><BookSubject Type="Secondary" Priority="2" Code="G14003">Geochemistry</BookSubject><BookSubject Type="Secondary" Priority="3" Code="G17002">Geology</BookSubject><BookSubject Type="Secondary" Priority="4" Code="G18009">Geophysics/Geodesy</BookSubject><BookSubject Type="Secondary" Priority="5" Code="G17070">Paleontology</BookSubject><SubjectCollection Code="SUCO11646">Earth and Environmental Science</SubjectCollection></BookSubjectGroup></BookInfo><BookHeader><EditorGroup><Editor><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Werner</GivenName><FamilyName>Smykatz-Kloss</FamilyName></EditorName></Editor><Editor><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Peter</GivenName><FamilyName>Felix-Henningsen</FamilyName></EditorName></Editor></EditorGroup></BookHeader><Chapter ID="Chap1" Language="En"><ChapterInfo ChapterType="OriginalPaper" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered" TocLevels="0" ContainsESM="No"><ChapterID>4</ChapterID><ChapterNumber>4</ChapterNumber><ChapterDOI>10.1007/978-3-540-44930-0_4</ChapterDOI><ChapterSequenceNumber>4</ChapterSequenceNumber><ChapterTitle Language="En">Genesis and Paleo-ecological Interpretation of Swamp Ore Deposits at Sahara Paleo-lakes of East Niger</ChapterTitle><ChapterFirstPage>47</ChapterFirstPage><ChapterLastPage>72</ChapterLastPage><ChapterCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2004</CopyrightYear></ChapterCopyright><ChapterHistory><RegistrationDate><Year>2011</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>7</Day></RegistrationDate><OnlineDate><Year>2004</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>20</Day></OnlineDate></ChapterHistory><ChapterGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ChapterGrants><ChapterContext><SeriesID>772</SeriesID><BookID>10936283</BookID><BookTitle>Paleoecology of Quaternary Drylands</BookTitle></ChapterContext></ChapterInfo><ChapterHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff1" CorrespondingAffiliationID="Aff1"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Peter</GivenName><FamilyName>Felix-Henningsen</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff1"><OrgName>Institut für Bodenkunde und Bodenerhaltung</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26</Street><Postcode>D-35392</Postcode><City>Gießen</City><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><Para>In formerly vegetated flat lake-shore areas of Pleistocene and Holocene paleo-lake depressions in the Sahara of East Niger (Ténéré, Tchigai mountains and in the Erg of Bilma), ancient dune sands are covered by rampart-like or flat beds of individual or networked rhizoconcretions. The massive goethite accumulation, which partly includes an outer fringe of lepidocrocite, impregnated the ancient dune sands. Apart from Fe, P, Ca, and Mg, other heavy metals were also concentrated. The formation and morphological differentiation of these “swamp ores” were generally bound at vegetated shallow water areas of paleo-lakes in ancient dune fields. Accordingly, the swamp ores of the Ténéré, which has flat to undulating relief, display a large dissemination. In contrast, in the Erg of Bilma the high altitude and steep slopes of ancient dune ridges led to steeper shore areas of the paleo-lakes, at which beds of rhizoconcretions were unable to develop.</Para><Para>The oxides were formed by oxidation of Fe<Superscript>2 + </Superscript>-ions from the lake water and concentrated around the roots in the upper root zone of the swamp vegetation. The lack of oxygen in the warm lake water of the shore region, as well as the decomposition of vegetation residues, excluded high redox potentials within the deeper water near the subhydric soil surface. Hence, the formation of rhizoconcretions can only be explained by the specific physiological characteristics of the swamp vegetation, which was able to supply oxygen to the roots through an aerenchyma. The release of surplus oxygen from such roots obviously caused high redox potentials at the root surface and in the neighbouring root environment. As a result precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides occurred, which adsorbed nutrients and heavy metals from the soil solution. The redistribution of the ions from the reduced sediments of the lake basin into the root zone of the shore area resulted from diffusion and mass flow. Paleo-climatically, the swamp ore deposits denote humid periods accompanied by a stable lake water-table over a long period of time. The sequence of several swamp ore beds along the former shore, at different elevations above the lake floor, is evidence of decreasing paleo-lake water levels within a period of increasing aridity.</Para></Abstract></ChapterHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Chapter></Book></Series></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Genesis and Paleo-ecological Interpretation of Swamp Ore Deposits at Sahara Paleo-lakes of East Niger</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Genesis and Paleo-ecological Interpretation of Swamp Ore Deposits at Sahara Paleo-lakes of East Niger</title></titleInfo><name type="personal" displayLabel="corresp"><namePart type="given">Peter</namePart><namePart type="family">Felix-Henningsen</namePart><affiliation>Institut für Bodenkunde und Bodenerhaltung, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Gießen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="OriginalPaper"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Berlin, Heidelberg</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2004-01-20</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2004</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Abstract: In formerly vegetated flat lake-shore areas of Pleistocene and Holocene paleo-lake depressions in the Sahara of East Niger (Ténéré, Tchigai mountains and in the Erg of Bilma), ancient dune sands are covered by rampart-like or flat beds of individual or networked rhizoconcretions. The massive goethite accumulation, which partly includes an outer fringe of lepidocrocite, impregnated the ancient dune sands. Apart from Fe, P, Ca, and Mg, other heavy metals were also concentrated. The formation and morphological differentiation of these “swamp ores” were generally bound at vegetated shallow water areas of paleo-lakes in ancient dune fields. Accordingly, the swamp ores of the Ténéré, which has flat to undulating relief, display a large dissemination. In contrast, in the Erg of Bilma the high altitude and steep slopes of ancient dune ridges led to steeper shore areas of the paleo-lakes, at which beds of rhizoconcretions were unable to develop. The oxides were formed by oxidation of Fe2 + -ions from the lake water and concentrated around the roots in the upper root zone of the swamp vegetation. The lack of oxygen in the warm lake water of the shore region, as well as the decomposition of vegetation residues, excluded high redox potentials within the deeper water near the subhydric soil surface. Hence, the formation of rhizoconcretions can only be explained by the specific physiological characteristics of the swamp vegetation, which was able to supply oxygen to the roots through an aerenchyma. The release of surplus oxygen from such roots obviously caused high redox potentials at the root surface and in the neighbouring root environment. As a result precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides occurred, which adsorbed nutrients and heavy metals from the soil solution. The redistribution of the ions from the reduced sediments of the lake basin into the root zone of the shore area resulted from diffusion and mass flow. Paleo-climatically, the swamp ore deposits denote humid periods accompanied by a stable lake water-table over a long period of time. The sequence of several swamp ore beds along the former shore, at different elevations above the lake floor, is evidence of decreasing paleo-lake water levels within a period of increasing aridity.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Paleoecology of Quaternary Drylands</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Werner</namePart><namePart type="family">Smykatz-Kloss</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Peter</namePart><namePart type="family">Felix-Henningsen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="book-series" displayLabel="Monograph"></genre><originInfo><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2004</copyrightDate><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><subject><genre>Book-Subject-Collection</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="SUCO11646">Earth and Environmental Science</topic></subject><subject><genre>Book-Subject-Group</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="G">Earth Sciences</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="G00002">Earth Sciences, general</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="G14003">Geochemistry</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="G17002">Geology</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="G18009">Geophysics/Geodesy</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="G17070">Paleontology</topic></subject><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/b92353</identifier><identifier type="ISBN">978-3-540-40345-6</identifier><identifier type="eISBN">978-3-540-44930-0</identifier><identifier type="ISSN">0930-0317</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1613-2580</identifier><identifier type="BookTitleID">77849</identifier><identifier type="BookID">10936283</identifier><identifier type="BookVolumeNumber">102</identifier><identifier type="BookSequenceNumber">102</identifier><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><number>102</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="chapter"><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>47</start><end>72</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2004</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bhattacharji</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.</namePart><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Neugebauer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Reitner</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Stüwe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Friedman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Seilacher</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2004</copyrightDate><issuance>serial</issuance></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0930-0317</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1613-2580</identifier><identifier type="SeriesID">772</identifier><part><detail type="chapter"><number>4</number></detail></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2004</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F53CC6E2FE7CEE82A80F99E7E6F02D7E6995556F</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-540-44930-0_4</identifier><identifier type="ChapterID">4</identifier><identifier type="ChapterID">Chap1</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2004</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SPRINGER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2004</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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