Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition
Identifieur interne : 001B14 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B13; suivant : 001B15Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition
Auteurs : Marcel Nicolaus ; Christian Haas ; Sascha WillmesSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2009-09-16.
Abstract
Observations of snow properties, superimposed ice, and atmospheric heat fluxes have been performed on first‐year and second‐year sea ice in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Snow in this region is particular as it does usually survive summer ablation. Measurements were performed during Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), a 5‐week drift station of the German icebreaker RV Polarstern. Net heat flux to the snowpack was 8 W m−2, causing only 0.1 to 0.2 m of thinning of both snow cover types, thinner first‐year and thicker second‐year snow. Snow thinning was dominated by compaction and evaporation, whereas melt was of minor importance and occurred only internally at or close to the surface. Characteristic differences between snow on first‐year and second‐year ice were found in snow thickness, temperature, and stratigraphy. Snow on second‐year ice was thicker, colder, denser, and more layered than on first‐year ice. Metamorphism and ablation, and thus mass balance, were similar between both regimes, because they depend more on surface heat fluxes and less on underground properties. Ice freeboard was mostly negative, but flooding occurred mainly on first‐year ice. Snow and ice interface temperature did not reach the melting point during the observation period. Nevertheless, formation of discontinuous superimposed ice was observed. Color tracer experiments suggest considerable meltwater percolation within the snow, despite below‐melting temperatures of lower layers. Strong meridional gradients of snow and sea‐ice properties were found in this region. They suggest similar gradients in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions and implicate their importance for melt processes and the location of the summer ice edge.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2008JD011227
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition</title><author><name sortKey="Nicolaus, Marcel" sort="Nicolaus, Marcel" uniqKey="Nicolaus M" first="Marcel" last="Nicolaus">Marcel Nicolaus</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: marcel.nicolaus@npolar.no</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haas, Christian" sort="Haas, Christian" uniqKey="Haas C" first="Christian" last="Haas">Christian Haas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willmes, Sascha" sort="Willmes, Sascha" uniqKey="Willmes S" first="Sascha" last="Willmes">Sascha Willmes</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:0F870C156AFCB9B84EC4D9B8D088B0B1DBC5B71B</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1029/2008JD011227</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/0F870C156AFCB9B84EC4D9B8D088B0B1DBC5B71B/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001B14</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001B14</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition</title><author><name sortKey="Nicolaus, Marcel" sort="Nicolaus, Marcel" uniqKey="Nicolaus M" first="Marcel" last="Nicolaus">Marcel Nicolaus</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: marcel.nicolaus@npolar.no</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haas, Christian" sort="Haas, Christian" uniqKey="Haas C" first="Christian" last="Haas">Christian Haas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willmes, Sascha" sort="Willmes, Sascha" uniqKey="Willmes S" first="Sascha" last="Willmes">Sascha Willmes</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-09-16">2009-09-16</date><biblScope unit="volume">114</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D17</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series><idno type="istex">0F870C156AFCB9B84EC4D9B8D088B0B1DBC5B71B</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2008JD011227</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2008JD011227</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Observations of snow properties, superimposed ice, and atmospheric heat fluxes have been performed on first‐year and second‐year sea ice in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Snow in this region is particular as it does usually survive summer ablation. Measurements were performed during Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), a 5‐week drift station of the German icebreaker RV Polarstern. Net heat flux to the snowpack was 8 W m−2, causing only 0.1 to 0.2 m of thinning of both snow cover types, thinner first‐year and thicker second‐year snow. Snow thinning was dominated by compaction and evaporation, whereas melt was of minor importance and occurred only internally at or close to the surface. Characteristic differences between snow on first‐year and second‐year ice were found in snow thickness, temperature, and stratigraphy. Snow on second‐year ice was thicker, colder, denser, and more layered than on first‐year ice. Metamorphism and ablation, and thus mass balance, were similar between both regimes, because they depend more on surface heat fluxes and less on underground properties. Ice freeboard was mostly negative, but flooding occurred mainly on first‐year ice. Snow and ice interface temperature did not reach the melting point during the observation period. Nevertheless, formation of discontinuous superimposed ice was observed. Color tracer experiments suggest considerable meltwater percolation within the snow, despite below‐melting temperatures of lower layers. Strong meridional gradients of snow and sea‐ice properties were found in this region. They suggest similar gradients in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions and implicate their importance for melt processes and the location of the summer ice edge.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Marcel Nicolaus</name><affiliations><json:string>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</json:string><json:string>Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</json:string><json:string>E-mail: marcel.nicolaus@npolar.no</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christian Haas</name><affiliations><json:string>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</json:string><json:string>Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Sascha Willmes</name><affiliations><json:string>Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>snow thickness</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>snow metamorphism</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ISPOL</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>2008JD011227</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Observations of snow properties, superimposed ice, and atmospheric heat fluxes have been performed on first‐year and second‐year sea ice in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Snow in this region is particular as it does usually survive summer ablation. Measurements were performed during Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), a 5‐week drift station of the German icebreaker RV Polarstern. Net heat flux to the snowpack was 8 W m−2, causing only 0.1 to 0.2 m of thinning of both snow cover types, thinner first‐year and thicker second‐year snow. Snow thinning was dominated by compaction and evaporation, whereas melt was of minor importance and occurred only internally at or close to the surface. Characteristic differences between snow on first‐year and second‐year ice were found in snow thickness, temperature, and stratigraphy. Snow on second‐year ice was thicker, colder, denser, and more layered than on first‐year ice. Metamorphism and ablation, and thus mass balance, were similar between both regimes, because they depend more on surface heat fluxes and less on underground properties. Ice freeboard was mostly negative, but flooding occurred mainly on first‐year ice. Snow and ice interface temperature did not reach the melting point during the observation period. Nevertheless, formation of discontinuous superimposed ice was observed. Color tracer experiments suggest considerable meltwater percolation within the snow, despite below‐melting temperatures of lower layers. Strong meridional gradients of snow and sea‐ice properties were found in this region. They suggest similar gradients in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions and implicate their importance for melt processes and the location of the summer ice edge.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.5</score><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1733</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>11998</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>70192</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>17</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>254</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>J. M. Absy</name></json:item><json:item><name>M. Schröder</name></json:item><json:item><name>R. Muench</name></json:item><json:item><name>H. H. 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Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="pISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-09-16"></date><biblScope unit="volume">114</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D17</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">0F870C156AFCB9B84EC4D9B8D088B0B1DBC5B71B</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2008JD011227</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2008JD011227</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2009</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Observations of snow properties, superimposed ice, and atmospheric heat fluxes have been performed on first‐year and second‐year sea ice in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Snow in this region is particular as it does usually survive summer ablation. Measurements were performed during Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), a 5‐week drift station of the German icebreaker RV Polarstern. Net heat flux to the snowpack was 8 W m−2, causing only 0.1 to 0.2 m of thinning of both snow cover types, thinner first‐year and thicker second‐year snow. Snow thinning was dominated by compaction and evaporation, whereas melt was of minor importance and occurred only internally at or close to the surface. Characteristic differences between snow on first‐year and second‐year ice were found in snow thickness, temperature, and stratigraphy. Snow on second‐year ice was thicker, colder, denser, and more layered than on first‐year ice. Metamorphism and ablation, and thus mass balance, were similar between both regimes, because they depend more on surface heat fluxes and less on underground properties. Ice freeboard was mostly negative, but flooding occurred mainly on first‐year ice. Snow and ice interface temperature did not reach the melting point during the observation period. Nevertheless, formation of discontinuous superimposed ice was observed. Color tracer experiments suggest considerable meltwater percolation within the snow, despite below‐melting temperatures of lower layers. Strong meridional gradients of snow and sea‐ice properties were found in this region. They suggest similar gradients in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions and implicate their importance for melt processes and the location of the summer ice edge.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>snow thickness</term></item><item><term>snow metamorphism</term></item><item><term>ISPOL</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>Climate and Dynamics</term></item><item><term>CRYOSPHERE</term></item><item><term>Sea ice</term></item><item><term>Snow</term></item><item><term>Snowmelt</term></item><item><term>Energy balance</term></item><item><term>Mass balance</term></item><item><term>GEODESY AND GRAVITY</term></item><item><term>Mass balance</term></item><item><term>Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions</term></item><item><term>HYDROLOGY</term></item><item><term>Glaciology</term></item><item><term>Snow and ice</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</term></item><item><term>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Climate and Dynamics</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-10-02">Received</change><change when="2009-05-28">Registration</change><change when="2009-09-16">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/0F870C156AFCB9B84EC4D9B8D088B0B1DBC5B71B/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrd15267"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</doi><issn type="print">0148-0227</issn><issn type="electronic">2156-2202</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRD"></id><id type="coden" value="JGREA2"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title type="short">J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="170"><doi>10.1002/jgrd.v114.D17</doi><idGroup><id type="focusSection" value="4"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="focusSection" xml:lang="en">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="114">114</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">D17</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2009-09-16">16 September 2009</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="160" type="article" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1029/2008JD011227</doi><idGroup><id type="editorialOffice" value="2008JD011227"></id><id type="society" value="D17109"></id><id type="unit" value="JGRD15267"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="17"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Climate and Dynamics</title><title type="tocHeading1">Climate and Dynamics</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2008-10-02"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2009-03-27"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2009-05-28"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2009-09-11"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2009-09-11"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="SPi Global Converter:AGUv3.44_TO_WileyML3Gv1.0.3 version:1.3; WileyML 3G Packaging Tool v1.0; AGU2WileyML3G Final Clean Up v1.0" date="2012-12-17"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-30"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-30"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">n/a</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">n/a</numbering></numberingGroup><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/subset/ACL">Climate and Dynamics</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0736">Snow</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0740">Snowmelt</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0764">Energy balance</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0762">Mass balance</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1200">GEODESY AND GRAVITY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1218">Mass balance</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1223">Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1827">Glaciology</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1863">Snow and ice</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation xml:id="jgrd15267-cit-0000" type="self"><author><familyName>Nicolaus</familyName>, <givenNames>M.</givenNames></author>, <author><givenNames>C.</givenNames> <familyName>Haas</familyName></author>, and <author><givenNames>S.</givenNames> <familyName>Willmes</familyName></author> (<pubYear year="2009">2009</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>J. Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>114</vol>, D17109, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2008JD011227">10.1029/2008JD011227</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRD.JGRD15267.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="13"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition</title><title type="short">SNOW ON FIRST‐YEAR AND SECOND‐YEAR SEA ICE</title><title type="shortAuthors">Nicolaus <i>et al</i>.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrd15267-cr-0001" affiliationRef="#jgrd15267-aff-0001 #jgrd15267-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Marcel</givenNames> <familyName>Nicolaus</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email normalForm="marcel.nicolaus@npolar.no">marcel.nicolaus@npolar.no</email></contactDetails></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrd15267-cr-0002" affiliationRef="#jgrd15267-aff-0001 #jgrd15267-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Christian</givenNames> <familyName>Haas</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrd15267-cr-0003" affiliationRef="#jgrd15267-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Sascha</givenNames> <familyName>Willmes</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="DE" type="organization" xml:id="jgrd15267-aff-0001"><orgName>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research</orgName><address><city>Bremerhaven</city><country>Germany</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="NO" type="organization" xml:id="jgrd15267-aff-0002"><orgName>Norwegian Polar Institute</orgName><address><city>Tromsø</city><country>Norway</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CA" type="organization" xml:id="jgrd15267-aff-0003"><orgDiv>Earth and Atmospheric Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>University of Alberta</orgName><address><city>Edmonton, Alberta</city><country>Canada</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="DE" type="organization" xml:id="jgrd15267-aff-0004"><orgDiv>Environmental Meteorology</orgDiv><orgName>University of Trier</orgName><address><city>Trier</city><country>Germany</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="jgrd15267-kwd-0001">snow thickness</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd15267-kwd-0002">snow metamorphism</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd15267-kwd-0003">ISPOL</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd15267:jgrd15267-sup-0001-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrd15267-para-0001" label="1">Observations of snow properties, superimposed ice, and atmospheric heat fluxes have been performed on first‐year and second‐year sea ice in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Snow in this region is particular as it does usually survive summer ablation. Measurements were performed during Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), a 5‐week drift station of the German icebreaker RV <i>Polarstern</i>. Net heat flux to the snowpack was 8 W m<sup>−2</sup>, causing only 0.1 to 0.2 m of thinning of both snow cover types, thinner first‐year and thicker second‐year snow. Snow thinning was dominated by compaction and evaporation, whereas melt was of minor importance and occurred only internally at or close to the surface. Characteristic differences between snow on first‐year and second‐year ice were found in snow thickness, temperature, and stratigraphy. Snow on second‐year ice was thicker, colder, denser, and more layered than on first‐year ice. Metamorphism and ablation, and thus mass balance, were similar between both regimes, because they depend more on surface heat fluxes and less on underground properties. Ice freeboard was mostly negative, but flooding occurred mainly on first‐year ice. Snow and ice interface temperature did not reach the melting point during the observation period. Nevertheless, formation of discontinuous superimposed ice was observed. Color tracer experiments suggest considerable meltwater percolation within the snow, despite below‐melting temperatures of lower layers. Strong meridional gradients of snow and sea‐ice properties were found in this region. They suggest similar gradients in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions and implicate their importance for melt processes and the location of the summer ice edge.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>SNOW ON FIRST‐YEAR AND SECOND‐YEAR SEA ICE</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Marcel</namePart><namePart type="family">Nicolaus</namePart><affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: marcel.nicolaus@npolar.no</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christian</namePart><namePart type="family">Haas</namePart><affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sascha</namePart><namePart type="family">Willmes</namePart><affiliation>Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-09-16</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2008-10-02</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2009-05-28</dateValid><edition>Nicolaus, M., C. Haas, and S. Willmes (2009), Evolution of first‐year and second‐year snow properties on sea ice in the Weddell Sea during spring‐summer transition, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17109, doi:10.1029/2008JD011227.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">13</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>Observations of snow properties, superimposed ice, and atmospheric heat fluxes have been performed on first‐year and second‐year sea ice in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Snow in this region is particular as it does usually survive summer ablation. Measurements were performed during Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), a 5‐week drift station of the German icebreaker RV Polarstern. Net heat flux to the snowpack was 8 W m−2, causing only 0.1 to 0.2 m of thinning of both snow cover types, thinner first‐year and thicker second‐year snow. Snow thinning was dominated by compaction and evaporation, whereas melt was of minor importance and occurred only internally at or close to the surface. Characteristic differences between snow on first‐year and second‐year ice were found in snow thickness, temperature, and stratigraphy. Snow on second‐year ice was thicker, colder, denser, and more layered than on first‐year ice. Metamorphism and ablation, and thus mass balance, were similar between both regimes, because they depend more on surface heat fluxes and less on underground properties. Ice freeboard was mostly negative, but flooding occurred mainly on first‐year ice. Snow and ice interface temperature did not reach the melting point during the observation period. Nevertheless, formation of discontinuous superimposed ice was observed. Color tracer experiments suggest considerable meltwater percolation within the snow, despite below‐melting temperatures of lower layers. Strong meridional gradients of snow and sea‐ice properties were found in this region. They suggest similar gradients in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions and implicate their importance for melt processes and the location of the summer ice edge.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>snow thickness</topic><topic>snow metamorphism</topic><topic>ISPOL</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/subset/ACL">Climate and Dynamics</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0736">Snow</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0740">Snowmelt</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0764">Energy balance</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0762">Mass balance</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1200">GEODESY AND GRAVITY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1218">Mass balance</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1223">Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1827">Glaciology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1863">Snow and ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</topic></subject><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Climate and Dynamics</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0148-0227</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2156-2202</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">JGREA2</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JGRD</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>114</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>D17</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start><end>n/a</end><total>17</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">0F870C156AFCB9B84EC4D9B8D088B0B1DBC5B71B</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2008JD011227</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2008JD011227</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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