Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer
Identifieur interne : 001B13 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B12; suivant : 001B14Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer
Auteurs : Timo Vihma ; Milla M. Johansson ; Jouko LauniainenSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2009-04.
Abstract
The radiative and turbulent heat fluxes between the snow‐covered sea ice and the atmosphere were analyzed on the basis of observations during the Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL) in the western Weddell Sea from 28 November 2004 to 2 January 2005. The net heat flux to the snowpack was 3 ± 2 W m−2 (mean ± standard deviation; defined positive toward snow), consisting of the net shortwave radiation (52 ± 8 W m−2), net longwave radiation (−29 ± 4 W m−2), latent heat flux (−14 ± 5 W m−2), and sensible heat flux (−6 ± 5 W m−2). The snowpack receives heat at daytime while releases heat every night. Snow thinning was due to approximately equal contributions of the increase of snow density, melt, and evaporation. The surface albedo only decreased from 0.9 to 0.8. During a case of cold air advection, the sensible heat flux was even below −50 W m−2. At night, the snow surface temperature was strongly controlled by the incoming longwave radiation. The diurnal cycle in the downward solar radiation drove diurnal cycles in 14 other variables. Comparisons against observations from the Arctic sea ice in summer indicated that at ISPOL the air was colder, surface albedo was higher, and a larger portion of the absorbed solar radiation was returned to the atmosphere via turbulent heat fluxes. The limited melt allowed larger diurnal cycles. Due to regional differences in atmospheric circulation and ice conditions, the ISPOL results cannot be fully generalized for the entire Antarctic sea ice zone.
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DOI: 10.1029/2008JC004995
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Johansson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Now at Marine Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Launiainen, Jouko" sort="Launiainen, Jouko" uniqKey="Launiainen J" first="Jouko" last="Launiainen">Jouko Launiainen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Retired.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:B9D831A83FA76D2B7B4A726EFE7E10F877674CCC</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1029/2008JC004995</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/B9D831A83FA76D2B7B4A726EFE7E10F877674CCC/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001B13</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001B13</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer</title><author><name sortKey="Vihma, Timo" sort="Vihma, Timo" uniqKey="Vihma T" first="Timo" last="Vihma">Timo Vihma</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Meteorological Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: (timo.vihma@fmi.fi)</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, Milla M" sort="Johansson, Milla M" uniqKey="Johansson M" first="Milla M." last="Johansson">Milla M. Johansson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Now at Marine Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Launiainen, Jouko" sort="Launiainen, Jouko" uniqKey="Launiainen J" first="Jouko" last="Launiainen">Jouko Launiainen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Retired.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-04">2009-04</date><biblScope unit="volume">114</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">C4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series><idno type="istex">B9D831A83FA76D2B7B4A726EFE7E10F877674CCC</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2008JC004995</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2008JC004995</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The radiative and turbulent heat fluxes between the snow‐covered sea ice and the atmosphere were analyzed on the basis of observations during the Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL) in the western Weddell Sea from 28 November 2004 to 2 January 2005. The net heat flux to the snowpack was 3 ± 2 W m−2 (mean ± standard deviation; defined positive toward snow), consisting of the net shortwave radiation (52 ± 8 W m−2), net longwave radiation (−29 ± 4 W m−2), latent heat flux (−14 ± 5 W m−2), and sensible heat flux (−6 ± 5 W m−2). The snowpack receives heat at daytime while releases heat every night. Snow thinning was due to approximately equal contributions of the increase of snow density, melt, and evaporation. The surface albedo only decreased from 0.9 to 0.8. During a case of cold air advection, the sensible heat flux was even below −50 W m−2. At night, the snow surface temperature was strongly controlled by the incoming longwave radiation. The diurnal cycle in the downward solar radiation drove diurnal cycles in 14 other variables. Comparisons against observations from the Arctic sea ice in summer indicated that at ISPOL the air was colder, surface albedo was higher, and a larger portion of the absorbed solar radiation was returned to the atmosphere via turbulent heat fluxes. The limited melt allowed larger diurnal cycles. Due to regional differences in atmospheric circulation and ice conditions, the ISPOL results cannot be fully generalized for the entire Antarctic sea ice zone.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Timo Vihma</name><affiliations><json:string>Meteorological Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</json:string><json:string>E-mail: (timo.vihma@fmi.fi)</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Milla M. Johansson</name><affiliations><json:string>Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</json:string><json:string>Now at Marine Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jouko Launiainen</name><affiliations><json:string>Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</json:string><json:string>Retired.</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>surface heat balance</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>sea ice</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Antarctic</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>2008JC004995</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The radiative and turbulent heat fluxes between the snow‐covered sea ice and the atmosphere were analyzed on the basis of observations during the Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL) in the western Weddell Sea from 28 November 2004 to 2 January 2005. The net heat flux to the snowpack was 3 ± 2 W m−2 (mean ± standard deviation; defined positive toward snow), consisting of the net shortwave radiation (52 ± 8 W m−2), net longwave radiation (−29 ± 4 W m−2), latent heat flux (−14 ± 5 W m−2), and sensible heat flux (−6 ± 5 W m−2). The snowpack receives heat at daytime while releases heat every night. Snow thinning was due to approximately equal contributions of the increase of snow density, melt, and evaporation. The surface albedo only decreased from 0.9 to 0.8. During a case of cold air advection, the sensible heat flux was even below −50 W m−2. At night, the snow surface temperature was strongly controlled by the incoming longwave radiation. The diurnal cycle in the downward solar radiation drove diurnal cycles in 14 other variables. Comparisons against observations from the Arctic sea ice in summer indicated that at ISPOL the air was colder, surface albedo was higher, and a larger portion of the absorbed solar radiation was returned to the atmosphere via turbulent heat fluxes. The limited melt allowed larger diurnal cycles. Due to regional differences in atmospheric circulation and ice conditions, the ISPOL results cannot be fully generalized for the entire Antarctic sea ice zone.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.5</score><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1497</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>12095</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>67351</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>18</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>251</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>E. L. 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Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="pISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-04"></date><biblScope unit="volume">114</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">C4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">B9D831A83FA76D2B7B4A726EFE7E10F877674CCC</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2008JC004995</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2008JC004995</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2009</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>The radiative and turbulent heat fluxes between the snow‐covered sea ice and the atmosphere were analyzed on the basis of observations during the Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL) in the western Weddell Sea from 28 November 2004 to 2 January 2005. The net heat flux to the snowpack was 3 ± 2 W m−2 (mean ± standard deviation; defined positive toward snow), consisting of the net shortwave radiation (52 ± 8 W m−2), net longwave radiation (−29 ± 4 W m−2), latent heat flux (−14 ± 5 W m−2), and sensible heat flux (−6 ± 5 W m−2). The snowpack receives heat at daytime while releases heat every night. Snow thinning was due to approximately equal contributions of the increase of snow density, melt, and evaporation. The surface albedo only decreased from 0.9 to 0.8. During a case of cold air advection, the sensible heat flux was even below −50 W m−2. At night, the snow surface temperature was strongly controlled by the incoming longwave radiation. The diurnal cycle in the downward solar radiation drove diurnal cycles in 14 other variables. Comparisons against observations from the Arctic sea ice in summer indicated that at ISPOL the air was colder, surface albedo was higher, and a larger portion of the absorbed solar radiation was returned to the atmosphere via turbulent heat fluxes. The limited melt allowed larger diurnal cycles. Due to regional differences in atmospheric circulation and ice conditions, the ISPOL results cannot be fully generalized for the entire Antarctic sea ice zone.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>surface heat balance</term></item><item><term>sea ice</term></item><item><term>Antarctic</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>CRYOSPHERE</term></item><item><term>Sea ice</term></item><item><term>Cryosphere</term></item><item><term>Sea ice</term></item><item><term>Polynas</term></item><item><term>Leads</term></item><item><term>ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</term></item><item><term>Polar meteorology</term></item><item><term>Boundary layer processes</term></item><item><term>Radiative processes</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</term></item><item><term>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</term></item><item><term>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-06-30">Received</change><change when="2009-02-25">Registration</change><change when="2009-04">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B9D831A83FA76D2B7B4A726EFE7E10F877674CCC/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrc11169"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</doi><issn type="print">0148-0227</issn><issn type="electronic">2156-2202</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRC"></id><id type="coden" value="JGREA2"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: OCEANS">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title type="short">J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="40"><doi>10.1002/jgrc.v114.C4</doi><idGroup><id type="focusSection" value="3"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="focusSection" xml:lang="en">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="114">114</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">C4</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2009-04">April 2009</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="110" type="article" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1029/2008JC004995</doi><idGroup><id type="editorialOffice" value="2008JC004995"></id><id type="society" value="C04019"></id><id type="unit" value="JGRC11169"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="18"></count></countGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2008-06-30"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2009-01-02"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2009-02-25"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2009-04-25"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2009-04-25"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="SPi Global Converter:AGUv3.44_TO_WileyML3Gv1.0.3 version:1.3; AGU2WileyML3G Final Clean Up v1.0; WileyML 3G Packaging Tool v1.0" date="2013-01-09"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-30"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">n/a</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">n/a</numbering></numberingGroup><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">Cryosphere</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0752">Polynas</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0754">Leads</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3349">Polar meteorology</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3307">Boundary layer processes</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3359">Radiative processes</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation xml:id="jgrc11169-cit-0000" type="self"><author><familyName>Vihma</familyName>, <givenNames>T.</givenNames></author>, <author><givenNames>M. M.</givenNames> <familyName>Johansson</familyName></author>, and <author><givenNames>J.</givenNames> <familyName>Launiainen</familyName></author> (<pubYear year="2009">2009</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>J. Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>114</vol>, C04019, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2008JC004995">10.1029/2008JC004995</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRC.JGRC11169.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="11"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="2"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer</title><title type="short">SURFACE FLUXES OVER ANTARCTIC SEA ICE</title><title type="shortAuthors">Vihma <i>et al</i>.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11169-cr-0001" affiliationRef="#jgrc11169-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>Timo</givenNames> <familyName>Vihma</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email normalForm="(timo.vihma@fmi.fi)">(timo.vihma@fmi.fi)</email></contactDetails></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11169-cr-0002" affiliationRef="#jgrc11169-aff-0002 #jgrc11169-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Milla M.</givenNames> <familyName>Johansson</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11169-cr-0003" affiliationRef="#jgrc11169-aff-0002 #jgrc11169-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Jouko</givenNames> <familyName>Launiainen</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="FI" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11169-aff-0001"><orgName>Meteorological Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute</orgName><address><city>Helsinki</city><country>Finland</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="FI" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11169-aff-0002"><orgName>Finnish Institute of Marine Research</orgName><address><city>Helsinki</city><country>Finland</country></address></affiliation><affiliation type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11169-aff-0003"><unparsedAffiliation>Now at Marine Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11169-aff-0004"><unparsedAffiliation>Retired.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="jgrc11169-kwd-0001">surface heat balance</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc11169-kwd-0002">sea ice</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc11169-kwd-0003">Antarctic</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11169:jgrc11169-sup-0001-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11169:jgrc11169-sup-0002-t02"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 2.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrc11169-para-0001" label="1">The radiative and turbulent heat fluxes between the snow‐covered sea ice and the atmosphere were analyzed on the basis of observations during the Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL) in the western Weddell Sea from 28 November 2004 to 2 January 2005. The net heat flux to the snowpack was 3 ± 2 W m<sup>−2</sup> (mean ± standard deviation; defined positive toward snow), consisting of the net shortwave radiation (52 ± 8 W m<sup>−2</sup>), net longwave radiation (−29 ± 4 W m<sup>−2</sup>), latent heat flux (−14 ± 5 W m<sup>−2</sup>), and sensible heat flux (−6 ± 5 W m<sup>−2</sup>). The snowpack receives heat at daytime while releases heat every night. Snow thinning was due to approximately equal contributions of the increase of snow density, melt, and evaporation. The surface albedo only decreased from 0.9 to 0.8. During a case of cold air advection, the sensible heat flux was even below −50 W m<sup>−2</sup>. At night, the snow surface temperature was strongly controlled by the incoming longwave radiation. The diurnal cycle in the downward solar radiation drove diurnal cycles in 14 other variables. Comparisons against observations from the Arctic sea ice in summer indicated that at ISPOL the air was colder, surface albedo was higher, and a larger portion of the absorbed solar radiation was returned to the atmosphere via turbulent heat fluxes. The limited melt allowed larger diurnal cycles. Due to regional differences in atmospheric circulation and ice conditions, the ISPOL results cannot be fully generalized for the entire Antarctic sea ice zone.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>SURFACE FLUXES OVER ANTARCTIC SEA ICE</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Timo</namePart><namePart type="family">Vihma</namePart><affiliation>Meteorological Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: (timo.vihma@fmi.fi)</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Milla M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Johansson</namePart><affiliation>Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</affiliation><affiliation>Now at Marine Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jouko</namePart><namePart type="family">Launiainen</namePart><affiliation>Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</affiliation><affiliation>Retired.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-04</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2008-06-30</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2009-02-25</dateValid><edition>Vihma, T., M. M. Johansson, and J. Launiainen (2009), Radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes over sea ice in the western Weddell Sea in early summer, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C04019, doi:10.1029/2008JC004995.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">11</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>The radiative and turbulent heat fluxes between the snow‐covered sea ice and the atmosphere were analyzed on the basis of observations during the Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL) in the western Weddell Sea from 28 November 2004 to 2 January 2005. The net heat flux to the snowpack was 3 ± 2 W m−2 (mean ± standard deviation; defined positive toward snow), consisting of the net shortwave radiation (52 ± 8 W m−2), net longwave radiation (−29 ± 4 W m−2), latent heat flux (−14 ± 5 W m−2), and sensible heat flux (−6 ± 5 W m−2). The snowpack receives heat at daytime while releases heat every night. Snow thinning was due to approximately equal contributions of the increase of snow density, melt, and evaporation. The surface albedo only decreased from 0.9 to 0.8. During a case of cold air advection, the sensible heat flux was even below −50 W m−2. At night, the snow surface temperature was strongly controlled by the incoming longwave radiation. The diurnal cycle in the downward solar radiation drove diurnal cycles in 14 other variables. Comparisons against observations from the Arctic sea ice in summer indicated that at ISPOL the air was colder, surface albedo was higher, and a larger portion of the absorbed solar radiation was returned to the atmosphere via turbulent heat fluxes. The limited melt allowed larger diurnal cycles. Due to regional differences in atmospheric circulation and ice conditions, the ISPOL results cannot be fully generalized for the entire Antarctic sea ice zone.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table 2.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>surface heat balance</topic><topic>sea ice</topic><topic>Antarctic</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">Cryosphere</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0752">Polynas</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0754">Leads</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3349">Polar meteorology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3307">Boundary layer processes</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3359">Radiative processes</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0148-0227</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2156-2202</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">JGREA2</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JGRC</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>114</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>C4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start><end>n/a</end><total>18</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B9D831A83FA76D2B7B4A726EFE7E10F877674CCC</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2008JC004995</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2008JC004995</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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