Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea
Identifieur interne : 001A89 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001A88; suivant : 001A90Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea
Auteurs : V. Haid ; R. TimmermannSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans [ 2169-9275 ] ; 2013-05.
Abstract
Coastal polynyas are areas in an ice‐covered ocean where the ice cover is exported, mostly by off‐shore winds. The resulting reduction of sea ice enables an enhanced ocean‐atmosphere heat transfer. Once the water temperatures are at the freezing point, further heat loss induces sea ice production. The heat exchange and ice production in coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea is addressed using the Finite‐Element Sea‐ice Ocean Model, a primitive‐equation, hydrostatic ocean circulation model coupled with a dynamic‐thermodynamic sea‐ice model, which allows to quantify the amount of heat associated with cooling of the water column. Three important polynya regions are identified: at Brunt Ice Shelf, at Ronne Ice Shelf and along the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Multiyear winter means (May–September 1990–2009) give an upward heat flux to the atmosphere of 311 W/m2 in the Brunt polynyas, 511 W/m2 in Ronne Polynya and 364 W/m2 in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas, whereof 57 W/m2, 49 W/m2 and 48 W/m2, respectively, are supplied as oceanic heat flux from deeper layers. The mean winter sea ice production is 7.2 cm/d in the Brunt polynyas corresponding to an ice volume of 1.3 ×1010 m3/winter, 13.2 cm/d at Ronne polynya (4.4 ×1010 m3/winter), and 9.2 cm/d in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas (2.1 ×1010 m3/winter). The heat flux to the atmosphere inside polynyas is 7 to 9 times higher than the heat flux in the adjacent area; polynya ice production per unit area exceeds adjacent values by a factor of 9 to 14.
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DOI: 10.1002/jgrc.20133
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea</title><author><name sortKey="Haid, V" sort="Haid, V" uniqKey="Haid V" first="V." last="Haid">V. Haid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: vhaid@awi.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timmermann, R" sort="Timmermann, R" uniqKey="Timmermann R" first="R." last="Timmermann">R. Timmermann</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C</idno><date when="2013" year="2013">2013</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/jgrc.20133</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001A89</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001A89</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea</title><author><name sortKey="Haid, V" sort="Haid, V" uniqKey="Haid V" first="V." last="Haid">V. Haid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: vhaid@awi.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timmermann, R" sort="Timmermann, R" uniqKey="Timmermann R" first="R." last="Timmermann">R. Timmermann</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Geophys. Res. Oceans</title><idno type="ISSN">2169-9275</idno><idno type="eISSN">2169-9291</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-05">2013-05</date><biblScope unit="volume">118</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2640">2640</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2652">2652</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">2169-9275</idno></series><idno type="istex">89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/jgrc.20133</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JGRC20133</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">2169-9275</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Coastal polynyas are areas in an ice‐covered ocean where the ice cover is exported, mostly by off‐shore winds. The resulting reduction of sea ice enables an enhanced ocean‐atmosphere heat transfer. Once the water temperatures are at the freezing point, further heat loss induces sea ice production. The heat exchange and ice production in coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea is addressed using the Finite‐Element Sea‐ice Ocean Model, a primitive‐equation, hydrostatic ocean circulation model coupled with a dynamic‐thermodynamic sea‐ice model, which allows to quantify the amount of heat associated with cooling of the water column. Three important polynya regions are identified: at Brunt Ice Shelf, at Ronne Ice Shelf and along the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Multiyear winter means (May–September 1990–2009) give an upward heat flux to the atmosphere of 311 W/m2 in the Brunt polynyas, 511 W/m2 in Ronne Polynya and 364 W/m2 in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas, whereof 57 W/m2, 49 W/m2 and 48 W/m2, respectively, are supplied as oceanic heat flux from deeper layers. The mean winter sea ice production is 7.2 cm/d in the Brunt polynyas corresponding to an ice volume of 1.3 ×1010 m3/winter, 13.2 cm/d at Ronne polynya (4.4 ×1010 m3/winter), and 9.2 cm/d in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas (2.1 ×1010 m3/winter). The heat flux to the atmosphere inside polynyas is 7 to 9 times higher than the heat flux in the adjacent area; polynya ice production per unit area exceeds adjacent values by a factor of 9 to 14.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>V. Haid</name><affiliations><json:string>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</json:string><json:string>E-mail: vhaid@awi.de</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>R. 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Data</title></host><title>A consistent dataset of Antarctic ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and global bathymetry</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>Untersuchung von atmosphärischen Reanalysedaten im Weddellmeer und Anwendung auf ein dynamisch thermodynamisches Meereismodell, Diplomarbeit</title></host></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>118</volume><publisherId><json:string>JGRC</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>13</total><last>2652</last><first>2640</first></pages><issn><json:string>2169-9275</json:string></issn><issue>5</issue><subject><json:item><value>BIOGEOSCIENCES</value></json:item><json:item><value>Modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>COMPUTATIONAL GEOPHYSICS</value></json:item><json:item><value>Modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>CRYOSPHERE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Polynas</value></json:item><json:item><value>Thermodynamics</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sea ice</value></json:item><json:item><value>Leads</value></json:item><json:item><value>Modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>GEOCHEMISTRY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Thermodynamics</value></json:item><json:item><value>GLOBAL CHANGE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Earth system modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>HYDROLOGY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>INFORMATICS</value></json:item><json:item><value>Modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</value></json:item><json:item><value>Regional modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>Theoretical modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Thermodynamics</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Arctic and Antarctic oceanography</value></json:item><json:item><value>NATURAL HAZARDS</value></json:item><json:item><value>Physical modeling</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</value></json:item><json:item><value>VOLCANOLOGY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Thermodynamics</value></json:item><json:item><value>GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION</value></json:item><json:item><value>Antarctica</value></json:item><json:item><value>Arctic region</value></json:item><json:item><value>Regular Article</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>2169-9291</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)2169-9291</json:string></doi></host><publicationDate>2013</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2013</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1002/jgrc.20133</json:string></doi><id>89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C</id><score>0.01565563</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><p>©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</p></availability><date>2013-03</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - No. TI 296/5;</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">V.</forename><surname>Haid</surname></persName><email>vhaid@awi.de</email><affiliation>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename><surname>Timmermann</surname></persName><affiliation>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Geophys. Res. Oceans</title><idno type="pISSN">2169-9275</idno><idno type="eISSN">2169-9291</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2169-9291</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-05"></date><biblScope unit="volume">118</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2640">2640</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2652">2652</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/jgrc.20133</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JGRC20133</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2013-03</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Coastal polynyas are areas in an ice‐covered ocean where the ice cover is exported, mostly by off‐shore winds. The resulting reduction of sea ice enables an enhanced ocean‐atmosphere heat transfer. Once the water temperatures are at the freezing point, further heat loss induces sea ice production. The heat exchange and ice production in coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea is addressed using the Finite‐Element Sea‐ice Ocean Model, a primitive‐equation, hydrostatic ocean circulation model coupled with a dynamic‐thermodynamic sea‐ice model, which allows to quantify the amount of heat associated with cooling of the water column. Three important polynya regions are identified: at Brunt Ice Shelf, at Ronne Ice Shelf and along the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Multiyear winter means (May–September 1990–2009) give an upward heat flux to the atmosphere of 311 W/m2 in the Brunt polynyas, 511 W/m2 in Ronne Polynya and 364 W/m2 in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas, whereof 57 W/m2, 49 W/m2 and 48 W/m2, respectively, are supplied as oceanic heat flux from deeper layers. The mean winter sea ice production is 7.2 cm/d in the Brunt polynyas corresponding to an ice volume of 1.3 ×1010 m3/winter, 13.2 cm/d at Ronne polynya (4.4 ×1010 m3/winter), and 9.2 cm/d in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas (2.1 ×1010 m3/winter). The heat flux to the atmosphere inside polynyas is 7 to 9 times higher than the heat flux in the adjacent area; polynya ice production per unit area exceeds adjacent values by a factor of 9 to 14.</p></abstract><abstract style="short"><p>Wintertime southwestern Weddell Sea coastal polynya area and activitySimulation of wintertime coastal polynya heat flux and ice productionContribution of the oceanic heat flux at coastal polynyas</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>coastal polynya</term></item><item><term>Weddell Sea</term></item><item><term>heat flux</term></item><item><term>sea ice</term></item><item><term>modelling</term></item><item><term>oceanic heat flux</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>BIOGEOSCIENCES</term></item><item><term>Modeling</term></item><item><term>COMPUTATIONAL GEOPHYSICS</term></item><item><term>Modeling</term></item><item><term>CRYOSPHERE</term></item><item><term>Polynas</term></item><item><term>Thermodynamics</term></item><item><term>Sea ice</term></item><item><term>Leads</term></item><item><term>Modeling</term></item><item><term>GEOCHEMISTRY</term></item><item><term>Thermodynamics</term></item><item><term>GLOBAL CHANGE</term></item><item><term>Earth system modeling</term></item><item><term>HYDROLOGY</term></item><item><term>Modeling</term></item><item><term>INFORMATICS</term></item><item><term>Modeling</term></item><item><term>ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</term></item><item><term>Regional modeling</term></item><item><term>Theoretical modeling</term></item><item><term>MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY</term></item><item><term>Thermodynamics</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</term></item><item><term>Arctic and Antarctic oceanography</term></item><item><term>NATURAL HAZARDS</term></item><item><term>Physical modeling</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</term></item><item><term>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</term></item><item><term>VOLCANOLOGY</term></item><item><term>Thermodynamics</term></item><item><term>GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION</term></item><item><term>Antarctica</term></item><item><term>Arctic region</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Regular Article</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2012-10-05">Received</change><change when="2013-02-15">Registration</change><change when="2013-03">Created</change><change when="2013-05">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrc20133"><header xml:id="jgrc20133-hdr-0001"><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2169-9291</doi><issn type="print">2169-9275</issn><issn type="electronic">2169-9291</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRC"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: OCEANS">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title type="short">J. Geophys. Res. Oceans</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="50"><doi>10.1002/jgrc.v118.5</doi><copyright ownership="publisher">©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="118">118</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">5</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2013-05">May 2013</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="270" type="article" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1002/jgrc.20133</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="JGRC20133"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="13"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Regular Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">Regular Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2012-10-05"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2013-01-29"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2013-02-15"></event><event type="xmlCreated" agent="SPi Global" date="2013-03"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAccepted" date="2013-03-18"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2013-05-30"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2013-05-30"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2013-07-18"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.5" date="2014-05-15"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.7.5 mode:FullText" date="2016-01-21"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">2640</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">2652</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Corresponding author: V. Haid, Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bussestr. 24, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. (<email normalForm="vhaid@awi.de">vhaid@awi.de</email>)</correspondenceTo><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0400">BIOGEOSCIENCES</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0466">Modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0500">COMPUTATIONAL GEOPHYSICS</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0545">Modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0752">Polynas</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0766">Thermodynamics</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0754">Leads</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0798">Modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1000">GEOCHEMISTRY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1011">Thermodynamics</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1622">Earth system modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1847">Modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1900">INFORMATICS</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1952">Modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3355">Regional modeling</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3367">Theoretical modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3600">MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3611">Thermodynamics</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4207">Arctic and Antarctic oceanography</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4316">Physical modeling</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8400">VOLCANOLOGY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8411">Thermodynamics</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/9300">GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/9310">Antarctica</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/9315">Arctic region</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation type="self" xml:id="jgrc20133-cit-0039"><author><familyName>Haid</familyName><givenNames>V.</givenNames></author>, and <author><givenNames>R.</givenNames><familyName>Timmermann</familyName></author> (<pubYear year="2013">2013</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>J. Geophys. Res. Oceans</journalTitle>, <vol>118</vol>, <pageFirst>2640</pageFirst>‐<pageLast>2652</pageLast>, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1002/jgrc.20133">10.1002/jgrc.20133</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRC.JGRC20133.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="main">Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea</title><title type="shortAuthors">HAID AND TIMMERMANN</title><title type="short">HEAT FLUX AND SEA ICE PRODUCTION</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="jgrc20133-cr-0001" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrc20133-aff-0001" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>V.</givenNames><familyName>Haid</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrc20133-cr-0002" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrc20133-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>R.</givenNames><familyName>Timmermann</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="jgrc20133-aff-0001" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><orgDiv>Climate Dynamics</orgDiv><orgName>Alfred Wegener Institute</orgName><address><city>Bremerhaven</city><country>Germany</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="jgrc20133-kwd-0001">coastal polynya</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc20133-kwd-0002">Weddell Sea</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc20133-kwd-0003">heat flux</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc20133-kwd-0004">sea ice</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc20133-kwd-0005">modelling</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc20133-kwd-0006">oceanic heat flux</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>TI 296/5</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:id="jgrc20133-abs-0001"><p xml:id="jgrc20133-para-0001" label="1">Coastal polynyas are areas in an ice‐covered ocean where the ice cover is exported, mostly by off‐shore winds. The resulting reduction of sea ice enables an enhanced ocean‐atmosphere heat transfer. Once the water temperatures are at the freezing point, further heat loss induces sea ice production. The heat exchange and ice production in coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea is addressed using the Finite‐Element Sea‐ice Ocean Model, a primitive‐equation, hydrostatic ocean circulation model coupled with a dynamic‐thermodynamic sea‐ice model, which allows to quantify the amount of heat associated with cooling of the water column. Three important polynya regions are identified: at Brunt Ice Shelf, at Ronne Ice Shelf and along the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Multiyear winter means (May–September 1990–2009) give an upward heat flux to the atmosphere of 311 W/m<sup>2</sup> in the Brunt polynyas, 511 W/m<sup>2</sup> in Ronne Polynya and 364 W/m<sup>2</sup> in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas, whereof 57 W/m<sup>2</sup>, 49 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 48 W/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, are supplied as oceanic heat flux from deeper layers. The mean winter sea ice production is 7.2 cm/d in the Brunt polynyas corresponding to an ice volume of 1.3 ×10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/winter, 13.2 cm/d at Ronne polynya (4.4 ×10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/winter), and 9.2 cm/d in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas (2.1 ×10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/winter). The heat flux to the atmosphere inside polynyas is 7 to 9 times higher than the heat flux in the adjacent area; polynya ice production per unit area exceeds adjacent values by a factor of 9 to 14.</p></abstract><abstract type="short" xml:id="jgrc20133-abs-0002"><title type="main">Key Points</title><p xml:id="jgrc20133-para-0002"><list style="bulleted"><listItem xml:id="jgrc20133-li-0001">Wintertime southwestern Weddell Sea coastal polynya area and activity</listItem><listItem xml:id="jgrc20133-li-0002">Simulation of wintertime coastal polynya heat flux and ice production</listItem><listItem xml:id="jgrc20133-li-0003">Contribution of the oceanic heat flux at coastal polynyas</listItem></list></p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>HEAT FLUX AND SEA ICE PRODUCTION</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V.</namePart><namePart type="family">Haid</namePart><affiliation>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: vhaid@awi.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Timmermann</namePart><affiliation>Climate Dynamics, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2013-05</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2013-03</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2012-10-05</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2013-02-15</dateValid><edition>HaidV., and R.Timmermann (2013), Simulated heat flux and sea ice production at coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 2640‐2652, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20133.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2013</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Coastal polynyas are areas in an ice‐covered ocean where the ice cover is exported, mostly by off‐shore winds. The resulting reduction of sea ice enables an enhanced ocean‐atmosphere heat transfer. Once the water temperatures are at the freezing point, further heat loss induces sea ice production. The heat exchange and ice production in coastal polynyas in the southwestern Weddell Sea is addressed using the Finite‐Element Sea‐ice Ocean Model, a primitive‐equation, hydrostatic ocean circulation model coupled with a dynamic‐thermodynamic sea‐ice model, which allows to quantify the amount of heat associated with cooling of the water column. Three important polynya regions are identified: at Brunt Ice Shelf, at Ronne Ice Shelf and along the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Multiyear winter means (May–September 1990–2009) give an upward heat flux to the atmosphere of 311 W/m2 in the Brunt polynyas, 511 W/m2 in Ronne Polynya and 364 W/m2 in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas, whereof 57 W/m2, 49 W/m2 and 48 W/m2, respectively, are supplied as oceanic heat flux from deeper layers. The mean winter sea ice production is 7.2 cm/d in the Brunt polynyas corresponding to an ice volume of 1.3 ×1010 m3/winter, 13.2 cm/d at Ronne polynya (4.4 ×1010 m3/winter), and 9.2 cm/d in the Antarctic Peninsula polynyas (2.1 ×1010 m3/winter). The heat flux to the atmosphere inside polynyas is 7 to 9 times higher than the heat flux in the adjacent area; polynya ice production per unit area exceeds adjacent values by a factor of 9 to 14.</abstract><abstract type="short">Wintertime southwestern Weddell Sea coastal polynya area and activitySimulation of wintertime coastal polynya heat flux and ice productionContribution of the oceanic heat flux at coastal polynyas</abstract><note type="funding">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - No. TI 296/5; </note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>coastal polynya</topic><topic>Weddell Sea</topic><topic>heat flux</topic><topic>sea ice</topic><topic>modelling</topic><topic>oceanic heat flux</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. Res. Oceans</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0400">BIOGEOSCIENCES</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0466">Modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0500">COMPUTATIONAL GEOPHYSICS</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0545">Modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0752">Polynas</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0766">Thermodynamics</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0754">Leads</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0798">Modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1000">GEOCHEMISTRY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1011">Thermodynamics</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1622">Earth system modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1847">Modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1900">INFORMATICS</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1952">Modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3355">Regional modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3367">Theoretical modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3600">MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3611">Thermodynamics</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4207">Arctic and Antarctic oceanography</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4316">Physical modeling</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8400">VOLCANOLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8411">Thermodynamics</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/9300">GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/9310">Antarctica</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/9315">Arctic region</topic></subject><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Regular Article</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">2169-9275</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2169-9291</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2169-9291</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JGRC</identifier><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>118</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2640</start><end>2652</end><total>13</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">89CDC193E69A3780086C80C2EB65E9B541F27F3C</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/jgrc.20133</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">JGRC20133</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2013. 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