Vertical root distribution in single‐crop and intercropping agricultural systems in Central Kenya
Identifieur interne : 001988 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001987; suivant : 001989Vertical root distribution in single‐crop and intercropping agricultural systems in Central Kenya
Auteurs : Nina Neykova ; Joy Obando ; Raimund Schneider ; Chris Shisanya ; Sören Thiele-Bruhn ; Frank M. ThomasSource :
- Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science [ 1436-8730 ] ; 2011-10.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Intercropping is an important and widespread land‐management system in the tropics. At two agricultural sites in Central Kenya differing in elevation and soil type Haplic Nitisols (eutric) and Vitric Gleysols (eutric, epiclayic, endoclayic), we investigated the vertical root distributions using the trench wall profile method in single‐crop systems of maize (Zea mays L.) and in intercropping systems of maize and legumes (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.; pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) to test for possible differences in the use of water and nutrient resources. The physico‐chemical soil properties of the sites were similar and imposed no restrictions to the vertical growth of the roots into soil depths of 1.4 m. The vertical distributions of the fine roots (∅︁ 0.5–2 mm) and very fine roots (∅︁ < 0.5 mm) were quantified by calculating the parameter β which was computed from the cumulative fraction (Y) of the root densities along the depth (d) of the soil profiles (Y = 1 – βd). We found no consistent differences between the single‐crop and the intercropping systems in the rooting depth down to 1.4 m. However, higher β values for fine roots of the intercropping systems were indicative of a more homogeneous vertical root distribution than in the single‐crop fields. In the intercropping fields, 50% of the total number of fine roots were distributed over the uppermost 36 cm of the soil, whereas in the single‐crop fields, 50% of the fine roots were concentrated in the uppermost 15–21 cm. Medium‐sized roots (∅︁ > 2–5 mm) were detected in the intercropping fields only. The more homogeneous root distribution in the intercropping fields likely indicates a more efficient use of the limited resources nutrients and water.
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DOI: 10.1002/jpln.201000314
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Vertical root distribution in single‐crop and intercropping agricultural systems in Central Kenya</title><author><name sortKey="Neykova, Nina" sort="Neykova, Nina" uniqKey="Neykova N" first="Nina" last="Neykova">Nina Neykova</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obando, Joy" sort="Obando, Joy" uniqKey="Obando J" first="Joy" last="Obando">Joy Obando</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, Raimund" sort="Schneider, Raimund" uniqKey="Schneider R" first="Raimund" last="Schneider">Raimund Schneider</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shisanya, Chris" sort="Shisanya, Chris" uniqKey="Shisanya C" first="Chris" last="Shisanya">Chris Shisanya</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thiele Ruhn, Soren" sort="Thiele Ruhn, Soren" uniqKey="Thiele Ruhn S" first="Sören" last="Thiele-Bruhn">Sören Thiele-Bruhn</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Frank M" sort="Thomas, Frank M" uniqKey="Thomas F" first="Frank M." last="Thomas">Frank M. 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Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, Raimund" sort="Schneider, Raimund" uniqKey="Schneider R" first="Raimund" last="Schneider">Raimund Schneider</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shisanya, Chris" sort="Shisanya, Chris" uniqKey="Shisanya C" first="Chris" last="Shisanya">Chris Shisanya</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thiele Ruhn, Soren" sort="Thiele Ruhn, Soren" uniqKey="Thiele Ruhn S" first="Sören" last="Thiele-Bruhn">Sören Thiele-Bruhn</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Frank M" sort="Thomas, Frank M" uniqKey="Thomas F" first="Frank M." last="Thomas">Frank M. Thomas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.</title><idno type="ISSN">1436-8730</idno><idno type="eISSN">1522-2624</idno><imprint><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Weinheim</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-10">2011-10</date><biblScope unit="volume">174</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="742">742</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="749">749</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1436-8730</idno></series><idno type="istex">0C3FDEBF092F68A3BCC4D9D0987F36C2139E38A5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/jpln.201000314</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JPLN201000314</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1436-8730</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Cajanus cajan</term><term>Mount Kenya</term><term>Phaseolus vulgaris</term><term>Zea mays</term><term>cumulative root distribution</term><term>resource utilization</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Intercropping is an important and widespread land‐management system in the tropics. At two agricultural sites in Central Kenya differing in elevation and soil type Haplic Nitisols (eutric) and Vitric Gleysols (eutric, epiclayic, endoclayic), we investigated the vertical root distributions using the trench wall profile method in single‐crop systems of maize (Zea mays L.) and in intercropping systems of maize and legumes (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.; pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) to test for possible differences in the use of water and nutrient resources. The physico‐chemical soil properties of the sites were similar and imposed no restrictions to the vertical growth of the roots into soil depths of 1.4 m. The vertical distributions of the fine roots (∅︁ 0.5–2 mm) and very fine roots (∅︁ < 0.5 mm) were quantified by calculating the parameter β which was computed from the cumulative fraction (Y) of the root densities along the depth (d) of the soil profiles (Y = 1 – βd). We found no consistent differences between the single‐crop and the intercropping systems in the rooting depth down to 1.4 m. However, higher β values for fine roots of the intercropping systems were indicative of a more homogeneous vertical root distribution than in the single‐crop fields. In the intercropping fields, 50% of the total number of fine roots were distributed over the uppermost 36 cm of the soil, whereas in the single‐crop fields, 50% of the fine roots were concentrated in the uppermost 15–21 cm. Medium‐sized roots (∅︁ > 2–5 mm) were detected in the intercropping fields only. The more homogeneous root distribution in the intercropping fields likely indicates a more efficient use of the limited resources nutrients and water.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Nina Neykova</name><affiliations><json:string>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</json:string><json:string>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Joy Obando</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Raimund Schneider</name><affiliations><json:string>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Chris Shisanya</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Sören Thiele‐Bruhn</name><affiliations><json:string>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Frank M. Thomas</name><affiliations><json:string>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>cumulative root distribution</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Mount Kenya</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>resource utilization</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Zea mays</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Phaseolus vulgaris</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cajanus cajan</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>JPLN201000314</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Intercropping is an important and widespread land‐management system in the tropics. At two agricultural sites in Central Kenya differing in elevation and soil type Haplic Nitisols (eutric) and Vitric Gleysols (eutric, epiclayic, endoclayic), we investigated the vertical root distributions using the trench wall profile method in single‐crop systems of maize (Zea mays L.) and in intercropping systems of maize and legumes (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.; pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) to test for possible differences in the use of water and nutrient resources. The physico‐chemical soil properties of the sites were similar and imposed no restrictions to the vertical growth of the roots into soil depths of 1.4 m. The vertical distributions of the fine roots (∅︁ 0.5–2 mm) and very fine roots (∅︁ > 0.5 mm) were quantified by calculating the parameter β which was computed from the cumulative fraction (Y) of the root densities along the depth (d) of the soil profiles (Y = 1 – βd). We found no consistent differences between the single‐crop and the intercropping systems in the rooting depth down to 1.4 m. However, higher β values for fine roots of the intercropping systems were indicative of a more homogeneous vertical root distribution than in the single‐crop fields. In the intercropping fields, 50% of the total number of fine roots were distributed over the uppermost 36 cm of the soil, whereas in the single‐crop fields, 50% of the fine roots were concentrated in the uppermost 15–21 cm. Medium‐sized roots (∅︁ > 2–5 mm) were detected in the intercropping fields only. The more homogeneous root distribution in the intercropping fields likely indicates a more efficient use of the limited resources nutrients and water.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595 x 794 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1746</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5779</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>34550</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>270</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Vertical root distribution in single‐crop and intercropping agricultural systems in Central Kenya</title><refBibs><json:item><host><author></author><title>Ad‐Hoc Arbeitsgruppe Boden (2005): Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung, 5th edn., Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover, Germany, p. 141.</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>M. A. Awal</name></json:item><json:item><name>H. Koshi</name></json:item><json:item><name>T. 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Rehab.</title></host><title>Sorghum‐cowpea intercropping: An effective technique against runoff and soil erosion in the Sahel (Saria, Burkina Faso).</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>174</volume><publisherId><json:string>JPLN</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>8</total><last>749</last><first>742</first></pages><issn><json:string>1436-8730</json:string></issn><issue>5</issue><subject><json:item><value>Regular Article</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1522-2624</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1522-2624</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>soil science</json:string><json:string>plant sciences</json:string><json:string>agronomy</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>applied sciences</json:string><json:string>agriculture, fisheries & forestry</json:string><json:string>agronomy & agriculture</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2011</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2011</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1002/jpln.201000314</json:string></doi><id>0C3FDEBF092F68A3BCC4D9D0987F36C2139E38A5</id><score>1.2930418</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/0C3FDEBF092F68A3BCC4D9D0987F36C2139E38A5/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/0C3FDEBF092F68A3BCC4D9D0987F36C2139E38A5/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/0C3FDEBF092F68A3BCC4D9D0987F36C2139E38A5/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Vertical root distribution in single‐crop and intercropping agricultural systems in Central Kenya</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Weinheim</pubPlace><availability><p>Copyright © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim</p></availability><date>2011</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Capacity Building for Integrated Watershed Management in Eastern Africa - No. 9 ACP RPR 50/11;</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Vertical root distribution in single‐crop and intercropping agricultural systems in Central Kenya</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Nina</forename><surname>Neykova</surname></persName><affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Joy</forename><surname>Obando</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Raimund</forename><surname>Schneider</surname></persName><affiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Chris</forename><surname>Shisanya</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Sören</forename><surname>Thiele‐Bruhn</surname></persName><affiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Frank M.</forename><surname>Thomas</surname></persName><affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.</title><idno type="pISSN">1436-8730</idno><idno type="eISSN">1522-2624</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1522-2624</idno><imprint><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Weinheim</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-10"></date><biblScope unit="volume">174</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="742">742</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="749">749</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">0C3FDEBF092F68A3BCC4D9D0987F36C2139E38A5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/jpln.201000314</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JPLN201000314</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2011</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Intercropping is an important and widespread land‐management system in the tropics. At two agricultural sites in Central Kenya differing in elevation and soil type Haplic Nitisols (eutric) and Vitric Gleysols (eutric, epiclayic, endoclayic), we investigated the vertical root distributions using the trench wall profile method in single‐crop systems of maize (Zea mays L.) and in intercropping systems of maize and legumes (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.; pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) to test for possible differences in the use of water and nutrient resources. The physico‐chemical soil properties of the sites were similar and imposed no restrictions to the vertical growth of the roots into soil depths of 1.4 m. The vertical distributions of the fine roots (∅︁ 0.5–2 mm) and very fine roots (∅︁ < 0.5 mm) were quantified by calculating the parameter β which was computed from the cumulative fraction (Y) of the root densities along the depth (d) of the soil profiles (Y = 1 – βd). We found no consistent differences between the single‐crop and the intercropping systems in the rooting depth down to 1.4 m. However, higher β values for fine roots of the intercropping systems were indicative of a more homogeneous vertical root distribution than in the single‐crop fields. In the intercropping fields, 50% of the total number of fine roots were distributed over the uppermost 36 cm of the soil, whereas in the single‐crop fields, 50% of the fine roots were concentrated in the uppermost 15–21 cm. Medium‐sized roots (∅︁ > 2–5 mm) were detected in the intercropping fields only. The more homogeneous root distribution in the intercropping fields likely indicates a more efficient use of the limited resources nutrients and water.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>cumulative root distribution</term></item><item><term>Mount Kenya</term></item><item><term>resource utilization</term></item><item><term>Zea mays</term></item><item><term>Phaseolus vulgaris</term></item><item><term>Cajanus cajan</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Regular Article</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2011-01-16">Registration</change><change when="2011-10">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/0C3FDEBF092F68A3BCC4D9D0987F36C2139E38A5/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisherName><publisherLoc>Weinheim</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1522-2624</doi><issn type="print">1436-8730</issn><issn type="electronic">1522-2624</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JPLN"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE ZEITSCHRIFT FUER PFLANZENERNAEHRUNG UND BODENKUNDE">Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science</title><title type="tocForm">Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science / Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde</title><title type="short">Z. 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Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">cumulative root distribution</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">Mount Kenya</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">resource utilization</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4"><i>Zea mays</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd5"><i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd6"><i>Cajanus cajan</i></keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Capacity Building for Integrated Watershed Management in Eastern Africa</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>9 ACP RPR 50/11</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Intercropping is an important and widespread land‐management system in the tropics. At two agricultural sites in Central Kenya differing in elevation and soil type Haplic Nitisols (eutric) and Vitric Gleysols (eutric, epiclayic, endoclayic), we investigated the vertical root distributions using the trench wall profile method in single‐crop systems of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and in intercropping systems of maize and legumes (common bean, <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.; pigeon pea, <i>Cajanus cajan</i> [L.] Millsp.) to test for possible differences in the use of water and nutrient resources. The physico‐chemical soil properties of the sites were similar and imposed no restrictions to the vertical growth of the roots into soil depths of 1.4 m. The vertical distributions of the fine roots (∅︁ 0.5–2 mm) and very fine roots (∅︁ < 0.5 mm) were quantified by calculating the parameter β which was computed from the cumulative fraction (<i>Y</i>) of the root densities along the depth (<i>d</i>) of the soil profiles (<i>Y</i> = 1 – β<sup>d</sup>). We found no consistent differences between the single‐crop and the intercropping systems in the rooting depth down to 1.4 m. However, higher β values for fine roots of the intercropping systems were indicative of a more homogeneous vertical root distribution than in the single‐crop fields. In the intercropping fields, 50% of the total number of fine roots were distributed over the uppermost 36 cm of the soil, whereas in the single‐crop fields, 50% of the fine roots were concentrated in the uppermost 15–21 cm. Medium‐sized roots (∅︁ > 2–5 mm) were detected in the intercropping fields only. The more homogeneous root distribution in the intercropping fields likely indicates a more efficient use of the limited resources nutrients and water.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Vertical root distribution in single‐crop and intercropping agricultural systems in Central Kenya</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Vertical root distribution in single‐crop and intercropping agricultural systems in Central Kenya</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Nina</namePart><namePart type="family">Neykova</namePart><affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Joy</namePart><namePart type="family">Obando</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Raimund</namePart><namePart type="family">Schneider</namePart><affiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Chris</namePart><namePart type="family">Shisanya</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sören</namePart><namePart type="family">Thiele‐Bruhn</namePart><affiliation>Soil Science, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Frank M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Thomas</namePart><affiliation>Geobotany, Faculty of Geography and Geosciences, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>WILEY‐VCH Verlag</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Weinheim</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011-10</dateIssued><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2011-01-16</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">2</extent><extent unit="tables">4</extent><extent unit="references">31</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Intercropping is an important and widespread land‐management system in the tropics. At two agricultural sites in Central Kenya differing in elevation and soil type Haplic Nitisols (eutric) and Vitric Gleysols (eutric, epiclayic, endoclayic), we investigated the vertical root distributions using the trench wall profile method in single‐crop systems of maize (Zea mays L.) and in intercropping systems of maize and legumes (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.; pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) to test for possible differences in the use of water and nutrient resources. The physico‐chemical soil properties of the sites were similar and imposed no restrictions to the vertical growth of the roots into soil depths of 1.4 m. The vertical distributions of the fine roots (∅︁ 0.5–2 mm) and very fine roots (∅︁ < 0.5 mm) were quantified by calculating the parameter β which was computed from the cumulative fraction (Y) of the root densities along the depth (d) of the soil profiles (Y = 1 – βd). We found no consistent differences between the single‐crop and the intercropping systems in the rooting depth down to 1.4 m. However, higher β values for fine roots of the intercropping systems were indicative of a more homogeneous vertical root distribution than in the single‐crop fields. In the intercropping fields, 50% of the total number of fine roots were distributed over the uppermost 36 cm of the soil, whereas in the single‐crop fields, 50% of the fine roots were concentrated in the uppermost 15–21 cm. Medium‐sized roots (∅︁ > 2–5 mm) were detected in the intercropping fields only. The more homogeneous root distribution in the intercropping fields likely indicates a more efficient use of the limited resources nutrients and water.</abstract><note type="funding">Capacity Building for Integrated Watershed Management in Eastern Africa - No. 9 ACP RPR 50/11; </note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>cumulative root distribution</topic><topic>Mount Kenya</topic><topic>resource utilization</topic><topic>Zea mays</topic><topic>Phaseolus vulgaris</topic><topic>Cajanus cajan</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Z. Pflanzenernähr. 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