Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya
Identifieur interne : 001917 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001916; suivant : 001918Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya
Auteurs : J. Kielgast ; D. Rödder ; M. Veith ; S. LöttersSource :
- Animal Conservation [ 1367-9430 ] ; 2010-12.
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Abstract
Amphibians at the global scale are dramatically declining and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been suggested to be an important driver in this biodiversity crisis. Increasing evidence points towards the global emergence of Bd being a panzootic caused by pathogen pollution. Africa has been suggested to be the origin of the pathogen but remains one of the least‐studied areas. We have conducted the most comprehensive survey on the continent to date focusing on Kenya for investigating taxonomic and environmental components in the distribution of Bd in tropical Africa. Eleven sites along a 770 km transect from the coast up to the border of Uganda were surveyed. Using quantitative PCR, we screened 861 samples from 23 different species in nine genera. The pathogen was confirmed at all studied sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.5%. No dead or symptomatic specimens were found and no declines have been reported in the region so far. Both prevalence and parasite load ranged from the detection limit to some of the highest ever reported. The parasite load showed a significant taxonomic bias and a strong inverse correlation with temperature. Our findings suggest that Bd may be enzootic in the region. We recommend that further research should focus on comparative experimental studies of susceptibility to Bd in African species. Moreover, we stress the need for improved knowledge on the conservation status of the tropical African amphibian fauna to confirm the enzootic nature of widespread Bd infections.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00297.x
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Kielgast</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodder, D" sort="Rodder, D" uniqKey="Rodder D" first="D." last="Rödder">D. Rödder</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veith, M" sort="Veith, M" uniqKey="Veith M" first="M." last="Veith">M. Veith</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lotters, S" sort="Lotters, S" uniqKey="Lotters S" first="S." last="Lötters">S. Lötters</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Animal Conservation</title><idno type="ISSN">1367-9430</idno><idno type="eISSN">1469-1795</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2010-12">2010-12</date><biblScope unit="volume">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="supplement">s1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="36">36</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="43">43</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1367-9430</idno></series><idno type="istex">B055A8EDD4DC54F01D6150F49E4A2607AC8FC569</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00297.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">ACV297</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1367-9430</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term><term>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</term><term>Kenya</term><term>amphibian decline</term><term>chytridiomycosis</term><term>endemic</term><term>enzootic</term><term>‘out of Africa’</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Amphibians at the global scale are dramatically declining and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been suggested to be an important driver in this biodiversity crisis. Increasing evidence points towards the global emergence of Bd being a panzootic caused by pathogen pollution. Africa has been suggested to be the origin of the pathogen but remains one of the least‐studied areas. We have conducted the most comprehensive survey on the continent to date focusing on Kenya for investigating taxonomic and environmental components in the distribution of Bd in tropical Africa. Eleven sites along a 770 km transect from the coast up to the border of Uganda were surveyed. Using quantitative PCR, we screened 861 samples from 23 different species in nine genera. The pathogen was confirmed at all studied sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.5%. No dead or symptomatic specimens were found and no declines have been reported in the region so far. Both prevalence and parasite load ranged from the detection limit to some of the highest ever reported. The parasite load showed a significant taxonomic bias and a strong inverse correlation with temperature. Our findings suggest that Bd may be enzootic in the region. We recommend that further research should focus on comparative experimental studies of susceptibility to Bd in African species. Moreover, we stress the need for improved knowledge on the conservation status of the tropical African amphibian fauna to confirm the enzootic nature of widespread Bd infections.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>J. Kielgast</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D. Rödder</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Veith</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. Lötters</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>amphibian decline</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>chytridiomycosis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>‘out of Africa’</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>endemic</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>enzootic</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Kenya</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Africa</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>ACV297</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Amphibians at the global scale are dramatically declining and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been suggested to be an important driver in this biodiversity crisis. Increasing evidence points towards the global emergence of Bd being a panzootic caused by pathogen pollution. Africa has been suggested to be the origin of the pathogen but remains one of the least‐studied areas. We have conducted the most comprehensive survey on the continent to date focusing on Kenya for investigating taxonomic and environmental components in the distribution of Bd in tropical Africa. Eleven sites along a 770 km transect from the coast up to the border of Uganda were surveyed. Using quantitative PCR, we screened 861 samples from 23 different species in nine genera. The pathogen was confirmed at all studied sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.5%. No dead or symptomatic specimens were found and no declines have been reported in the region so far. Both prevalence and parasite load ranged from the detection limit to some of the highest ever reported. The parasite load showed a significant taxonomic bias and a strong inverse correlation with temperature. Our findings suggest that Bd may be enzootic in the region. We recommend that further research should focus on comparative experimental studies of susceptibility to Bd in African species. Moreover, we stress the need for improved knowledge on the conservation status of the tropical African amphibian fauna to confirm the enzootic nature of widespread Bd infections.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.892</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 782.362 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1547</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5094</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>34083</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>241</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>L. Berger</name></json:item><json:item><name>G. Marantelli</name></json:item><json:item><name>L.L. Skerratt</name></json:item><json:item><name>R. 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Journal compilation © 2009 The Zoological Society of London</p></availability><date>2010</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Kielgast</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">D.</forename><surname>Rödder</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Veith</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">S.</forename><surname>Lötters</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Animal Conservation</title><idno type="pISSN">1367-9430</idno><idno type="eISSN">1469-1795</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2010-12"></date><biblScope unit="volume">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="supplement">s1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="36">36</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="43">43</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">B055A8EDD4DC54F01D6150F49E4A2607AC8FC569</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00297.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">ACV297</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2010</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Amphibians at the global scale are dramatically declining and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been suggested to be an important driver in this biodiversity crisis. Increasing evidence points towards the global emergence of Bd being a panzootic caused by pathogen pollution. Africa has been suggested to be the origin of the pathogen but remains one of the least‐studied areas. We have conducted the most comprehensive survey on the continent to date focusing on Kenya for investigating taxonomic and environmental components in the distribution of Bd in tropical Africa. Eleven sites along a 770 km transect from the coast up to the border of Uganda were surveyed. Using quantitative PCR, we screened 861 samples from 23 different species in nine genera. The pathogen was confirmed at all studied sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.5%. No dead or symptomatic specimens were found and no declines have been reported in the region so far. Both prevalence and parasite load ranged from the detection limit to some of the highest ever reported. The parasite load showed a significant taxonomic bias and a strong inverse correlation with temperature. Our findings suggest that Bd may be enzootic in the region. We recommend that further research should focus on comparative experimental studies of susceptibility to Bd in African species. Moreover, we stress the need for improved knowledge on the conservation status of the tropical African amphibian fauna to confirm the enzootic nature of widespread Bd infections.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>amphibian decline</term></item><item><term>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</term></item><item><term>chytridiomycosis</term></item><item><term>‘out of Africa’</term></item><item><term>endemic</term></item><item><term>enzootic</term></item><item><term>Kenya</term></item><item><term>Africa</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2010-12">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B055A8EDD4DC54F01D6150F49E4A2607AC8FC569/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</doi><issn type="print">1367-9430</issn><issn type="electronic">1469-1795</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="ACV"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="ANIMAL CONSERVATION">Animal Conservation</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="12001"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/acv.2010.13.issue-s1</doi><titleGroup><title type="specialIssueTitle">Excerpts from the 6<sup>th</sup> World Conference of Herpetology</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="13">13</numbering><numbering type="supplement">s1</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2010-12">December 2010</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="7" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00297.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="ACV297"></id><id type="supplier" value="297"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="8"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 The Zoological Society of London</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2010-11-04"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAcceptedOrEarlyUnpaginated" date="2009-11-17"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.25.1 mode:FullText" date="2010-11-04"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2010-11-04"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2013-12-31"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-14"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="36">36</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="43">43</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><b>Correspondence</b>
J. Kielgast, Department of Biology, Section for Evolution and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Email: <email normalForm="jkielgast@snm.ku.dk">jkielgast@snm.ku.dk</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:ACV.ACV297.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 15 February 2009; accepted 15 June 2009</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="2"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="61"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="6548"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="60"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya</title><title type="shortAuthors">J. Kielgast <i>et al.</i></title><title type="short">Amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>J.</givenNames><familyName>Kielgast</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>D.</givenNames><familyName>Rödder</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames><familyName>Veith</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>S.</givenNames><familyName>Lötters</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="DK"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="DE"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">amphibian decline</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2"><i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">chytridiomycosis</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">‘out of Africa’</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">endemic</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">enzootic</keyword><keyword xml:id="k7">Kenya</keyword><keyword xml:id="k8">Africa</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><p><b>Appendix S1.</b> Localities sampled including altitude in m a.s.l. (see Fig. 1).</p><p><b>Appendix S2.</b> <i>Bd</i> distribution within the sampled amphibian communities (species identification after Channing & Howell, 2006). Exact Clopper‐Pearson 95% Confidence intervals are presented for the prevalence. Parasite load summary statistics are based on the infected fraction of the sample.</p><p>As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.</p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting info item" href="urn-x:wiley:13679430:media:acv297:ACV_297_sm_suppinfo"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting info item</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Amphibians at the global scale are dramatically declining and the pathogenic fungus <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>) has been suggested to be an important driver in this biodiversity crisis. Increasing evidence points towards the global emergence of <i>Bd</i> being a panzootic caused by pathogen pollution. Africa has been suggested to be the origin of the pathogen but remains one of the least‐studied areas. We have conducted the most comprehensive survey on the continent to date focusing on Kenya for investigating taxonomic and environmental components in the distribution of <i>Bd</i> in tropical Africa. Eleven sites along a 770 km transect from the coast up to the border of Uganda were surveyed. Using quantitative PCR, we screened 861 samples from 23 different species in nine genera. The pathogen was confirmed at all studied sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.5%. No dead or symptomatic specimens were found and no declines have been reported in the region so far. Both prevalence and parasite load ranged from the detection limit to some of the highest ever reported. The parasite load showed a significant taxonomic bias and a strong inverse correlation with temperature. Our findings suggest that <i>Bd</i> may be enzootic in the region. We recommend that further research should focus on comparative experimental studies of susceptibility to <i>Bd</i> in African species. Moreover, we stress the need for improved knowledge on the conservation status of the tropical African amphibian fauna to confirm the enzootic nature of widespread <i>Bd</i> infections.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in Kenya</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kielgast</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rödder</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Veith</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lötters</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-12</dateIssued><edition>Received 15 February 2009; accepted 15 June 2009</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">2</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent><extent unit="references">61</extent><extent unit="words">6548</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Amphibians at the global scale are dramatically declining and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been suggested to be an important driver in this biodiversity crisis. Increasing evidence points towards the global emergence of Bd being a panzootic caused by pathogen pollution. Africa has been suggested to be the origin of the pathogen but remains one of the least‐studied areas. We have conducted the most comprehensive survey on the continent to date focusing on Kenya for investigating taxonomic and environmental components in the distribution of Bd in tropical Africa. Eleven sites along a 770 km transect from the coast up to the border of Uganda were surveyed. Using quantitative PCR, we screened 861 samples from 23 different species in nine genera. The pathogen was confirmed at all studied sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.5%. No dead or symptomatic specimens were found and no declines have been reported in the region so far. Both prevalence and parasite load ranged from the detection limit to some of the highest ever reported. The parasite load showed a significant taxonomic bias and a strong inverse correlation with temperature. Our findings suggest that Bd may be enzootic in the region. We recommend that further research should focus on comparative experimental studies of susceptibility to Bd in African species. Moreover, we stress the need for improved knowledge on the conservation status of the tropical African amphibian fauna to confirm the enzootic nature of widespread Bd infections.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>amphibian decline</topic><topic>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</topic><topic>chytridiomycosis</topic><topic>‘out of Africa’</topic><topic>endemic</topic><topic>enzootic</topic><topic>Kenya</topic><topic>Africa</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Animal Conservation</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><note type="content"> Appendix S1. Localities sampled including altitude in m a.s.l. (see Fig. 1). Appendix S2. Bd distribution within the sampled amphibian communities (species identification after Channing & Howell, 2006). Exact Clopper‐Pearson 95% Confidence intervals are presented for the prevalence. Parasite load summary statistics are based on the infected fraction of the sample. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Appendix S1. Localities sampled including altitude in m a.s.l. (see Fig. 1). Appendix S2. Bd distribution within the sampled amphibian communities (species identification after Channing & Howell, 2006). Exact Clopper‐Pearson 95% Confidence intervals are presented for the prevalence. Parasite load summary statistics are based on the infected fraction of the sample. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Appendix S1. Localities sampled including altitude in m a.s.l. (see Fig. 1). Appendix S2. Bd distribution within the sampled amphibian communities (species identification after Channing & Howell, 2006). Exact Clopper‐Pearson 95% Confidence intervals are presented for the prevalence. Parasite load summary statistics are based on the infected fraction of the sample. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.Supporting Info Item: Supporting info item - </note><identifier type="ISSN">1367-9430</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1469-1795</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ACV</identifier><part><date>2010</date><detail type="title"><title>Excerpts from the 6th World Conference of Herpetology</title></detail><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>13</number></detail><detail type="supplement"><caption>Suppl. no.</caption><number>s1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>36</start><end>43</end><total>8</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B055A8EDD4DC54F01D6150F49E4A2607AC8FC569</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00297.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">ACV297</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2009 The Authors. 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