Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues
Identifieur interne : 001784 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001783; suivant : 001785Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues
Auteurs : Ernst Worrell ; Rene Van Berkel ; Zhou Fengqi ; Christoph Menke ; Roberto Schaeffer ; Robert O. WilliamsSource :
- Energy Policy [ 0301-4215 ] ; 2000.
Abstract
In 1995, industry accounted for 41% of global energy use. Although the efficiency of industrial processes has increased greatly during the past decades, energy efficiency improvements remain the major opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions. Industrialisation may affect the environment adversely, stressing the need for transfer of cleaner technologies to developing countries. A review of trends, barriers and opportunities for technology transfer is presented. Technology transfer is a process involving assessment, agreement, implementation, evaluation and adaptation, and repetition. Institutional barriers and policies influence the transaction process, as well as the efficiency of the transfer process, in particular in the adaptation and repetition stages of the technology transfer process. Investments in industrial technology are dominated by the private sector. In industry, energy efficiency is often the result of investments in modern equipment, stressing the importance and need for environmentally sound and long-term investment policies. The interactive and dynamic character of technology transfer stresses the need for innovative and flexible approaches, through partnerships between various stakeholders. Adaptation of technology to local conditions is essential, but practices vary widely. Countries that spend on average more on adaptation, seem to be more successful in technology transfer, hence successful technology transfer depends on transfer of technological capabilities.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00097-5
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues</title><author><name sortKey="Worrell, Ernst" sort="Worrell, Ernst" uniqKey="Worrell E" first="Ernst" last="Worrell">Ernst Worrell</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: Eworrell@lbl.gov</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Energy Analysis Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 90-4000, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley CA 94709, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Berkel, Rene" sort="Van Berkel, Rene" uniqKey="Van Berkel R" first="Rene" last="Van Berkel">Rene Van Berkel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>John Curtin International Institute, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fengqi, Zhou" sort="Fengqi, Zhou" uniqKey="Fengqi Z" first="Zhou" last="Fengqi">Zhou Fengqi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Energy Research Institute, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menke, Christoph" sort="Menke, Christoph" uniqKey="Menke C" first="Christoph" last="Menke">Christoph Menke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Applied Sciences Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaeffer, Roberto" sort="Schaeffer, Roberto" uniqKey="Schaeffer R" first="Roberto" last="Schaeffer">Roberto Schaeffer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Williams, Robert" sort="O Williams, Robert" uniqKey="O Williams R" first="Robert" last="O. 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Williams</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>UNIDO, Austria</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C</idno><date when="2000" year="2000">2000</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00097-5</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001784</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001784</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues</title><author><name sortKey="Worrell, Ernst" sort="Worrell, Ernst" uniqKey="Worrell E" first="Ernst" last="Worrell">Ernst Worrell</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: Eworrell@lbl.gov</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Energy Analysis Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 90-4000, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley CA 94709, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Berkel, Rene" sort="Van Berkel, Rene" uniqKey="Van Berkel R" first="Rene" last="Van Berkel">Rene Van Berkel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>John Curtin International Institute, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fengqi, Zhou" sort="Fengqi, Zhou" uniqKey="Fengqi Z" first="Zhou" last="Fengqi">Zhou Fengqi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Energy Research Institute, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menke, Christoph" sort="Menke, Christoph" uniqKey="Menke C" first="Christoph" last="Menke">Christoph Menke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Applied Sciences Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaeffer, Roberto" sort="Schaeffer, Roberto" uniqKey="Schaeffer R" first="Roberto" last="Schaeffer">Roberto Schaeffer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Williams, Robert" sort="O Williams, Robert" uniqKey="O Williams R" first="Robert" last="O. Williams">Robert O. Williams</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>UNIDO, Austria</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Energy Policy</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JEPO</title><idno type="ISSN">0301-4215</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000">2000</date><biblScope unit="volume">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="29">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="43">43</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0301-4215</idno></series><idno type="istex">F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00097-5</idno><idno type="PII">S0301-4215(00)00097-5</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0301-4215</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In 1995, industry accounted for 41% of global energy use. Although the efficiency of industrial processes has increased greatly during the past decades, energy efficiency improvements remain the major opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions. Industrialisation may affect the environment adversely, stressing the need for transfer of cleaner technologies to developing countries. A review of trends, barriers and opportunities for technology transfer is presented. Technology transfer is a process involving assessment, agreement, implementation, evaluation and adaptation, and repetition. Institutional barriers and policies influence the transaction process, as well as the efficiency of the transfer process, in particular in the adaptation and repetition stages of the technology transfer process. Investments in industrial technology are dominated by the private sector. In industry, energy efficiency is often the result of investments in modern equipment, stressing the importance and need for environmentally sound and long-term investment policies. The interactive and dynamic character of technology transfer stresses the need for innovative and flexible approaches, through partnerships between various stakeholders. Adaptation of technology to local conditions is essential, but practices vary widely. Countries that spend on average more on adaptation, seem to be more successful in technology transfer, hence successful technology transfer depends on transfer of technological capabilities.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Ernst Worrell</name><affiliations><json:string>E-mail: Eworrell@lbl.gov</json:string><json:string>Energy Analysis Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 90-4000, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley CA 94709, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Rene van Berkel</name><affiliations><json:string>John Curtin International Institute, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Zhou Fengqi</name><affiliations><json:string>Energy Research Institute, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christoph Menke</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Applied Sciences Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Roberto Schaeffer</name><affiliations><json:string>Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Robert O. Williams</name><affiliations><json:string>UNIDO, Austria</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Technology transfer</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Energy efficient technology</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Industry</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>In 1995, industry accounted for 41% of global energy use. Although the efficiency of industrial processes has increased greatly during the past decades, energy efficiency improvements remain the major opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions. Industrialisation may affect the environment adversely, stressing the need for transfer of cleaner technologies to developing countries. A review of trends, barriers and opportunities for technology transfer is presented. Technology transfer is a process involving assessment, agreement, implementation, evaluation and adaptation, and repetition. Institutional barriers and policies influence the transaction process, as well as the efficiency of the transfer process, in particular in the adaptation and repetition stages of the technology transfer process. Investments in industrial technology are dominated by the private sector. In industry, energy efficiency is often the result of investments in modern equipment, stressing the importance and need for environmentally sound and long-term investment policies. The interactive and dynamic character of technology transfer stresses the need for innovative and flexible approaches, through partnerships between various stakeholders. Adaptation of technology to local conditions is essential, but practices vary widely. Countries that spend on average more on adaptation, seem to be more successful in technology transfer, hence successful technology transfer depends on transfer of technological capabilities.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.412</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>547 x 795 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>3</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1499</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>10311</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>68495</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>15</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>201</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues</title><pii><json:string>S0301-4215(00)00097-5</json:string></pii><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>A.H. Amsden</name></json:item><json:item><name>M. 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Williams</name></json:item></author><host><volume>20</volume><pages><last>185</last><first>157</first></pages><issue>2</issue><author></author><title>International Journal of Energy Research</title></host><title>Gas-Based Direct Reduction Processes for Iron and Steel Production</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>29</volume><pii><json:string>S0301-4215(00)X0081-X</json:string></pii><pages><last>43</last><first>29</first></pages><issn><json:string>0301-4215</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Energy Policy</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>social science</json:string><json:string>environmental studies</json:string><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>environmental sciences</json:string><json:string>energy & fuels</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>applied sciences</json:string><json:string>enabling & strategic technologies</json:string><json:string>energy</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2000</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00097-5</json:string></doi><id>F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C</id><score>0.27212548</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>2000</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Regional shares of world manufacturing value added (MVA). Source: IPCC, 2000.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Foreign capital investment (billion US$) in developing countries, by region. Source: IPCC, 2000.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Foreign direct investment (billion US$) in developing countries, by region. Source: IPCC, 2000.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Schematic representation of the analysis steps in technology transfer processes.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Historical energy use in industry (EJ). Primary energy consumption is calculated using a 33% conversion efficiency for electricity generation for all years and regions. Source: Price et al. (1998)</note><note type="content">Table 2: Categories and selected examples of practices and technologies to mitigate GHG emissions in the industrial sector, based on SAR II, WEC (1995), Worrell et al. (1997)</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Ernst</forename><surname>Worrell</surname></persName><email>Eworrell@lbl.gov</email><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-510-486-5238; fax: +1-510-486-6996</p></note><affiliation>Energy Analysis Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 90-4000, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley CA 94709, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Rene</forename><surname>van Berkel</surname></persName><affiliation>John Curtin International Institute, Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Zhou</forename><surname>Fengqi</surname></persName><affiliation>Energy Research Institute, China</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Christoph</forename><surname>Menke</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Applied Sciences Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Roberto</forename><surname>Schaeffer</surname></persName><affiliation>Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Robert</forename><surname>O. Williams</surname></persName><affiliation>UNIDO, Austria</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Energy Policy</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JEPO</title><idno type="pISSN">0301-4215</idno><idno type="PII">S0301-4215(00)X0081-X</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000"></date><biblScope unit="volume">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="29">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="43">43</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00097-5</idno><idno type="PII">S0301-4215(00)00097-5</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2000</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In 1995, industry accounted for 41% of global energy use. Although the efficiency of industrial processes has increased greatly during the past decades, energy efficiency improvements remain the major opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions. Industrialisation may affect the environment adversely, stressing the need for transfer of cleaner technologies to developing countries. A review of trends, barriers and opportunities for technology transfer is presented. Technology transfer is a process involving assessment, agreement, implementation, evaluation and adaptation, and repetition. Institutional barriers and policies influence the transaction process, as well as the efficiency of the transfer process, in particular in the adaptation and repetition stages of the technology transfer process. Investments in industrial technology are dominated by the private sector. In industry, energy efficiency is often the result of investments in modern equipment, stressing the importance and need for environmentally sound and long-term investment policies. The interactive and dynamic character of technology transfer stresses the need for innovative and flexible approaches, through partnerships between various stakeholders. Adaptation of technology to local conditions is essential, but practices vary widely. Countries that spend on average more on adaptation, seem to be more successful in technology transfer, hence successful technology transfer depends on transfer of technological capabilities.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Technology transfer</term></item><item><term>Energy efficient technology</term></item><item><term>Industry</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2000">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>JEPO</jid><aid>743</aid><ce:pii>S0301-4215(00)00097-5</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00097-5</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="2000"></ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Ernst</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Worrell</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="ORFA"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>Eworrell@lbl.gov</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Rene</ce:given-name><ce:surname>van Berkel</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="ORFB"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Zhou</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fengqi</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="ORFC"><ce:sup>c</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Christoph</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Menke</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="ORFD"><ce:sup>d</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Roberto</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Schaeffer</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="ORFE"><ce:sup>e</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Robert</ce:given-name><ce:surname>O. Williams</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="ORFF"><ce:sup>f</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="ORFA"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Energy Analysis Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 90-4000, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley CA 94709, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="ORFB"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>John Curtin International Institute, Australia</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="ORFC"><ce:label>c</ce:label><ce:textfn>Energy Research Institute, China</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="ORFD"><ce:label>d</ce:label><ce:textfn>University of Applied Sciences Trier, Germany</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="ORFE"><ce:label>e</ce:label><ce:textfn>Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="ORFF"><ce:label>f</ce:label><ce:textfn>UNIDO, Austria</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-510-486-5238; fax: +1-510-486-6996</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="23" month="3" year="2000"></ce:date-received><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>In 1995, industry accounted for 41% of global energy use. Although the efficiency of industrial processes has increased greatly during the past decades, energy efficiency improvements remain the major opportunity to reduce CO<ce:inf>2</ce:inf> emissions. Industrialisation may affect the environment adversely, stressing the need for transfer of cleaner technologies to developing countries. A review of trends, barriers and opportunities for technology transfer is presented. Technology transfer is a process involving assessment, agreement, implementation, evaluation and adaptation, and repetition. Institutional barriers and policies influence the transaction process, as well as the efficiency of the transfer process, in particular in the adaptation and repetition stages of the technology transfer process. Investments in industrial technology are dominated by the private sector. In industry, energy efficiency is often the result of investments in modern equipment, stressing the importance and need for environmentally sound and long-term investment policies. The interactive and dynamic character of technology transfer stresses the need for innovative and flexible approaches, through partnerships between various stakeholders. Adaptation of technology to local conditions is essential, but practices vary widely. Countries that spend on average more on adaptation, seem to be more successful in technology transfer, hence successful technology transfer depends on transfer of technological capabilities.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Technology transfer</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Energy efficient technology</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Industry</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Technology transfer of energy efficient technologies in industry: a review of trends and policy issues</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ernst</namePart><namePart type="family">Worrell</namePart><affiliation>E-mail: Eworrell@lbl.gov</affiliation><affiliation>Energy Analysis Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 90-4000, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley CA 94709, USA</affiliation><description>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-510-486-5238; fax: +1-510-486-6996</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Rene</namePart><namePart type="family">van Berkel</namePart><affiliation>John Curtin International Institute, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Zhou</namePart><namePart type="family">Fengqi</namePart><affiliation>Energy Research Institute, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christoph</namePart><namePart type="family">Menke</namePart><affiliation>University of Applied Sciences Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Roberto</namePart><namePart type="family">Schaeffer</namePart><affiliation>Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Robert</namePart><namePart type="family">O. Williams</namePart><affiliation>UNIDO, Austria</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2000</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">In 1995, industry accounted for 41% of global energy use. Although the efficiency of industrial processes has increased greatly during the past decades, energy efficiency improvements remain the major opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions. Industrialisation may affect the environment adversely, stressing the need for transfer of cleaner technologies to developing countries. A review of trends, barriers and opportunities for technology transfer is presented. Technology transfer is a process involving assessment, agreement, implementation, evaluation and adaptation, and repetition. Institutional barriers and policies influence the transaction process, as well as the efficiency of the transfer process, in particular in the adaptation and repetition stages of the technology transfer process. Investments in industrial technology are dominated by the private sector. In industry, energy efficiency is often the result of investments in modern equipment, stressing the importance and need for environmentally sound and long-term investment policies. The interactive and dynamic character of technology transfer stresses the need for innovative and flexible approaches, through partnerships between various stakeholders. Adaptation of technology to local conditions is essential, but practices vary widely. Countries that spend on average more on adaptation, seem to be more successful in technology transfer, hence successful technology transfer depends on transfer of technological capabilities.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Regional shares of world manufacturing value added (MVA). Source: IPCC, 2000.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Foreign capital investment (billion US$) in developing countries, by region. Source: IPCC, 2000.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Foreign direct investment (billion US$) in developing countries, by region. Source: IPCC, 2000.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Schematic representation of the analysis steps in technology transfer processes.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Historical energy use in industry (EJ). Primary energy consumption is calculated using a 33% conversion efficiency for electricity generation for all years and regions. Source: Price et al. (1998)</note><note type="content">Table 2: Categories and selected examples of practices and technologies to mitigate GHG emissions in the industrial sector, based on SAR II, WEC (1995), Worrell et al. (1997)</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Technology transfer</topic><topic>Energy efficient technology</topic><topic>Industry</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Energy Policy</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>JEPO</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">200101</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0301-4215</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0301-4215(00)X0081-X</identifier><part><date>200101</date><detail type="volume"><number>29</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>82</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>29</start><end>43</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F314C3AA814634333A620C2BAF7105191776816C</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00097-5</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0301-4215(00)00097-5</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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