Willingness for Continued Social Commitment
Identifieur interne : 001496 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001495; suivant : 001497Willingness for Continued Social Commitment
Auteurs : Leo Montada ; Elisabeth Kals ; Ralf BeckerSource :
- Environment and Behavior [ 0013-9165 ] ; 2007-05.
Abstract
This article validates that the willingness for continued commitment (WCC) is a predictor for manifest action, situated within the theory of continued social commitment and based on a longitudinal study (N = 204) on pollution control. The authors found that the predictive power of WCC can be increased further by taking into account volitional aspects of behavior, including means, aims, and contexts—categories derived from the rubicon Model of Action. In previous research, the authors had found that WCC to proenvironmental behavior depends mainly on a set of cognitive appraisals and emotions related to norms and responsibilities. In the present study (N = 558), the authors show WCC to mediate most of the effects of these responsibility and norm-related predictors and to interact with situational and social context factors in predicting manifest behavior. The authors conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications of these findings for explaining and influencing proenvironmental behavior.
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DOI: 10.1177/0013916506290953
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Willingness for Continued Social Commitment</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Montada, Leo" sort="Montada, Leo" uniqKey="Montada L" first="Leo" last="Montada">Leo Montada</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Trier,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: lmontada@t-online.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Kals, Elisabeth" sort="Kals, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Kals E" first="Elisabeth" last="Kals">Elisabeth Kals</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: elisabeth.kals@ku-eichstaett.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Becker, Ralf" sort="Becker, Ralf" uniqKey="Becker R" first="Ralf" last="Becker">Ralf Becker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Trier,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: becker.gwg@t-online.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295</idno><date when="2007" year="2007">2007</date><idno type="doi">10.1177/0013916506290953</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001496</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001496</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Willingness for Continued Social Commitment</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Montada, Leo" sort="Montada, Leo" uniqKey="Montada L" first="Leo" last="Montada">Leo Montada</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Trier,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: lmontada@t-online.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Kals, Elisabeth" sort="Kals, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Kals E" first="Elisabeth" last="Kals">Elisabeth Kals</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: elisabeth.kals@ku-eichstaett.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Becker, Ralf" sort="Becker, Ralf" uniqKey="Becker R" first="Ralf" last="Becker">Ralf Becker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Trier,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: becker.gwg@t-online.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Environment and Behavior</title><idno type="ISSN">0013-9165</idno><idno type="eISSN">1552-390X</idno><imprint><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2007-05">2007-05</date><biblScope unit="volume">39</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="287">287</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="316">316</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0013-9165</idno></series><idno type="istex">657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1177/0013916506290953</idno><idno type="ArticleID">10.1177_0013916506290953</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0013-9165</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This article validates that the willingness for continued commitment (WCC) is a predictor for manifest action, situated within the theory of continued social commitment and based on a longitudinal study (N = 204) on pollution control. The authors found that the predictive power of WCC can be increased further by taking into account volitional aspects of behavior, including means, aims, and contexts—categories derived from the rubicon Model of Action. In previous research, the authors had found that WCC to proenvironmental behavior depends mainly on a set of cognitive appraisals and emotions related to norms and responsibilities. In the present study (N = 558), the authors show WCC to mediate most of the effects of these responsibility and norm-related predictors and to interact with situational and social context factors in predicting manifest behavior. The authors conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications of these findings for explaining and influencing proenvironmental behavior.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>sage</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Leo Montada</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Trier,</json:string><json:string>E-mail: lmontada@t-online.de</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Elisabeth Kals</name><affiliations><json:string>Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt,</json:string><json:string>E-mail: elisabeth.kals@ku-eichstaett.de</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ralf Becker</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Trier,</json:string><json:string>E-mail: becker.gwg@t-online.de</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>social commitment</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>environmental behavior</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>responsibility</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>10.1177_0013916506290953</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>This article validates that the willingness for continued commitment (WCC) is a predictor for manifest action, situated within the theory of continued social commitment and based on a longitudinal study (N = 204) on pollution control. The authors found that the predictive power of WCC can be increased further by taking into account volitional aspects of behavior, including means, aims, and contexts—categories derived from the rubicon Model of Action. In previous research, the authors had found that WCC to proenvironmental behavior depends mainly on a set of cognitive appraisals and emotions related to norms and responsibilities. In the present study (N = 558), the authors show WCC to mediate most of the effects of these responsibility and norm-related predictors and to interact with situational and social context factors in predicting manifest behavior. 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Dunlap</name></json:item></author><host><volume>8</volume><pages><last>197</last><first>181</first></pages><author></author><title>Journal of Applied Social Psychology</title></host><title>Moral norms and environmental behavior: An application of Schwartz' norm-activation model of yard burning</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>39</volume><publisherId><json:string>EAB</json:string></publisherId><pages><last>316</last><first>287</first></pages><issn><json:string>0013-9165</json:string></issn><issue>3</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1552-390X</json:string></eissn><title>Environment and Behavior</title></host><categories><wos><json:string>social science</json:string><json:string>psychology, multidisciplinary</json:string><json:string>environmental studies</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>health sciences</json:string><json:string>psychology & cognitive sciences</json:string><json:string>social psychology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2007</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2007</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1177/0013916506290953</json:string></doi><id>657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295</id><score>1.1811942</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Willingness for Continued Social Commitment</title><title level="a" type="sub" xml:lang="en">A New Concept in Environmental Research</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</pubPlace><availability><p>SAGE</p></availability><date>2007</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Willingness for Continued Social Commitment</title><title level="a" type="sub" xml:lang="en">A New Concept in Environmental Research</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Leo</forename><surname>Montada</surname></persName><email>lmontada@t-online.de</email><affiliation>University of Trier,</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Elisabeth</forename><surname>Kals</surname></persName><email>elisabeth.kals@ku-eichstaett.de</email><affiliation>Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt,</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Ralf</forename><surname>Becker</surname></persName><email>becker.gwg@t-online.de</email><affiliation>University of Trier,</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Environment and Behavior</title><idno type="pISSN">0013-9165</idno><idno type="eISSN">1552-390X</idno><imprint><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2007-05"></date><biblScope unit="volume">39</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="287">287</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="316">316</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1177/0013916506290953</idno><idno type="ArticleID">10.1177_0013916506290953</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2007</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article validates that the willingness for continued commitment (WCC) is a predictor for manifest action, situated within the theory of continued social commitment and based on a longitudinal study (N = 204) on pollution control. The authors found that the predictive power of WCC can be increased further by taking into account volitional aspects of behavior, including means, aims, and contexts—categories derived from the rubicon Model of Action. In previous research, the authors had found that WCC to proenvironmental behavior depends mainly on a set of cognitive appraisals and emotions related to norms and responsibilities. In the present study (N = 558), the authors show WCC to mediate most of the effects of these responsibility and norm-related predictors and to interact with situational and social context factors in predicting manifest behavior. The authors conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications of these findings for explaining and influencing proenvironmental behavior.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>social commitment</term></item><item><term>environmental behavior</term></item><item><term>responsibility</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2007-05">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus sage not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">speab</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EAB</journal-id><journal-title>Environment and Behavior</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0013-9165</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Sage Publications</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0013916506290953</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.1177_0013916506290953</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Willingness for Continued Social Commitment</article-title><subtitle>A New Concept in Environmental Research</subtitle></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Montada</surname><given-names>Leo</given-names></name><aff>University of Trier, <email xlink:type="simple">lmontada@t-online.de</email></aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kals</surname><given-names>Elisabeth</given-names></name><aff>Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, <email xlink:type="simple">elisabeth.kals@ku-eichstaett.de</email></aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Becker</surname><given-names>Ralf</given-names></name><aff>University of Trier, <email xlink:type="simple">becker.gwg@t-online.de</email></aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>05</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>39</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>287</fpage><lpage>316</lpage><abstract><p>This article validates that the willingness for continued commitment (WCC) is a predictor for manifest action, situated within the theory of continued social commitment and based on a longitudinal study (<italic>N</italic> = 204) on pollution control. The authors found that the predictive power of WCC can be increased further by taking into account volitional aspects of behavior, including means, aims, and contexts—categories derived from the rubicon Model of Action. In previous research, the authors had found that WCC to proenvironmental behavior depends mainly on a set of cognitive appraisals and emotions related to norms and responsibilities. In the present study (<italic>N</italic> = 558), the authors show WCC to mediate most of the effects of these responsibility and norm-related predictors and to interact with situational and social context factors in predicting manifest behavior. The authors conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications of these findings for explaining and influencing proenvironmental behavior.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>social commitment</kwd><kwd>environmental behavior</kwd><kwd>responsibility</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Journal Article</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value>287 Willingness for Continued Social CommitmentA New Concept in Environmental Research SAGE Publications, Inc.200710.1177/0013916506290953 LeoMontada University of Trier, lmontada@t-online.de ElisabethKals Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, elisabeth.kals@ku-eichstaett.de RalfBecker University of Trier, becker.gwg@t-online.de This article validates that the willingness for continued commitment (WCC) is a predictor for manifest action, situated within the theory of continued social commitment and based on a longitudinal study (N = 204) on pollution control. The authors found that the predictive power of WCC can be increased further by taking into account volitional aspects of behavior, including means, aims, and contexts—categories derived from the rubicon Model of Action. In previous research, the authors had found that WCC to proenvironmental behavior depends mainly on a set of cognitive appraisals and emotions related to norms and responsibilities. In the present study (N = 558), the authors show WCC to mediate most of the effects of these responsibility and norm-related predictors and to interact with situational and social context factors in predicting manifest behavior. The authors conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications of these findings for explaining and influencing proenvironmental behavior. social commitment environmental behavior responsibility WCC As a Proximal Predictor for Manifest Social Commitments We face tasks demanding ongoing efforts or commitments in a wide variety of life contexts: in personal relationships, at the workplace, in Authors' Note: This research was supported by a grant provided by the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft” (Bonn, Germany). Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Prof. Dr. Leo Montada, FBI–Psychology, University of Trier, D–54286, Trier, 288 the community, and in the relationship between society and the natural environment. Continued commitment is part of the implicit contract between employers and employees; it is expected of those holding political office and is required of everyone who is responsible for the care of others—children, the elderly, and so on. The continued commitment of volunteer workers is needed also in groups promoting charitable, political, and cultural causes. Environmental protection is a political objective that can be achieved only through the continued commitment of citizens, industry, and the economy as a whole. Psychological research explicitly addressing the analysis of continued social commitment is scarce (Chan & Yam, 1995; Schultz & Oskamp, 1996). In our own research, we have conducted a series of relevant studies on filial responsibility (Schmitt, Montada, & Dalbert, 1991), on readiness to support socially disadvantaged people (Montada & Schneider, 1989, 1991), on volunteer work in social organizations (Dahl, Montada, & Schmitt, 1982), on willingness to engage in health protective activities (Kals, 1998; Kals & Montada, 1998), and on willingness to become personally involved in environmental protection (Becker & Kals, 1997; Kals, 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1998; Kals & Montada, 1994). The aim of these studies was to explore characteristic motivational fac- tors that either facilitate or interfere with involvement in these kinds of volunteer activities that are not completed with just a single act. We repeat- edly found the following variables to be correlated with willingness for continued commitment (WCC): awareness of the problems, needs, and risks borne by a category of people who themselves are not at fault for these problems; awareness of a violation of justice norms; the willingness to adopt responsibility to reduce the problems, needs, or risks; and finally, self-efficacy. WCC was not likely when subjects denied the existence of injustices and when they did not consider themselves able or responsible to intervene effectively. In all studies, these predictors proved effective in explaining WCC. In multiple regression analyses, the explained variance (R2) typically ranges from .60 to .80, which is interpreted as indicating the relevance of the predictors (Kals, 1996a, 1996b, 1998; Kals & Montada, 1994, 1998). In previous studies on proenvironmental commitment, around 60% of the variance in WCC criteria could be explained by an awareness of pollution risks, knowledge of effective measures for reducing pollution, attribution of responsibility to powerful others, and a sense of personal responsibility (for example, the willingness to actively promote and support pollution control measures at the political level; e.g., Kals, 1996b; Kals & Montada, 1994). 289 290 A New Model of WCC In the present article, we test the hypothesis that WCC is a proximal pre- dictor for manifest action. In most of our analyses, we have validated this assumption by comparing the WCC scores of subjects from specific volun- teer groups or organizations with those of nonvolunteering subjects (e.g., Kals, 1996a). It should be noted, however, that the theory of continued commitment does not postulate that WCC exhibits perfect covariance with manifest action. Rather, as illustrated in Figure 1, it assumes that acting on an expressed WCC depends as well on situational and social context vari- ables that have either a facilitating or an impeding effect. WCC (specified in a variety of different ways) is located at the center of the model. It concentrates all the path effects of the more distal predictor variables and serves as a proximal predictor of manifest behavior (MB). The series of analyses presented here were designed to validate WCC as a proximal predictor of MB in the realm of environmental protection and, in addition, to investigate the impact of situational and social context variables on the translation of intentions into actual behavioral outcomes. The Theory of Continued Commitment in Comparison With Action Theories Although the theory of continued commitment has a number of points in common with prominent action theories—for example, the theory of rea- soned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1972), Ajzen's revised model of the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1991), and the rubicon model of action (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987)—it also differs from these in several important aspects. Action theories have been developed to bridge the gap between attitudes and MB (for overviews, see Kaminski, 1990; Kuhl & Beckmann, 1985). Although the scandal of low attitude-action correlations (McGuire, 1986) has been disproven theoretically (e.g., Schmitt, 1990; Six & Eckes, 1996), attitudes cannot be considered satisfactory predictors (proxies) of MB in general because, too often, the empirical correlations are still relatively low (e.g., Eckes & Six, 1994). Low correlations between predictors and behavior would mean that fur- ther antecedent or moderator variables have to be identified to satisfactorily predict or explain behavior. In both scholarly and political contexts, there is broad interest in finding such powerful proxies that can be easily put to use in predicting MB. 291 In Ajzen and Fishbein's (1972) models, intentions are conceived as proxies of MB. Thus, attitudes toward behaviors or actions (instead of objects), sub- jective norms, values, and knowledge are considered predictors of behav- ioral intentions. In the theory of reasoned action, intention is conceived as the only predictor having a direct effect on MB. In the revised model—the theory of planned behavior—the perceived control over the behavior is introduced as both a predictor of the intention and as an additional direct predictor of the behavior itself. Given the innovative aspects of the Ajzen and Fishbein (1972) models, we pose the following question. Do these constructs offer a sufficient basis for making predictions that ultimately also could be applied to shaping intentions and triggering behavior? It remains to be seen whether further antecedent variables exist—besides intentions—that could be useful for predicting and shaping intentions and behavior. For instance, it may be that situational opportunities and barriers, social influences, and responsibility attributions trigger or block the conversion of intentions into MB. These would then be considered either additional antecedent variables or moderator variables. This latter hypothesis is part of the rubicon model of action proposed by Heckhausen and Gollwitzer (Gollwitzer, 1991, 1993; Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987): in it, they distinguish between a predecisional, a postdeci- sional, an actional, and an evaluative phase of action. In the predecisional phase, the motivation and intention to act is formed, whereas in the postdeci- sional but preactional phase, a volitional state of mind is conceived represent- ing the planning of actions specified with respect to the how, when, and where of implementing the intentions. Empirical studies confirm that knowledge about the postdecisional, the volitional, or planning phases may contribute sig- nificantly to the prediction of actions (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987). What are the differences between these action theories and the theory of continued commitment? Structurally, WCC is an analogue to the intention construct in action theories. In contrast to behavioral intentions, however, WCC is not related to an individual act or decision but to a specified cate- gory of acts or decisions (e.g., proenvironmental activities). The MB related to WCC therefore encompasses a range of diverse activities directed toward an overarching aim. Moreover, the theory lists a whole set of antecedents to WCC that explain a substantial part of the variance within it. The contents of these antecedent variables are specified in such a way that measures can be conceived to change and shape WCC toward desired ends. Moreover, the theory of continued commitment specifies situational and social context factors that influence the manifestation of WCC. The use of findings from volitional psychology to study how WCC is realized in MB offers twofold advantages. These findings enable us (a) to explain more of the variance in 292 the behavioral criterion variables with respect to proenvironmental behavior (Kals & Montada, 1994) and (b) to identify various antecedents and mod- erators that, in theory, offer useful and important starting points for practi- cal intervention (Katzev & Wang, 1994). In analogy to the rubicon model (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987), the theory of continued commitment distinguishes between two phases: a moti- vational (or predecisional) phase and a volitional (or postdecisional) phase. During the motivational phase, WCC is formed (“In principle, I am willing to do X!”), triggered by cognitions, attributions, judgments, and emotions related to perceived risks, responsibility attributions, perceived self-efficacy, perceived options of other actors, normative convictions, perceived injus- tices in current practice, and further predictors. During the volitional phase, WCC is converted through decision-making processes into MB. We hypoth- esize that not only situational and social facilitations and barriers are impor- tant in this postdecisional phase but that the subject's explicit specification of how, when, and where the planned activities will occur contributes sig- nificantly to their being carried out. The crucial question to be answered here is the following. Is WCC a proximal predictor for MBs, and can it therefore be considered an optimal criterion variable for empirical investigations? Application of the Model to Proenvironmental and Ecologically Detrimental Activities Considerable evidence exists that proenvironmental behavior is based above all on moral and social considerations. Self-interest, by contrast, (in terms of personal health risks or other potential limitations) has been shown in a number of previous studies to have little or no impact on proenviron- mental behavior. Moral responsibility is crucial to overcoming the social trap in which natural resources and common goods are abused (Hardin, 1968; Platt, 1973), leading to personal short-term profits but high long-term costs to the community. Proenvironmental behavior, by contrast, usually does not pro- vide immediate personal benefits (significant improvements in the local environment) but rather means high personal costs (resources invested; Ernst & Spada, 1993; Stern & Gardener, 1981). The ensuing conflict between the interests of the individual and the community can be avoided when individuals have a sense of responsibility for community welfare and when they accept and observe corresponding moral norms (Kals, 1996a). 293 This problem is dealt with in the norm activation model of Schwartz (1970, 1977; Schwartz & Howard, 1980) in the analysis of environmental protection behavior (Hopper & Nielsen, 1991; Stern, Dietz, & Kalof, 1993; Van Liere & Dunlap, 1978). In line with this model, risk perceptions, cogni- tions of responsibilities and norms, beliefs, attributions, appraisals, and moral emotions are included in the model of social commitment (see Figure 1). This corresponds with the literature on behavioral patterns that are con- sistent over time and that are (or are believed to be) environmentally bene- ficial. Some particularly relevant findings include the following: • Olsen, Lodwick, and Dunlap's (1992; Dunlap, 1997) study of new postin- dustrial worldviews, in which they propose an ecological social para- digm. As in the present study, their focus is on general attitudes. • The long tradition of research on identity and the natural environment (Clayton & Opotow, 2003) as well as on quality of life (QOL; Poortinga, Steg, & Vlek, 2004). Similar to the model proposed here, these studies deal with general attitudes on environmental identity and quality of life. • Kaiser, Wölfing, and Fuhrer's (1999) study on the prediction of ecologi- cal behavior. Based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, their study uses a unified concept of attitudes in an attempt to overcome the lack of measurement correspondence between attitudes and behavior. • Stern, Dietz, Abel, Guagnano, and Kalof (1999) and Stern and Dietz (1994) proposal of a value-belief-norm theory (VBN) of support for social movements. Given the high relevance of this theory in the present context, we will examine it in greater depth in the following. Stern and colleagues (1999) distinguish among three types of support for social movements: citizen action, policy acceptance and support, and per- sonal behavior in accordance with the principles of environmental move- ments (e.g., reductions in energy use and purchases of environmentally benign products). The theory of Stern et al., such as the one posited in this article, is rooted partially in Schwartz's (1970, 1977) work on moral norm activation, but its central focus is on support for environmental movements. As in the present model, explanations are offered for general attitudes. Relevant variables include the acceptance of a movement's basic values, the belief that objects of value are under threat, and personal norms for pro- movement action. These variables are in line with our predictors. The main difference is on the criterion level. Although both models distinguish among several kinds of action, we conceptualize WCC as a commitment to a class of behaviors and not to a specific movement. This renders our con- ceptualization applicable to other fields of action as well, such as health 294 protection as already demonstrated in numerous prior studies (Kals & Becker, 1995; Kals, Becker, & Montada, 1997). We thus focus here not on a specific act or objective, but on introducing and validating a construct that is largely independent of specific situational factors and that can be more easily measured and modified than specific, isolated behavioral decisions or broad, general attitudes. A further difference between our approach and Stern, Dietz, Abel, Guagnano, and Kalof (1999) is that we have included not only proenviron- mental commitments in this and earlier studies but also involvement in eco- logically risky or harmful activities (e.g., motor sport), support for measures expanding private car usage, and support for public opposition to ecologi- cal taxes or to ecological protection legislation. These commitments have been included to counteract an impression that the researchers have one- sided value orientation in favor of environmental protection, which might have led participants to give socially desirable responses. Empirically, these commitments proved to be not merely motivated by self-interest but also potentially based on social concerns such as the risks resulting from pro- tection measures (economic risks, risks of unemployment, loss of individ- ual freedoms because of protective laws and so forth). Research Questions and Hypotheses Research questions and hypotheses are derived from the model depicted in Figure 1 and from Heckhausen's and Gollwitzer's action model (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987). 1. Is WCC a powerful predictor of MB? We hypothesize that willingness is a proximal predictor of continued social commitment. 2. Is the predictive power of WCC strengthened by priming subjects to think of specific volitional action planning aspects (e.g., of specific activ- ities, occasions, and times of actions)? 3. To what extent does the inclusion of distal predictor variables (responsi- bility, risk appraisals, efficacy appraisals, attributions, personal burdens from local pollution; Fig. 1) contribute to the prediction of the correspond- ing MB independently of the variable WCC? We hypothesize that WCC will explain the majority of the variance in the behavioral criteria because it will represent and focus the effects of the more distal predictors. 4. Do perceived situational and contextual variables contribute to the pre- diction of the manifest behavioral decisions? If so, this would be in line with the model because these variables are assumed to take effect during the volitional phase. 295 Study 1: Experimental Longitudinal Study of the Validity of WCC (Volitional Phase) Design of the Study A longitudinal study with two experimental conditions was conducted to answer the first two research questions on the validity of WCC. At first measurement, subjects were asked about their WCC in five behavioral cat- egories. Two months later, they were contacted again and asked how this willingness had manifested itself in actual behavior in the meantime. In the first experimental condition, WCC was assessed without concrete specification of commitments. The subjects were merely asked to answer several questions for each category of WCC. In the second condition, subjects also were asked to specify several aspects of their WCC (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987): (a) what were their particular aims, (b) how they intended to achieve these aims, and (c) when they intended to begin activities. Measures Five categories of WCC and corresponding manifest activities were assessed (Table 1): WCC–1. Willingness to seek information relevant to environmental protec- tion (e.g., reading literature on the efficacy of protective measures), WCC–2. Willingness to financially support environmental protection (e.g., donating money to groups such as Greenpeace), WCC–3. Willingness to actively support environmental measures (e.g., advocating and using the public transport system), WCC–4. Willingness to actively support ecologically risky or potentially harmful activities or organizations (e.g., motor sport clubs), and WCC–5. Willingness to personally engage in proenvironmental decisions and behavior (e.g., reducing energy consumption at home). MB corresponding to these five categories was assessed as well (MB–1 to MB–5). The format of questions for WCCs was “In principle, I am willing to do X.” The format of questions for manifest behavior was “During the past two months, I have performed X” (Table 1). All categories were represented by several items and the answers were given on 6-point Likert-type rating scales. The question items requesting specification of WCC (second experimen- tal condition) can be found in Table 2. The specification of respondent's (text continues on p. 300) 296 297 298 299 300 Table 2 Items for the Second Experimental Condition: Specification of WCCs WCC was not requested in each one but at the level of each WCC scale. These items directly follow the corresponding WCC scale. Samples The respondents in our sample were recruited mainly through news paper advertisements. The central aim of the recruiting process was to include the broadest possible spectrum of attitudes and behavior toward the natural environment. Therefore, in addition to our sample from the general population, we included individuals active either in proenvironmental orga- nizations (e.g., members of Greenpeace) or in organizations whose interests run counter to environmental protection (e.g., members of motor sport and car racing clubs) as criterion groups. The first questionnaire (measures of WCC) was answered by 331 people (response rate: 66.2%), whereas 263 responded to the second (measures 301 of MBs; response rate: 52.6%). A total of 204 participants returned both questionnaires required in this longitudinal study. Total, 105 participants (66 female, 39 male, mean age 43) were allocated to the first experimental condition where no explicit specification of volitional aspects was required. Ninety nine subjects were allocated to the second experimental condition with explicit specification of volitional aspects (65 female, 32 male, mean age 46). Both samples were matched with respect to educational level, age, sex, and membership in criterion groups (environmental groups and motor sport clubs). This matching led to a similar baseline in WCCs in both groups. Quality of the Measurement Instruments The scales used in the studies are based on the previously validated instru- ments (Kals, 1996a, 1996b). Nevertheless, scale quality was controlled for. 1. The discriminative validity of the scales used was successfully verified by simultaneous factor analyses of the items in the scales (Kals, Becker, & Montada, 1997). 2. The reliability of the scales was established using Cronbach's alpha, split-half reliabilities, corrected item-total correlation, and so on. Cronbach's alpha, for example, was more than 80 for all scales, with one exception (MB–2; Table 1). 3. The validity of the scales was proven by comparing the criterion groups with matched subsamples of participants not belonging to one of the cri- terion groups. 4. The tendency toward socially desirable answering was assessed and con- trolled for using a German version of the Crowne and Marlowe (1960) scale. Only two scales were marginally correlated with social desirabil- ity: The willingness to actively support interests bearing ecological risks (WCC–4) and proenvironmental financial contributions (WCC–2) showed a significant shared variance with the social desirability scale of 3% and 5%, respectively. Results Table 3 proves that the correlations between a specific category of WCC (WCC–1 to WCC–5) and the corresponding MB (MB–1 to MB–5) are higher than correlations to not directly corresponding behaviors. Generally, correlation coefficients are higher under the condition in which volitional criteria were specified. In most cases, however, differences between the two corresponding coefficients are not significant. In the case of personal 302 303 Table 4 Multiple Regression Analyses of the Manifest Active Promotion of Interests Interfering With Pollution Control Note: Multiple regression analyses to the willingness to actively promote interests interfering with pollution control, the two experimental conditions (with or without explicit asking for volitional criteria) and their interactive term (including z-standardized variables). F total = 64.11 * *; df = 3/198; When interpreting the significance of the interaction, the significance of the two main effects should not be interpreted. **p < .01. environmental commitments (WCC–5/MB–5) and commitments to organi- zations implying risks to the natural environment (WCC–4/MB–4), corre- lations are raised significantly when volitional criteria are specified. Only within these two pairs of correlations do the coefficients differ significantly. Remarkably, the correlations between all four proenvironmental WCCs and MB–4 (ecologically risky behavior) are not significant in the first experimental condition without explicit specification of volitional criteria, whereas the correlations in the second condition are highly significant and negative as expected. The correlation matrix is confirmed by multiple moderated regression analyses, where MB–1 through MB–5 served as criteria. We analyzed whether the interaction term of the corresponding WCC x the experimental condition (with or without explicit specification of volitional criteria) gains significance above the two main effects of WCC and experimental condi- tion. In only one incident was the interaction term significant (WCC and MB–4; Table 4). If a correction of attenuation is conducted on the basis of Cronbach's alpha (Rost, 1996), all correlation coefficients increase. None of the correlation coef- ficients between WCCs and corresponding MBs is then below rcorrected correlation = .52, and two coefficients are even higher than rcorrected correlation = .90. In sum, the WCCs are powerful predictors of corresponding MBs assessed two months later, especially when volitional criteria (behavioral 304 aims, means, and timing) are specified, which is in line with findings by Heckhausen and Gollwitzer (1987). However, the explicit specification of volitional criteria leads to significant increases in correlations in only two cases, of which only one is corroborated by moderated multiple regression analysis. Study 2: Cross-Sectional Study on the Validity of WCC Design of the Study In Study 2, a cross-sectional design was used to answer research ques- tions three and four on the validity of WCC within the full model depicted in Figure 1. The WCC category studied was the willingness to help protect the natural environment through personal decisions and behavior (WCC–5). This category was chosen because the corresponding category of manifest action—personal proenvironmental decisions and behavior (MB–5)—is currently one of the most important research issues in envi- ronmental psychology. Measures WCC–5 and MB–5 were assessed as described in Study 1. Moreover, the following predictor variables were used (Figure 1): Responsibility and norm-related predictors: 1. The awareness of risks concerning the general level of ecological damage 2. Appraisals of the efficacy of different agents in reducing these ecologi- cal risks: the respondent personally, citizens in general, the economy, and the state 3. Attributions of responsibility for ecological risk reduction to the follow- ing categories of agents: the respondent personally, citizens in general, the economy, and the state 4. Acceptance of moral arguments against environmental protection mea- sures (e.g., that the environmental measures endanger job security) 5. Indignation about insufficient ecological risk reduction 6. Anger about costly side-effects of protective measures (e.g., loss of indi- vidual freedoms because of stricter laws) Situational and social context predictors: 7. Situational incentives and barriers (e.g., the quality of the public trans- portation system and frequency of service) 8. Social context variables (e.g., model behavior or opinions of significant others) 305 Ecologically relevant self-centered variables: 9. Perceived extent of local environmental problems and fear of being per- sonally affected by them 10. Emotional stress and impairment of health because of local environmen- tal problems According to earlier studies on proenvironmental commitments (e.g., Kals, 1996b; Kals & Montada, 1994), appraisals and beliefs regarding per- sonal responsibilities and norms (1 to 6) should mainly affect the WCC but also may have some weaker direct effects on MB. We expect the conversion of willingness into manifest action to be moderated by context variables (7 to 8). Following Ajzen's perceived control concept (Ajzen, 1991), the two types of context variables are conceptualized not as objective circumstances but as subjective perceptions. In line with the social trap concept, personal sacrifices for the sake of the global environment are not likely to significantly reduce environmental problems within one's own personal sphere and life- time. Therefore, environmentally related self-centered variables (9 to 10) are not expected to have much impact on the commitment to environmental pro- tection in general (Kals, 1996a, 1996b; Kals & Montada, 1994; Montada & Kals, 1995). Sample Study 2 is based on a sample of 558 participants (287 female, 252 male, 19 missing values, mean age 41). The response rate was 85% and therefore rather high. Recruiting methods were the same as in Study 1: Most people were contacted by advertisements in local newspapers. We attempted to cover a broad spectrum of attitudes relevant to the natural environment and to validate the scales by again including smaller subsamples from two cri- terion groups: members of environmental groups and members of motor sport clubs. Quality of the Measurement Instruments We tested the quality of the assessment scales as in Study 1 by conduct- ing principal axis factor analyses to ensure the factorial (discriminative) validity of the scales. Their homogeneity and reliability was tested by stan- dard item and scale analyses. The external validity of the scales was again successfully demonstrated by comparing the subsamples with members of criterion groups. Controlling for social desirability, we found it to be either nonsignificantly or, in very few scales, only marginally correlated. Table 5 306 307 308 Table 6 Multiple Regression Analysis of the Manifest Proenvironmental Personal Behavioral Decisions (MB-5) Note: Multiple regression analyses to willingness to base personal behavioral decisions on proenvironmental criteria (WCC-5) and all predictors of Figure 1 (variables 1-8). F total = 137.53**; df = 5/521. **p < .01. shows item examples and statistics for those subscales that qualify in Table 6 and Figure 2. Subscales result from factor analyses of the overall scale (e.g., appraisals of the efficacy of agents to reduce ecological risks applied to the activities of different agents: the respondent personally, citizens in general, the economy, and the state). Results A multiple regression analysis was conducted with the variable MB–5 (engaging in environmental protection through personal decisions and behavior) as the criterion of the model (Figure 1). 309 Figure 2 Empirical Path Model to Explain Ecologically Relevant Behavior It can be seen in Table 6 that WCC–5 explains 38% of the variance in MB (MB–5). An additional 19% of the criterion variance is explained by four other variables. Two of these were expected to be antecedents of WCC–5; the other two are situational and social context variables. The regression analyses proved to be stable: although they were conducted with 25 single predictors (subscales) in Table 6, there are no multicollinearity effects. The effects on MB–5 remain stable when WCC–5 is included together with all other predictors in the same stepwise analysis. In detail, efficacy and responsibility appraisals are the only variables in the motivational phase that have direct effects on MB–5 (Table 6). Appraisals of personal affliction proved, as expected, to be insignificant predictors. In line with our expectations, situational barriers to proenviron- mental behavior and social debate and exchange on ecological issues prove to be effective context variables. 310 Figure 3 Moderated Regression of Manifest Proenvironmental Behavior (MB–5) to Willingness to Express Personal Behavioral Decisions (WCC–5) by Social Exchange About Ecological Issues (Social Exchange) As shown in Figure 3 and 4, the effects of social exchange and situa- tional barriers not only are restricted to direct central effects on MB. In the moderated regressions of manifest MB–5 to WCC–5 (moderated by social debate and exchange on ecological issues or situational barriers), the inter- action terms gain significance, proving the theoretical expectation that the context variables moderate the implementation of WCC in MB. Taken together, the regression analyses confirm that WCC continues to remain a valid predictor for MBs when distal variables are included as competing predictors. The context variables are also significant because they play a role, as hypothesized, in shaping the conversion of WCC into MB. Responsibility-related cognitions and emotions, together with personal 311 Figure 4 Moderated Regression of Manifest Proenvironmental Behavior (MB–5) to Willingness to Express Personal Behavioral Decisions (WCC–5) by Perceived Situational Barriers of Proecological Behavior (Situational Barriers) **p < .01. experiences, form by far the major part of the predictor variable set. With this in mind, there are relatively few qualifications on these predictors. The only exception concerns the high predictive power of internal control beliefs in reducing global ecological risks: as a more distal predictor variable, it is not expected to strongly influence MB. Integrating the prediction models of MB–5 and WCC–5 (Figure 2), we see that the most important effects of personal efficacy and responsibility appraisals appear in their joint influence on WCC. Neither the situational and social context variables nor the appraisals of personal affliction have a significant impact on WCC. 312 Integration and Conclusions There is a growing body of research on social and political commitment, including various kinds of volunteer work. In this study on proenviron- mental behavior, we have demonstrated in longitudinal as well cross- sectional empirical analyses that WCC is a valid proximal predictor of corresponding MB. In the cross-sectional study, we found evidence of the impact of situa- tional and context variables on the actual behavioral outcomes of WCC. At the same time, we found that around 50% of the variance in WCC was explained through appraisals of personal efficacy and responsibility, whereas the situational and social context variables had little impact on WCC (Kals, 1996a; Kals & Montada, 1994). This reveals that the predic- tors related to personal efficacy and responsibility have a mainly indirect effect on MB, represented by or concentrated in WCC. We know from other studies that the explained variance in WCC can be increased further by including environmental justice perceptions—the idea that environmental policies are unjust, that the individual has a right to a safe environment—in the path analyses (Montada & Kals, 1995). For the willingness to make a continued commitment to a safer environ- ment, volitional criteria do not have to be specified since the experimental conditions did not produce many significant effects. However, a few central methodological limitations of this study should be noted. The validity of the self-reported data can be called into question. Subjects might, for example, have struggled to balance their expressed will- ingness with the reported MB. This objection cannot be refuted with cer- tainty, but several arguments can be raised: First, mean differences in WCC and MB variables between the two criterion groups included in the samples (members of conservation groups and members of motor sport clubs) speak in favor of the validity of the measures. Second, all reported results were replicated after exclusion of all members of the criterion groups who gave highly consistent, extreme answers. Third, qualitative analysis of answers to free-response questions and unsolicited remarks made in the question- naires were in full correspondence with the quantitative data. Fourth, in the first longitudinal study, no information was given in advance about a follow- up questionnaire two months later. In this context, it seems unlikely that subjects would have been able to produce consistent answers after eight weeks. Fifth, several attempts were made to avoid and control socially desirable answering (e.g., guaranteeing anonymity, appealing directly to subjects' honesty, assessing the tendency toward socially desirable responding). 313 These arguments, together with others, allow us to formulate several strategies for supplementary future research: 1. The MB should be reassessed after a longer period of time. It may be of interest to ask direct questions about the perceived consistency and sta- bility of the behavior as well as about the perceived behavioral effects stemming from answering the willingness items. 2. The self-reports on the behavioral conversion of WCC should be vali- dated by ratings from people who know the subject well and have a fre- quent observational base from which to judge. Nevertheless, the reported results could be further validated by future research in which the stability of WCC and manifest commitment is observed over more extended periods of time and where self-reported com- mitments are validated by external evaluators who are well acquainted with the participants. Moreover, the full model test (Study 2) should be repli- cated by a longitudinal design that allows for causal conclusions. And last but not least, the general validity of these results should be assessed by studying them in other fields as well (e.g., volunteer social work), where WCC is already being used as criterion (Chan & Yam, 1995; Kals, 1996a; Kals & Montada, 1998; Schultz & Oskamp, 1996). The analyses presented here already provide a firm basis for three sug- gestions. First, since WCC has proven to be a valid predictor of manifest commitments, it can be used at least in research on pollution control as a substitute criterion. Second, to promote WCC, intervention strategies should focus on appraisals, cognitions, convictions, and emotions that explain a large part of WCC variance. Third, to promote the conversion of willingness into action, it is important to carefully consider the specific sit- uation and contextual conditions at hand (Geller, 1989; Hopper & Nielsen, 1991; Katzev & Pardini, 1987/1988). Social influences can serve as cata- lysts for the conversion of WCC into MB, and they may even help over- come situational barriers such as a perceived lack of time or anticipated loss of convenience. There are wide-ranging concrete intervention strategies available for implementing these aims within specific target groups (e.g., Spaccarelli, Zolik, & Jason, 1989/1990). In sum, WCC offers a useful alternative to the concept of intention. At least within environmental research, WCC can be used efficiently as a cri- terion for studying environmental behavior, given that it is overall indepen- dent of specific contextual factors but nevertheless leads to MB. For other fields of action that are closely linked to a sense of personal responsibility, this test of validation still remains to be conducted. 314 References Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). 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Moral norms and environmental behavior: An application of Schwartz' norm-activation model of yard burning. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8, 181-197. Leo Montada is a professor of psychology. He worked at the University of Trier in Germany. His current research fields embrace justice research, conflict mediation, moral psychology, psychology of commitments, social emotions and their control, coping with losses, and envi- Elisabeth Kals is a professor of psychology (social and organizational psychology) at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt in Germany. Her research interests include applications of scientific psychology to various social, organizational, and individual problems. Currently she Ralf Becker was senior researcher at the University of Trier in Germany where he also earned his PhD and did postdoctoral research. His main research interests focus on communication, environmental and health psychology. 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type="family">Kals</namePart><affiliation>Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt,</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: elisabeth.kals@ku-eichstaett.de</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ralf</namePart><namePart type="family">Becker</namePart><affiliation>University of Trier,</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: becker.gwg@t-online.de</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-05</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">This article validates that the willingness for continued commitment (WCC) is a predictor for manifest action, situated within the theory of continued social commitment and based on a longitudinal study (N = 204) on pollution control. The authors found that the predictive power of WCC can be increased further by taking into account volitional aspects of behavior, including means, aims, and contexts—categories derived from the rubicon Model of Action. In previous research, the authors had found that WCC to proenvironmental behavior depends mainly on a set of cognitive appraisals and emotions related to norms and responsibilities. In the present study (N = 558), the authors show WCC to mediate most of the effects of these responsibility and norm-related predictors and to interact with situational and social context factors in predicting manifest behavior. The authors conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications of these findings for explaining and influencing proenvironmental behavior.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>social commitment</topic><topic>environmental behavior</topic><topic>responsibility</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Environment and Behavior</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0013-9165</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1552-390X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">EAB</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">speab</identifier><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>39</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>287</start><end>316</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">657CB204B3D37F2F61341ADA82E27234CDE25295</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1177/0013916506290953</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_0013916506290953</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SAGE</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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