Niche shift versus niche conservatism? Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)
Identifieur interne : 001263 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001262; suivant : 001264Niche shift versus niche conservatism? Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)
Auteurs : Dennis Rödder ; Stefan LöttersSource :
- Global Ecology and Biogeography [ 1466-822X ] ; 2009-11.
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Abstract
Aim The use of ecological niche models (ENMs) to predict potential distributions of species is steadily increasing. A necessary assumption is that climatic niches are conservative, but recent findings of niche shifts during biological invasion indicate that this assumption is not always valid. Selection of predictor variables may be one reason for the observed shifts. In this paper we assess differences in climatic niches in the native and invaded ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) in terms of commonly applied climate variables in ENMs. We analyse which variables are more conserved versus relaxed (i.e. subject to niche shift). Furthermore, we study the predictive power of different sets of climate variables.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00477.x
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Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)</title><author><name sortKey="Rodder, Dennis" sort="Rodder, Dennis" uniqKey="Rodder D" first="Dennis" last="Rödder">Dennis Rödder</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D‐53113 Bonn,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: d.roedder.zfmk@uni‐bonn.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lotters, Stefan" sort="Lotters, Stefan" uniqKey="Lotters S" first="Stefan" last="Lötters">Stefan Lötters</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:C2603E49B7AF016B836A5C03986CA6722C8741C7</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00477.x</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/C2603E49B7AF016B836A5C03986CA6722C8741C7/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001263</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001263</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Niche shift versus niche conservatism? Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)</title><author><name sortKey="Rodder, Dennis" sort="Rodder, Dennis" uniqKey="Rodder D" first="Dennis" last="Rödder">Dennis Rödder</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D‐53113 Bonn,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: d.roedder.zfmk@uni‐bonn.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lotters, Stefan" sort="Lotters, Stefan" uniqKey="Lotters S" first="Stefan" last="Lötters">Stefan Lötters</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Global Ecology and Biogeography</title><idno type="ISSN">1466-822X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1466-8238</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-11">2009-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">18</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="674">674</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="687">687</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1466-822X</idno></series><idno type="istex">C2603E49B7AF016B836A5C03986CA6722C8741C7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00477.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">GEB477</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1466-822X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Bioclimatic variables</term><term>Gekkonidae</term><term>Maxent</term><term>Mediterranean</term><term>North America</term><term>ecological niche modelling</term><term>exotic species</term><term>fundamental niche</term><term>niche shift</term><term>realized niche</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Aim The use of ecological niche models (ENMs) to predict potential distributions of species is steadily increasing. A necessary assumption is that climatic niches are conservative, but recent findings of niche shifts during biological invasion indicate that this assumption is not always valid. Selection of predictor variables may be one reason for the observed shifts. In this paper we assess differences in climatic niches in the native and invaded ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) in terms of commonly applied climate variables in ENMs. We analyse which variables are more conserved versus relaxed (i.e. subject to niche shift). Furthermore, we study the predictive power of different sets of climate variables.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Dennis Rödder</name><affiliations><json:string>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D‐53113 Bonn,</json:string><json:string>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</json:string><json:string>E-mail: d.roedder.zfmk@uni‐bonn.de</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Stefan Lötters</name><affiliations><json:string>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Bioclimatic variables</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ecological niche modelling</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>exotic species</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>fundamental niche</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Gekkonidae</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Maxent</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Mediterranean</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>niche shift</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>North America</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>realized niche</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>GEB477</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><qualityIndicators><score>6.344</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 782.362 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>747</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>7393</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>50726</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>14</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>112</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Niche shift versus niche conservatism? 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Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><p>© 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</p></availability><date>2009</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Niche shift versus niche conservatism? Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Dennis</forename><surname>Rödder</surname></persName><email>d.roedder.zfmk@uni‐bonn.de</email><affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D‐53113 Bonn,</affiliation><affiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Stefan</forename><surname>Lötters</surname></persName><affiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Global Ecology and Biogeography</title><idno type="pISSN">1466-822X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1466-8238</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1466-8238</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-11"></date><biblScope unit="volume">18</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="674">674</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="687">687</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">C2603E49B7AF016B836A5C03986CA6722C8741C7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00477.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">GEB477</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2009</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Aim The use of ecological niche models (ENMs) to predict potential distributions of species is steadily increasing. A necessary assumption is that climatic niches are conservative, but recent findings of niche shifts during biological invasion indicate that this assumption is not always valid. Selection of predictor variables may be one reason for the observed shifts. In this paper we assess differences in climatic niches in the native and invaded ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) in terms of commonly applied climate variables in ENMs. We analyse which variables are more conserved versus relaxed (i.e. subject to niche shift). Furthermore, we study the predictive power of different sets of climate variables.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Location The Mediterranean region and North America.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Methods We developed models using Maxent and various subsets of variables out of 19 bioclimatic layers including: (1) two subsets comprising almost all variables excluding only highly collinear ones; (2) two subsets with minimalistic variable sets of water availability and energy measures; (3) two subsets focused on temperature‐related parameters; (4) two subsets with precipitation‐related parameters; and (5) one subset comprising variables combining temperature and precipitation characteristics. Occurrence data from the native Mediterranean range were used to predict the potential introduced range in North America and vice versa. Degrees of niche similarity and conservatism were assessed using both Schoener's index and Hellinger distances. The significance of the results was tested using null models.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Results The degree of niche similarity and conservatism varied greatly among the predictors and variable sets applied. Shifts observed in some variables could be attributed to active habitat selection while others apparently reflected background effects.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Main conclusions The study was based on comprehensive occurrence data from all regions where Hemidactylus turcicus is present in Europe and North America, providing a robust foundation. Our results clearly indicate that the degree of conservatism of niches in H. turcicus largely varies among predictors and variable sets applied. Therefore, the extent of niche conservatism of variables applied should always be tested in ENMs. This has an important impact on studies of biological invasion, impacts of climate change and niche evolution.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Bioclimatic variables</term></item><item><term>ecological niche modelling</term></item><item><term>exotic species</term></item><item><term>fundamental niche</term></item><item><term>Gekkonidae</term></item><item><term>Maxent</term></item><item><term>Mediterranean</term></item><item><term>niche shift</term></item><item><term>North America</term></item><item><term>realized niche</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/C2603E49B7AF016B836A5C03986CA6722C8741C7/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1466-8238</doi><issn type="print">1466-822X</issn><issn type="electronic">1466-8238</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="GEB"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="GLOBAL ECOLOGY BIOGEOGRAPHY">Global Ecology and Biogeography</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="11006"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/geb.2009.18.issue-6</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="18">18</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="6">6</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2009-11">November 2009</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="4" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00477.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="GEB477"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="14"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Research Paper</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2009-08-03"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2009-10-08"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.15 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-07-21"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-12"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-24"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="674">674</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="687">687</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo> Dennis Rödder, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D‐53113 Bonn, Germany.
E‐mail: <email normalForm="d.roedder.zfmk@uni-bonn.de">d.roedder.zfmk@uni‐bonn.de</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:GEB.GEB477.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="5"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="3"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="56"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="8376"></count><count type="linksPubMed" number="0"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="0"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Niche shift versus niche conservatism? Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (<i>Hemidactylus turcicus</i>)</title><title type="shortAuthors">D. Rödder and S. Lötters</title><title type="short">Niche shift in the Mediterranean house gecko?</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1 #a2" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Dennis</givenNames><familyName>Rödder</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>Stefan</givenNames><familyName>Lötters</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1"><unparsedAffiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D‐53113 Bonn,</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="DE"><unparsedAffiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">Bioclimatic variables</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">ecological niche modelling</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">exotic species</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">fundamental niche</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">Gekkonidae</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">Maxent</keyword><keyword xml:id="k7">Mediterranean</keyword><keyword xml:id="k8">niche shift</keyword><keyword xml:id="k9">North America</keyword><keyword xml:id="k10">realized niche</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><p><b>Appendix S1</b> Additional references from which species records were obtained.</p><p><b>Appendix S2</b> Crosswise projections of climatic niches developed with variable sets ‘Comprehensive’, ‘Minimum’, ‘Precipitation’ and ‘Temperature’.</p><p><b>Appendix S3</b> Relationship between niche overlap in terms of <i>D</i>‐ and <i>I</i>‐values and performance of the model.</p><p>As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.</p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting info item" href="urn-x:wiley:1466822X:media:geb477:GEB_477_sm_Appendix_S1"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting info item</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting info item" href="urn-x:wiley:1466822X:media:geb477:GEB_477_sm_Appendix_S2"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting info item</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting info item" href="urn-x:wiley:1466822X:media:geb477:GEB_477_sm_Appendix_S3"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting info item</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">ABSTRACT</title><p><b>Aim </b> The use of ecological niche models (ENMs) to predict potential distributions of species is steadily increasing. A necessary assumption is that climatic niches are conservative, but recent findings of niche shifts during biological invasion indicate that this assumption is not always valid. Selection of predictor variables may be one reason for the observed shifts. In this paper we assess differences in climatic niches in the native and invaded ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (<i>Hemidactylus turcicus</i>) in terms of commonly applied climate variables in ENMs. We analyse which variables are more conserved versus relaxed (i.e. subject to niche shift). Furthermore, we study the predictive power of different sets of climate variables.</p><p><b>Location </b> The Mediterranean region and North America.</p><p><b>Methods </b> We developed models using Maxent and various subsets of variables out of 19 bioclimatic layers including: (1) two subsets comprising almost all variables excluding only highly collinear ones; (2) two subsets with minimalistic variable sets of water availability and energy measures; (3) two subsets focused on temperature‐related parameters; (4) two subsets with precipitation‐related parameters; and (5) one subset comprising variables combining temperature and precipitation characteristics. Occurrence data from the native Mediterranean range were used to predict the potential introduced range in North America and vice versa. Degrees of niche similarity and conservatism were assessed using both Schoener's index and Hellinger distances. The significance of the results was tested using null models.</p><p><b>Results </b> The degree of niche similarity and conservatism varied greatly among the predictors and variable sets applied. Shifts observed in some variables could be attributed to active habitat selection while others apparently reflected background effects.</p><p><b>Main conclusions </b> The study was based on comprehensive occurrence data from all regions where <i>Hemidactylus turcicus</i> is present in Europe and North America, providing a robust foundation. Our results clearly indicate that the degree of conservatism of niches in <i>H. turcicus</i> largely varies among predictors and variable sets applied. Therefore, the extent of niche conservatism of variables applied should always be tested in ENMs. This has an important impact on studies of biological invasion, impacts of climate change and niche evolution.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Niche shift versus niche conservatism? Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Niche shift in the Mediterranean house gecko?</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Niche shift versus niche conservatism? Climatic characteristics of the native and invasive ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dennis</namePart><namePart type="family">Rödder</namePart><affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D‐53113 Bonn,</affiliation><affiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: d.roedder.zfmk@uni‐bonn.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stefan</namePart><namePart type="family">Lötters</namePart><affiliation>Biogeography Department, University of Trier, D‐54286 Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-11</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">5</extent><extent unit="tables">3</extent><extent unit="references">56</extent><extent unit="words">8376</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>Aim The use of ecological niche models (ENMs) to predict potential distributions of species is steadily increasing. A necessary assumption is that climatic niches are conservative, but recent findings of niche shifts during biological invasion indicate that this assumption is not always valid. Selection of predictor variables may be one reason for the observed shifts. In this paper we assess differences in climatic niches in the native and invaded ranges of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) in terms of commonly applied climate variables in ENMs. We analyse which variables are more conserved versus relaxed (i.e. subject to niche shift). Furthermore, we study the predictive power of different sets of climate variables.</abstract><abstract>Location The Mediterranean region and North America.</abstract><abstract>Methods We developed models using Maxent and various subsets of variables out of 19 bioclimatic layers including: (1) two subsets comprising almost all variables excluding only highly collinear ones; (2) two subsets with minimalistic variable sets of water availability and energy measures; (3) two subsets focused on temperature‐related parameters; (4) two subsets with precipitation‐related parameters; and (5) one subset comprising variables combining temperature and precipitation characteristics. Occurrence data from the native Mediterranean range were used to predict the potential introduced range in North America and vice versa. Degrees of niche similarity and conservatism were assessed using both Schoener's index and Hellinger distances. The significance of the results was tested using null models.</abstract><abstract>Results The degree of niche similarity and conservatism varied greatly among the predictors and variable sets applied. Shifts observed in some variables could be attributed to active habitat selection while others apparently reflected background effects.</abstract><abstract>Main conclusions The study was based on comprehensive occurrence data from all regions where Hemidactylus turcicus is present in Europe and North America, providing a robust foundation. Our results clearly indicate that the degree of conservatism of niches in H. turcicus largely varies among predictors and variable sets applied. Therefore, the extent of niche conservatism of variables applied should always be tested in ENMs. This has an important impact on studies of biological invasion, impacts of climate change and niche evolution.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Bioclimatic variables</topic><topic>ecological niche modelling</topic><topic>exotic species</topic><topic>fundamental niche</topic><topic>Gekkonidae</topic><topic>Maxent</topic><topic>Mediterranean</topic><topic>niche shift</topic><topic>North America</topic><topic>realized niche</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Global Ecology and Biogeography</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><note type="content"> Appendix S1 Additional references from which species records were obtained. Appendix S2 Crosswise projections of climatic niches developed with variable sets ‘Comprehensive’, ‘Minimum’, ‘Precipitation’ and ‘Temperature’. Appendix S3 Relationship between niche overlap in terms of D‐ and I‐values and performance of the model. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Appendix S1 Additional references from which species records were obtained. Appendix S2 Crosswise projections of climatic niches developed with variable sets ‘Comprehensive’, ‘Minimum’, ‘Precipitation’ and ‘Temperature’. Appendix S3 Relationship between niche overlap in terms of D‐ and I‐values and performance of the model. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Appendix S1 Additional references from which species records were obtained. Appendix S2 Crosswise projections of climatic niches developed with variable sets ‘Comprehensive’, ‘Minimum’, ‘Precipitation’ and ‘Temperature’. Appendix S3 Relationship between niche overlap in terms of D‐ and I‐values and performance of the model. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Appendix S1 Additional references from which species records were obtained. Appendix S2 Crosswise projections of climatic niches developed with variable sets ‘Comprehensive’, ‘Minimum’, ‘Precipitation’ and ‘Temperature’. Appendix S3 Relationship between niche overlap in terms of D‐ and I‐values and performance of the model. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.Supporting Info Item: Supporting info item - Supporting info item - Supporting info item - </note><identifier type="ISSN">1466-822X</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1466-8238</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1466-8238</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">GEB</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>18</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>674</start><end>687</end><total>14</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">C2603E49B7AF016B836A5C03986CA6722C8741C7</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00477.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">GEB477</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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