Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity
Identifieur interne : 001256 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001255; suivant : 001257Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity
Auteurs : J. C. Pruessner ; O. T. Wolf ; D. H. Hellhammer ; A. Buske-Kirschbaum ; K. Von Auer ; S. Jobst ; F. Kaspers ; C. KirschbaumSource :
- Life Sciences [ 0024-3205 ] ; 1997.
Abstract
In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n= 152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30–60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50–75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity</title><author><name sortKey="Pruessner, J C" sort="Pruessner, J C" uniqKey="Pruessner J" first="J. C." last="Pruessner">J. C. Pruessner</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, O T" sort="Wolf, O T" uniqKey="Wolf O" first="O. T." last="Wolf">O. T. Wolf</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hellhammer, D H" sort="Hellhammer, D H" uniqKey="Hellhammer D" first="D. H." last="Hellhammer">D. H. Hellhammer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buske Kirschbaum, A" sort="Buske Kirschbaum, A" uniqKey="Buske Kirschbaum A" first="A." last="Buske-Kirschbaum">A. Buske-Kirschbaum</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Auer, K" sort="Von Auer, K" uniqKey="Von Auer K" first="K." last="Von Auer">K. Von Auer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jobst, S" sort="Jobst, S" uniqKey="Jobst S" first="S." last="Jobst">S. Jobst</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaspers, F" sort="Kaspers, F" uniqKey="Kaspers F" first="F." last="Kaspers">F. Kaspers</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirschbaum, C" sort="Kirschbaum, C" uniqKey="Kirschbaum C" first="C." last="Kirschbaum">C. Kirschbaum</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:68B092720E725044039C647075760BFEB4A72717</idno><date when="1997" year="1997">1997</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/68B092720E725044039C647075760BFEB4A72717/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001256</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001256</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity</title><author><name sortKey="Pruessner, J C" sort="Pruessner, J C" uniqKey="Pruessner J" first="J. C." last="Pruessner">J. C. Pruessner</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, O T" sort="Wolf, O T" uniqKey="Wolf O" first="O. T." last="Wolf">O. T. Wolf</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hellhammer, D H" sort="Hellhammer, D H" uniqKey="Hellhammer D" first="D. H." last="Hellhammer">D. H. Hellhammer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buske Kirschbaum, A" sort="Buske Kirschbaum, A" uniqKey="Buske Kirschbaum A" first="A." last="Buske-Kirschbaum">A. Buske-Kirschbaum</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Auer, K" sort="Von Auer, K" uniqKey="Von Auer K" first="K." last="Von Auer">K. Von Auer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jobst, S" sort="Jobst, S" uniqKey="Jobst S" first="S." last="Jobst">S. Jobst</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaspers, F" sort="Kaspers, F" uniqKey="Kaspers F" first="F." last="Kaspers">F. Kaspers</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirschbaum, C" sort="Kirschbaum, C" uniqKey="Kirschbaum C" first="C." last="Kirschbaum">C. Kirschbaum</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Life Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">LFS</title><idno type="ISSN">0024-3205</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1997">1997</date><biblScope unit="volume">61</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">26</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2539">2539</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2549">2549</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0024-3205</idno></series><idno type="istex">68B092720E725044039C647075760BFEB4A72717</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0024-3205(97)01008-4</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0024-3205</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n= 152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30–60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50–75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>J.C. Pruessner</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>O.T. Wolf</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D.H. Hellhammer</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. Buske-Kirschbaum</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>K. von Auer</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. Jobst</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>F. Kaspers</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>C. Kirschbaum</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>saliva</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>cortisol</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>awakening</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>oral contraceptives</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>sex differences</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>age</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n= 152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30–60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50–75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p>.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>6.332</score><pdfVersion>1.1</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>468 x 684 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>6</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1389</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>3644</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>22780</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>224</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity</title><pii><json:string>S0024-3205(97)01008-4</json:string></pii><refBibs><json:item><host><volume>73</volume><pages><last>1025</last><first>1017</first></pages><author></author><title>J. Clin. Endocrinol. 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Subjects studied: children aged 7–14 (Study 1), adolescents aged 19–37 (Study 2), elderly adults aged 59–82 (Study 3)</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Mean cortisol levels after awakening in three independent studies in women compared to men. For description of the subjects in the studies, refer to legend of Fig. 1.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Mean cortisol levels (± SE) after morning awakening in Study 2 in women using oral contraceptives compared with women using no contraceptive medication. For description of the subjects in the studies, refer to legend of Fig. 1.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Scatterplot of the cortisol increase after awakening (maximum cortisol levels minus baseline) versus age for 416 observations (Pearson correlation r=.06; n.s.)</note><note type="content">Table 1: Overview of Saliva Sampling for Assessment of Early Morning Free Cortisol Levels in Three Independent Studies</note><note type="content">Table 2: Pearson Correlations Between the AUC Cortisol Levels on the Single Days in Three Studies (for Subjects in the Study, Refer to Text)</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">J.C.</forename><surname>Pruessner</surname></persName><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">O.T.</forename><surname>Wolf</surname></persName><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">D.H.</forename><surname>Hellhammer</surname></persName><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename><surname>Buske-Kirschbaum</surname></persName><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">K.</forename><surname>von Auer</surname></persName><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">S.</forename><surname>Jobst</surname></persName><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">F.</forename><surname>Kaspers</surname></persName><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Kirschbaum</surname></persName><note type="biography">PD Dr. Clemens Kirschbaum, Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research at the University of Trier, Dietrichstr. 10–11, 54290 Trier, Germany. Phone (+49) 651-9758624; email: kirschba@uni-trier.de</note><affiliation>PD Dr. Clemens Kirschbaum, Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research at the University of Trier, Dietrichstr. 10–11, 54290 Trier, Germany. Phone (+49) 651-9758624; email: kirschba@uni-trier.de</affiliation><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Life Sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">LFS</title><idno type="pISSN">0024-3205</idno><idno type="PII">S0024-3205(00)X0137-3</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1997"></date><biblScope unit="volume">61</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">26</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2539">2539</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2549">2549</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">68B092720E725044039C647075760BFEB4A72717</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0024-3205(97)01008-4</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1997</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n= 152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30–60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50–75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>saliva</term></item><item><term>cortisol</term></item><item><term>awakening</term></item><item><term>oral contraceptives</term></item><item><term>sex differences</term></item><item><term>age</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1997">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/68B092720E725044039C647075760BFEB4A72717/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>LFS</jid><aid>97010084</aid><ce:pii>S0024-3205(97)01008-4</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4</ce:doi><ce:copyright year="1997" type="full-transfer">Elsevier Science Inc.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>J.C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pruessner</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>O.T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wolf</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>D.H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hellhammer</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Buske-Kirschbaum</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>von Auer</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Jobst</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kaspers</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kirschbaum</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>PD Dr. Clemens Kirschbaum, Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research at the University of Trier, Dietrichstr. 10–11, 54290 Trier, Germany. Phone (+49) 651-9758624; email: kirschba@uni-trier.de</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="10" month="10" year="1997"></ce:date-received><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n= 152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30–60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50–75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>saliva</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>cortisol</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>awakening</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>oral contraceptives</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>sex differences</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>age</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Free Cortisol Levels after Awakening: A Reliable Biological Marker for the Assessment of Adrenocortical Activity</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Pruessner</namePart><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">O.T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Wolf</namePart><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hellhammer</namePart><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Buske-Kirschbaum</namePart><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart><namePart type="family">von Auer</namePart><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Jobst</namePart><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kaspers</namePart><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kirschbaum</namePart><affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany</affiliation><description>PD Dr. Clemens Kirschbaum, Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research at the University of Trier, Dietrichstr. 10–11, 54290 Trier, Germany. Phone (+49) 651-9758624; email: kirschba@uni-trier.de</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1997</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1997</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n= 152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30–60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50–75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Mean cortisol levels (± SE) after morning awakening in three independent studies. Subjects studied: children aged 7–14 (Study 1), adolescents aged 19–37 (Study 2), elderly adults aged 59–82 (Study 3)</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Mean cortisol levels after awakening in three independent studies in women compared to men. For description of the subjects in the studies, refer to legend of Fig. 1.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Mean cortisol levels (± SE) after morning awakening in Study 2 in women using oral contraceptives compared with women using no contraceptive medication. For description of the subjects in the studies, refer to legend of Fig. 1.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Scatterplot of the cortisol increase after awakening (maximum cortisol levels minus baseline) versus age for 416 observations (Pearson correlation r=.06; n.s.)</note><note type="content">Table 1: Overview of Saliva Sampling for Assessment of Early Morning Free Cortisol Levels in Three Independent Studies</note><note type="content">Table 2: Pearson Correlations Between the AUC Cortisol Levels on the Single Days in Three Studies (for Subjects in the Study, Refer to Text)</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>saliva</topic><topic>cortisol</topic><topic>awakening</topic><topic>oral contraceptives</topic><topic>sex differences</topic><topic>age</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Life Sciences</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>LFS</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">19971121</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0024-3205</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0024-3205(00)X0137-3</identifier><part><date>19971121</date><detail type="volume"><number>61</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>26</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>PL403</start><end>PL434</end></extent><extent unit="issue pages"><start>2507</start><end>2582</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>2539</start><end>2549</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">68B092720E725044039C647075760BFEB4A72717</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0024-3205(97)01008-4</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©1997 Elsevier Science Inc.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science Inc., ©1997</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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