Integrated Approach to Detect Inconspicuous Contents
Identifieur interne : 001068 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001067; suivant : 001069Integrated Approach to Detect Inconspicuous Contents
Auteurs : Rosina Weber ; Ilya Waldstein ; Amit Deshpande ; Jason M. ProctorSource :
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science [ 0302-9743 ] ; 2005.
Abstract
Abstract: This paper describes an integrated approach for detecting inconspicuous contents in text. Inconspicuous contents can be an opinion or goal that may be disguised in some way to mislead automated methods but keeps a clear message for humans (e.g., terrorist sites). Our methodology hypothesizes that patterns that convey inconspicuous contents can be extracted, represented, generalized, and matched in unknown text. The proposed approach is meant to complement data-intensive methods (e.g. clustering). Data-intensive methods are fast but are susceptible to variations in frequency, do not discern meaning, and require a large corpus for training. Our approach relies on manual engineering for natural language interpretation and pattern extraction using no more than ten examples, but is sufficiently fast to complement a real-time application.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/11590019_35
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ISTEX:B53569DD0E39E278C2847F3473CEF8A5657367BCLe document en format XML
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Proctor</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jp338@drexel.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="s">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</title><imprint><date>2005</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0302-9743</idno><idno type="eISSN">1611-3349</idno><idno type="ISSN">0302-9743</idno></series><idno type="istex">B53569DD0E39E278C2847F3473CEF8A5657367BC</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/11590019_35</idno><idno type="ChapterID">35</idno><idno type="ChapterID">Chap35</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0302-9743</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: This paper describes an integrated approach for detecting inconspicuous contents in text. Inconspicuous contents can be an opinion or goal that may be disguised in some way to mislead automated methods but keeps a clear message for humans (e.g., terrorist sites). Our methodology hypothesizes that patterns that convey inconspicuous contents can be extracted, represented, generalized, and matched in unknown text. The proposed approach is meant to complement data-intensive methods (e.g. clustering). Data-intensive methods are fast but are susceptible to variations in frequency, do not discern meaning, and require a large corpus for training. Our approach relies on manual engineering for natural language interpretation and pattern extraction using no more than ten examples, but is sufficiently fast to complement a real-time application.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Rosina Weber</name><affiliations><json:string>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: rw37@drexel.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ilya Waldstein</name><affiliations><json:string>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: imw22@drexel.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Amit Deshpande</name><affiliations><json:string>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: asd28@drexel.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jason M. Proctor</name><affiliations><json:string>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: jp338@drexel.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>OriginalPaper</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: This paper describes an integrated approach for detecting inconspicuous contents in text. Inconspicuous contents can be an opinion or goal that may be disguised in some way to mislead automated methods but keeps a clear message for humans (e.g., terrorist sites). Our methodology hypothesizes that patterns that convey inconspicuous contents can be extracted, represented, generalized, and matched in unknown text. The proposed approach is meant to complement data-intensive methods (e.g. clustering). Data-intensive methods are fast but are susceptible to variations in frequency, do not discern meaning, and require a large corpus for training. Our approach relies on manual engineering for natural language interpretation and pattern extraction using no more than ten examples, but is sufficiently fast to complement a real-time application.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>5.865</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>430 x 660 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>854</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>4401</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>26293</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>12</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>122</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Integrated Approach to Detect Inconspicuous Contents</title><chapterId><json:string>35</json:string><json:string>Chap35</json:string></chapterId><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>Y Elovici</name></json:item><json:item><name>A Kandel</name></json:item><json:item><name>M Last</name></json:item><json:item><name>B Shapira</name></json:item><json:item><name>O Zaafrany</name></json:item></author><host><volume>3</volume><pages><last>29</last><first>17</first></pages><issue>1</issue><author></author><title>Journal of Information Warfare</title><publicationDate>2004</publicationDate></host><title>Using Data Mining Techniques for Detecting Terror-Related Activities on the Web</title><publicationDate>2004</publicationDate></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>W,M Cohen</name></json:item><json:item><name>V,R Carvalho</name></json:item><json:item><name>T,M Mitchell</name></json:item></author><host><pages><last>316</last><first>309</first></pages><author></author><title>Proc. of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing</title><publicationDate>2004</publicationDate></host><title>Learning to Classify Email into Speech Acts</title><publicationDate>2004</publicationDate></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>J Yi</name></json:item><json:item><name>T Nasukawa</name></json:item><json:item><name>R Bunescu</name></json:item><json:item><name>W Niblack</name></json:item></author><host><author></author><title>Proc. of the Third IEEE International Conference on Data Mining</title><publicationDate>2003</publicationDate></host><title>Sentiment Analyzer: Extracting Sentiments about a Given Topic using Natural Language Processing Techniques</title><publicationDate>2003</publicationDate></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>F Provost</name></json:item><json:item><name>T Fawcett</name></json:item></author><host><volume>42</volume><pages><last>231</last><first>203</first></pages><issue>3</issue><author></author><title>Machine Learning</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><title>Robust Classification for Imprecise Environments</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>S Haller</name></json:item></author><host><volume>13</volume><pages><last>311</last><first>259</first></pages><author></author><title>Artificial Intelligence Review</title><publicationDate>1999</publicationDate></host><title>An Introduction to Interactive Discourse Processing from the Perspective of Plan Recognition and Text Planning</title><publicationDate>1999</publicationDate></json:item><json:item><host><author><json:item><name>D Marcu</name></json:item></author><title>The Theory and Practice of Discourse Parsing and Summarization</title><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>L,K Branting</name></json:item><json:item><name>J,C Lester</name></json:item></author><host><volume>1168</volume><pages><last>90</last><first>76</first></pages><author></author><title>LNCS</title><publicationDate>1996</publicationDate></host><title>Justification Structures for Document Reuse Advances in Case-Based Reasoning</title><publicationDate>1996</publicationDate></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>R Weber</name></json:item></author><host><pages><last>172</last><first>164</first></pages><author></author><title>Proc. of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law</title><publicationDate>1999</publicationDate></host><title>Intelligent jurisprudence research</title><publicationDate>1999</publicationDate></json:item><json:item><host><author><json:item><name>K,D Ashley</name></json:item></author><title>Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. 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type="first">Takeo</forename><surname>Kanade</surname></persName><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Josef</forename><surname>Kittler</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Jon</forename><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Kleinberg</surname></persName><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Friedemann</forename><surname>Mattern</surname></persName><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">John</forename><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Mitchell</surname></persName><affiliation>Stanford University, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Moni</forename><surname>Naor</surname></persName><affiliation>Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Oscar</forename><surname>Nierstrasz</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Bern, Switzerland</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Pandu Rangan</surname></persName><affiliation>Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Bernhard</forename><surname>Steffen</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Dortmund, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Madhu</forename><surname>Sudan</surname></persName><affiliation>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Demetri</forename><surname>Terzopoulos</surname></persName><affiliation>New York University, NY, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Dough</forename><surname>Tygar</surname></persName><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Moshe</forename><forename type="first">Y.</forename><surname>Vardi</surname></persName><affiliation>Rice University, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Gerhard</forename><surname>Weikum</surname></persName><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany</affiliation></editor><biblScope><date>2005</date></biblScope><idno type="pISSN">0302-9743</idno><idno type="eISSN">1611-3349</idno><idno type="series-Id">558</idno></series><series><title level="s">Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence</title><editor><persName><forename type="first">David</forename><surname>Hutchison</surname></persName><affiliation>Lancaster University, UK</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Takeo</forename><surname>Kanade</surname></persName><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Josef</forename><surname>Kittler</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Jon</forename><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Kleinberg</surname></persName><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Friedemann</forename><surname>Mattern</surname></persName><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">John</forename><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Mitchell</surname></persName><affiliation>Stanford University, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Moni</forename><surname>Naor</surname></persName><affiliation>Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Oscar</forename><surname>Nierstrasz</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Bern, Switzerland</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Pandu Rangan</surname></persName><affiliation>Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Bernhard</forename><surname>Steffen</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Dortmund, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Madhu</forename><surname>Sudan</surname></persName><affiliation>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Demetri</forename><surname>Terzopoulos</surname></persName><affiliation>New York University, NY, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Dough</forename><surname>Tygar</surname></persName><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Moshe</forename><forename type="first">Y.</forename><surname>Vardi</surname></persName><affiliation>Rice University, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Gerhard</forename><surname>Weikum</surname></persName><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Jaime</forename><forename type="first">G.</forename><surname>Carbonell</surname></persName><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Jörg</forename><surname>Siekmann</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Klaus-Dieter</forename><surname>Althoff</surname></persName><email>althoff@iis.uni-hildesheim.de</email><affiliation>Institute of Computer Science, University of Hildesheim, Marienburger Platz 22, 31141, Hildesheim, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Andreas</forename><surname>Dengel</surname></persName><email>Andreas.Dengel@dfki.de</email><affiliation>Knowledge Management Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Ralph</forename><surname>Bergmann</surname></persName><email>bergmann@uni-trier.de</email><affiliation>Department of Business Information Systems II, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Markus</forename><surname>Nick</surname></persName><email>nick@iese.fraunhofer.de</email><affiliation>Department for Experience Management, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, Kaiserslautern</affiliation></editor><editor><persName><forename type="first">Thomas</forename><surname>Roth-Berghofer</surname></persName><email>Thomas.Roth-Berghofer@dfki.de</email><affiliation>Knowledge Management Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH, Trippstadter Straße 122, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany</affiliation></editor><idno type="pISSN">0302-9743</idno><idno type="eISSN">1611-3349</idno><biblScope unit="seriesId">1244</biblScope></series><idno type="istex">B53569DD0E39E278C2847F3473CEF8A5657367BC</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/11590019_35</idno><idno type="ChapterID">35</idno><idno type="ChapterID">Chap35</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2005</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: This paper describes an integrated approach for detecting inconspicuous contents in text. Inconspicuous contents can be an opinion or goal that may be disguised in some way to mislead automated methods but keeps a clear message for humans (e.g., terrorist sites). Our methodology hypothesizes that patterns that convey inconspicuous contents can be extracted, represented, generalized, and matched in unknown text. The proposed approach is meant to complement data-intensive methods (e.g. clustering). Data-intensive methods are fast but are susceptible to variations in frequency, do not discern meaning, and require a large corpus for training. Our approach relies on manual engineering for natural language interpretation and pattern extraction using no more than ten examples, but is sufficiently fast to complement a real-time application.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="Book-Subject-Collection"><list><label>SUCO11645</label><item><term>Computer Science</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Book-Subject-Group"><list><label>I</label><label>I21017</label><label>I18032</label><label>I18040</label><label>I2301X</label><label>I24032</label><item><term>Computer Science</term></item><item><term>Artificial Intelligence (incl. 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22</Street><Postcode>31141</Postcode><City>Hildesheim</City><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff19"><OrgDivision>Knowledge Management Department</OrgDivision><OrgName>German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Kaiserslautern</City><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff20"><OrgDivision>Department of Business Information Systems II</OrgDivision><OrgName>University of Trier</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Trier</City><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff21"><OrgDivision>Department for Experience Management</OrgDivision><OrgName>Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Kaiserslautern</City></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff22"><OrgDivision>Knowledge Management Department</OrgDivision><OrgName>German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Trippstadter Straße 122</Street><Postcode>67663</Postcode><City>Kaiserslautern</City><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></EditorGroup></BookHeader><Part ID="Part7"><PartInfo TocLevels="0"><PartID>7</PartID><PartSequenceNumber>7</PartSequenceNumber><PartTitle>German Workshop on Experience Management (GWEM)</PartTitle><PartChapterCount>5</PartChapterCount><PartContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID><BookTitle>Professional Knowledge Management</BookTitle></PartContext></PartInfo><Chapter ID="Chap35" Language="En"><ChapterInfo ChapterType="OriginalPaper" ContainsESM="No" NumberingDepth="2" NumberingStyle="ContentOnly" TocLevels="0"><ChapterID>35</ChapterID><ChapterDOI>10.1007/11590019_35</ChapterDOI><ChapterSequenceNumber>35</ChapterSequenceNumber><ChapterTitle Language="En">Integrated Approach to Detect Inconspicuous Contents</ChapterTitle><ChapterFirstPage>304</ChapterFirstPage><ChapterLastPage>315</ChapterLastPage><ChapterCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2005</CopyrightYear></ChapterCopyright><ChapterGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ChapterGrants><ChapterContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID><PartID>7</PartID><BookID>978-3-540-31620-6</BookID><BookTitle>Professional Knowledge Management</BookTitle></ChapterContext></ChapterInfo><ChapterHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Rosina</GivenName><FamilyName>Weber</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>rw37@drexel.edu</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Ilya</GivenName><FamilyName>Waldstein</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>imw22@drexel.edu</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Amit</GivenName><FamilyName>Deshpande</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>asd28@drexel.edu</Email></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff23"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Jason</GivenName><GivenName>M.</GivenName><FamilyName>Proctor</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><Email>jp338@drexel.edu</Email></Contact></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff23"><OrgDivision>College of Information Science and Technology</OrgDivision><OrgName>Drexel University</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>3141 Chestnut Street</Street><City>Philadelphia</City><State>PA</State><Postcode>19104</Postcode><Country>USA</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><Para>This paper describes an integrated approach for detecting inconspicuous contents in text. Inconspicuous contents can be an opinion or goal that may be disguised in some way to mislead automated methods but keeps a clear message for humans (e.g., terrorist sites). Our methodology hypothesizes that patterns that convey inconspicuous contents can be extracted, represented, generalized, and matched in unknown text. The proposed approach is meant to complement data-intensive methods (e.g. clustering). Data-intensive methods are fast but are susceptible to variations in frequency, do not discern meaning, and require a large corpus for training. Our approach relies on manual engineering for natural language interpretation and pattern extraction using no more than ten examples, but is sufficiently fast to complement a real-time application.</Para></Abstract></ChapterHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Chapter></Part></Book></Series></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Integrated Approach to Detect Inconspicuous Contents</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Integrated Approach to Detect Inconspicuous Contents</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Rosina</namePart><namePart type="family">Weber</namePart><affiliation>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: rw37@drexel.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ilya</namePart><namePart type="family">Waldstein</namePart><affiliation>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: imw22@drexel.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Amit</namePart><namePart type="family">Deshpande</namePart><affiliation>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: asd28@drexel.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jason</namePart><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Proctor</namePart><affiliation>College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: jp338@drexel.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="conference" displayLabel="OriginalPaper"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Berlin, Heidelberg</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2005</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Abstract: This paper describes an integrated approach for detecting inconspicuous contents in text. Inconspicuous contents can be an opinion or goal that may be disguised in some way to mislead automated methods but keeps a clear message for humans (e.g., terrorist sites). Our methodology hypothesizes that patterns that convey inconspicuous contents can be extracted, represented, generalized, and matched in unknown text. The proposed approach is meant to complement data-intensive methods (e.g. clustering). Data-intensive methods are fast but are susceptible to variations in frequency, do not discern meaning, and require a large corpus for training. Our approach relies on manual engineering for natural language interpretation and pattern extraction using no more than ten examples, but is sufficiently fast to complement a real-time application.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Professional Knowledge Management</title><subTitle>Third Biennial Conference, WM 2005, Kaiserslautern, Germany, April 10-13, 2005, Revised Selected Papers</subTitle></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Klaus-Dieter</namePart><namePart type="family">Althoff</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Computer Science, University of Hildesheim, Marienburger Platz 22, 31141, Hildesheim, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: althoff@iis.uni-hildesheim.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Andreas</namePart><namePart type="family">Dengel</namePart><affiliation>Knowledge Management Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: Andreas.Dengel@dfki.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ralph</namePart><namePart type="family">Bergmann</namePart><affiliation>Department of Business Information Systems II, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bergmann@uni-trier.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Markus</namePart><namePart type="family">Nick</namePart><affiliation>Department for Experience Management, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, Kaiserslautern</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: nick@iese.fraunhofer.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Thomas</namePart><namePart type="family">Roth-Berghofer</namePart><affiliation>Knowledge Management Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH, Trippstadter Straße 122, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: Thomas.Roth-Berghofer@dfki.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="book-series" displayLabel="Proceedings"></genre><originInfo><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><subject><genre>Book-Subject-Collection</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="SUCO11645">Computer Science</topic></subject><subject><genre>Book-Subject-Group</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I">Computer Science</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I21017">Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics)</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18032">Information Storage and Retrieval</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18040">Information Systems Applications (incl.Internet)</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I2301X">Computer Appl. in Administrative Data Processing</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I24032">Computers and Education</topic></subject><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/11590019</identifier><identifier type="ISBN">978-3-540-30465-4</identifier><identifier type="eISBN">978-3-540-31620-6</identifier><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier type="BookTitleID">127867</identifier><identifier type="BookID">978-3-540-31620-6</identifier><identifier type="BookChapterCount">82</identifier><identifier type="BookVolumeNumber">3782</identifier><identifier type="BookSequenceNumber">3782</identifier><identifier type="PartChapterCount">5</identifier><part><date>2005</date><detail type="part"><title>German Workshop on Experience Management (GWEM)</title></detail><detail type="volume"><number>3782</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>304</start><end>315</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2005</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Hutchison</namePart><affiliation>Lancaster University, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Takeo</namePart><namePart type="family">Kanade</namePart><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Josef</namePart><namePart type="family">Kittler</namePart><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jon</namePart><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kleinberg</namePart><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Friedemann</namePart><namePart type="family">Mattern</namePart><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Mitchell</namePart><affiliation>Stanford University, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moni</namePart><namePart type="family">Naor</namePart><affiliation>Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Oscar</namePart><namePart type="family">Nierstrasz</namePart><affiliation>University of Bern, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Pandu Rangan</namePart><affiliation>Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bernhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Steffen</namePart><affiliation>University of Dortmund, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Madhu</namePart><namePart type="family">Sudan</namePart><affiliation>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Demetri</namePart><namePart type="family">Terzopoulos</namePart><affiliation>New York University, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dough</namePart><namePart type="family">Tygar</namePart><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moshe</namePart><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vardi</namePart><affiliation>Rice University, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gerhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Weikum</namePart><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate><issuance>serial</issuance></originInfo><relatedItem type="constituent"><titleInfo><title>Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Hutchison</namePart><affiliation>Lancaster University, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Takeo</namePart><namePart type="family">Kanade</namePart><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Josef</namePart><namePart type="family">Kittler</namePart><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jon</namePart><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kleinberg</namePart><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Friedemann</namePart><namePart type="family">Mattern</namePart><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Mitchell</namePart><affiliation>Stanford University, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moni</namePart><namePart type="family">Naor</namePart><affiliation>Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Oscar</namePart><namePart type="family">Nierstrasz</namePart><affiliation>University of Bern, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Pandu Rangan</namePart><affiliation>Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bernhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Steffen</namePart><affiliation>University of Dortmund, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Madhu</namePart><namePart type="family">Sudan</namePart><affiliation>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Demetri</namePart><namePart type="family">Terzopoulos</namePart><affiliation>New York University, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dough</namePart><namePart type="family">Tygar</namePart><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moshe</namePart><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vardi</namePart><affiliation>Rice University, Houston, TX, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gerhard</namePart><namePart type="family">Weikum</namePart><affiliation>Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jaime</namePart><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Carbonell</namePart><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jörg</namePart><namePart type="family">Siekmann</namePart><affiliation>University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Klaus-Dieter</namePart><namePart type="family">Althoff</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Computer Science, University of Hildesheim, Marienburger Platz 22, 31141, Hildesheim, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: althoff@iis.uni-hildesheim.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Andreas</namePart><namePart type="family">Dengel</namePart><affiliation>Knowledge Management Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: Andreas.Dengel@dfki.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ralph</namePart><namePart type="family">Bergmann</namePart><affiliation>Department of Business Information Systems II, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bergmann@uni-trier.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Markus</namePart><namePart type="family">Nick</namePart><affiliation>Department for Experience Management, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, Kaiserslautern</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: nick@iese.fraunhofer.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Thomas</namePart><namePart type="family">Roth-Berghofer</namePart><affiliation>Knowledge Management Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH, Trippstadter Straße 122, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: Thomas.Roth-Berghofer@dfki.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="sub-series"></genre><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier type="SubSeriesID">1244</identifier></relatedItem><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier type="SeriesID">558</identifier><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2005</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B53569DD0E39E278C2847F3473CEF8A5657367BC</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/11590019_35</identifier><identifier type="ChapterID">35</identifier><identifier type="ChapterID">Chap35</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 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