Labour law, human rights and social justice - Liber Amicorum in Honour of Ruth Ben-Israel
Identifieur interne : 000955 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000954; suivant : 000956Labour law, human rights and social justice - Liber Amicorum in Honour of Ruth Ben-Israel
Auteurs : Stefan ClauwaertSource :
- Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research [ 1024-2589 ] ; 2002-11.
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DOI: 10.1177/102425890200800414
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Liber Amicorum in Honour of Ruth Ben-Israel</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Clauwaert</surname><given-names>Stefan</given-names></name><aff>ETUI</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2002</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>724</fpage><lpage>728</lpage><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Reviews</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>Winter 2002</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value> Book reviews him the major obstacles to hard law regulations. Although harmonisation of legal rules at world-wide or regional level (such as the existing EC directives on data protection) might solve some problems, he prefers the ‘code approach’ if only because of its selfexecuting enforcement. Without doubt the Internet and e-mail have a huge impact on the workplace. But how can we find the balance between the concerns of the employer (i.e. security problems, loss of productivity when employees use the Internet and e-mail for private reasons) and those of the employees (enhancement of computing skills, more motivation if limited personal use is allowed) as regards personal use of the Internet and e-mail at the workplace? The author proposes to solve this through a cooperative contract between the employer and employees based on the principle of ‘full disclosure’ (i.e. employers let their employee know what the objectives and e-policies of the firm are and what they expect from them) and ‘informed consent’ (i.e. employees understand this information from the employer and undertake to provide the minimum level of effort needed to attain the objectives of the firm). Such a system would thus allow a ‘reasonable’ use of Internet resources for personal reasons but also allow for a level of monitoring or control to assess or detect misuse. This contract should then be part of a more general firm e-policy adapted to the culture of the workplace. In the second part of the book, the author looks in detail at international and European instruments regulating data protection. If this analysis of the ILO Code of Practice, the relevant Council of Europe conventions and recommendations as well as the existing EC Directives shows one thing it is that they all underline the need to complete these often general rules on data protection by specific internationally accepted principles in the field of employment. This is also shown by the country reports on France, Germany, UK, Italy, Japan and the USA. These reports also highlight that ‘virtual problems' at the workplace are often dealt with by law in an uncoordinated and patchy way. Again the need for a more harmonised approach to the problems in the specific environment of the workplace is shown. An approach that should for the author primarily be solved via agreements but for which a minimum of legislation will nevertheless be required. This might constitute a lesson to remember in the current consultations on this issue within the EU social dialogue. Stefan Clauwaert ETUI R. Blanpain (2001) (ed.) Labour law, human rights and social justice Liber Amicorum in Honour of Ruth Ben-Israel Kluwer Law International, 2001, 300 pages, ISBN 90 411 1697 4 Leading labour lawyers have contributed to this book in honour of Professor Ruth BenIsrael (University of Tel Aviv). The common themes of the contributions are labour law, human rights and social justice, objectives 724 which Professor Ben-Israel herself pursued as a professor, scholar and publicist. The book starts with Professor Ben-Israel's keynote address to the XVI World Congress TRANSFER 4/02 Book reviews of the International Society of Labour Law and Social Security (ISLLSS) in which she describes the multidimensional notion of work. Besides being a creative process, work is also a distributive mechanism (i.e. pay in return for work) thus leading to the social dignity of belonging to a certain class. It is, however, also a factor of production to ensure individual emancipation which in her view has only gained recognition in industrialised economies which, however, ignored the social and humanitarian contribution of the notion of work. It did not lead to the recognition of social dignity for workers, which is conditional upon recognition of certain individual and collective rights. Although there have been efforts to ensure social dignity via the international instruments of the UN and the ILO, such efforts would not have taken place without state intervention and, in particular, the effective implementation of collective rights such as the right to be on strike. In any case, social dignity via the recognition of socio-economic rights is only one part of ‘equal’ citizenship. It should also include civil and political rights. But rights on their own are not sufficient if not accompanied by the necessary implementation and enforcement. Only then will labour be more than just a commodity. In his contribution, A. Goldman (University of Kentucky) pleads that it is unrealistic to consider that unhampered world markets should be favoured. Regulation is at least necessary to prevent private power restricting competition. To him, market regulation is not only necessary but inevitable. Besides, have market participants confronted with non-regulation not historically created their own rules via custom and practice? The main question, however, is which values should be protected by regulation given the many cultural differences in value perception within global and regional trade markets. Core values, preserving workers' social dignity, TRANSFER 4/02 should be recognised irrespective of cultural or sub-cultural differences. To achieve this the law plays a detrimental role that can lead to the adjustment of cultural values and new perceptions of normative behaviour. The argument that international ‘social’ or other values/rights should be considered within the framework of the society in question is thus not acceptable. And again rights should be accompanied by effective implementation and enforcement mechanisms. Describing seven forms of so-called traditional and nontraditional enforcement mechanisms (e.g. embargo, import duties, universal valueadded tax, etc.) Goldman concludes that enforcement is a necessity irrespective of whether it leads to market inefficiency. A combination of enforcement mechanisms should be explored since each mechanism has its own weaknesses. After questioning the usefulness of the term ‘transformation’, B. von Maydell (Max Planck Institute, Germany), looks briefly into the most important examples of the transformation of social security systems, in particular the German reunification process. But he asks whether there is a general theory of transformation by which we can identify those that have occurred and evaluate new ones. The author concludes negatively in particular because an interdisciplinary view (i.e. political science, law, economics and social science) does not exist, only individual components having until now been investigated. The author then analyses the legal view of transformation whereby law is considered both to be the instrument of the process as well as its objective (i.e. to establish new regulation). For the author, however, the basic ‘objective’ or question for any transformation process is the decision as to whether to allocate a minimum income. Once this is answered, one can decide on the system one wants. This often comes down to 725 Book reviews developing the existing one by adapting it to positive experiences from other countries. In the meantime, the crucial factors of the process, such as timing, steps in time, acting parties and foreign and international influences, have to be established. Following longstanding research by employment lawyers to establish who is an ‘employee’ and an who is an ‘employer’, S. Adler (National Labour Court, Israel), looks, in the light of the drastic increase of atypical forms of work, in a selective and partial way at protective labour legislation applying to persons who are not considered to be an ‘employee’. Given the fact that much atypical work has led to widening income gaps, a re-evaluation of the ‘status tests' is necessary. The basic conclusion is that to overcome social injustice and inequality, labour law should be by various tests expanded to non-employees and certain labour law principles should be applied to commercial law, in particular as regards working hours that are in principle ‘free’ according to commercial law. In light of the fact that union membership is declining in particular in private services, S. Estreicher (New York University) describes two systems of ‘bargaining agent’. He concludes that there should be a shift from ‘re-distributive bargaining agents' (i.e. workers extracting profits from firms and viceversa) to ‘integrative bargaining agents' (i.e. unions helping to increase profits of firms so that the amount available for their workers to extract becomes bigger). The main challenge for public policy thus lies in the fact that unions should increase career possibilities for workers. Labour law should also be flexible in allowing a variety of forms of union organisation. However, companies themselves also need to re-evaluate their corporate governance to include human capital improvements. 726 Based on Ben-Israel's ‘everlasting’ concern that rights are nothing without effective enforcement and sanctions, A. Neal (the University of Warwick, UK) looks at the many ‘declaratory’ instruments at international and European level regarding protection of workers' rights, thereby questioning the added value of this soft law approach. This analysis fortunately leads to the positive result that at least for health and safety rights these declarations have formed the basis of many regulatory frameworks at different levels. This, however, does not make him optimistic as to the ‘light touch’ of law making. Social rights necessarily need teeth via sanctions. In a contribution on ‘Labour conflicts, courts and social policy’, J-M Servais (Former General Secretary, ISLLSS) analyses the different systems and procedures by which courts intervene in individual and collective labour conflicts. He argues in favour of specific labour courts, composed of official judges accompanied by lay judges representing the social actors. A crucial factor in the added value of labour courts is of course the procedures applied which need to be adapted according to new developments in the labour community. In a subsequent contribution, M. Rood (Chairman, ILO Committee on Freedom of Association) briefly describes the different ILO supervisory mechanisms. These range from reporting on national implementation of ratified or non-ratified conventions to the latest form by ensuring certain fundamental rights based on pure membership of the ILO. His conclusion is that each system has its deficiencies. A review of the ILO supervisory system therefore seems advisable. One supervisory system should not, however, replace an existing one but rather look for an effective combination of the existing systems. TRANSFER 4/02 Book reviews In his contribution, R. Birk (University of Trier) describes the many explicit and implicit possible derogations and limitations on the right to strike as set out by several international and European instruments. His conclusion is that there are no succinct parameters to any permissible limitation. This is certainly one area where conflicts between national laws and international laws are abundant. To him, general rules to resolve these conflicts can, however, only be elaborated if the law of conflicts in the labour field is more developed and definitive. Starting from the basic question whether the social dimension of the EU has and will ever be a priority in European integration, T. Treu (Former Italian Minister of Labour) analyses the processes used to try to achieve the social dimension. In doing so he criticises both ‘legislative procedures' and ‘bargaining procedures' (i.e. ‘soft regulation applied via flexible directives of the second generation'). He even doubts whether the newly proposed method of ‘coordination of objectives' will lead to sufficient change and asks whether it might lead to ‘regulatory minimalism’. In any event, can EU labour law ever come about if some aspects such as pay and the right to trade union activity are excluded or when important matters still require unanimity? The EU should indeed not forget its primary responsibility to promote competitive solidarity and progress by being more effective and overcoming its weaknesses. In line with Treu, the conclusion of R. Blanpain (University of Leuven and University of Leiden) on the Nice European Summit is clear and straightforward. Until Nice the EU had no core social competences that could bring about a real European social policy. This would only be possible if qualified majority voting were to be expanded to other matters including fiscal ones. Nice, with its Charter of Fundamental Rights, did not TRANSFER 4/02 bring about a solution, in particular because the Charter is not legally binding and there were no significant changes to the voting procedures. Is it therefore unrealistic also to state that no change will come about if more than 25 Member States have to act unanimously on core social rights? Nice has thus left the EU socially handicapped. Following the emergence of a European industrial relations system, whereby European social partners can make their own legally or otherwise binding agreements, it seems to A. Jacobs (University of Tilburg) not so logical that these EU social partners have only poor legal standing before the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Deviating from the ETUC's proposals, and looking at several national systems, he concludes that indeed the social partners should have improved ‘locus standi’. This should be by preference before a specialised labour law chamber at the ECJ. The social partners should not, however, be part of the composition of a specialised chamber. Such a composition is no longer considered modern when some national developments, like those in Denmark, are considered. The late Marco Biagi (the University of Modena) analyses the current framework that has led to the emergence of a European industrial relations system and questions its ‘quality’. In light of the consultation of the European Commission on ‘modernising and improving employment relations’, he proposes improvements to this ‘quality’ based on ‘social benchmarking’ for which he provides 20 qualitative criteria. It is clear that for him any upward benchmarking should by preference be reached by a soft law approach such as the open method of coordination. Analysing an issue currently at stake at the EU level, M. Goldberg (Former President of the National Labour Court, Israel) looks at the constitutional and regulatory protection 727 Book reviews of the right to privacy for employees. Subjects analysed include the limitations to intervention, types of invasion of privacy and accessed information. If the article shows one thing it is that the protection of the nonabsolute right of privacy reveals many inherent complexities which can only be resolved by making the right balance between the interests of the parties in which process the regulatory framework should of course be the guideline. In a less ‘European oriented’ but certainly no less interesting article, M. Weiss (Goethe University, Frankfurt) describes the fundamental social rights protected by the German Constitution. Constitutionally guaranteed rights influence labour law. From defensive rights and via litigation they become offensive rights and have even based on court decisions a preventative effect for the legislator. Is this a lesson to retain for the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights? A. Galin (Tel Aviv University) describes in her contribution the situation of the Israeli trade union ‘Histadruth’ which lost twothirds of its membership over 50 years. Decline in membership depends both on external (loss of political voice, links to political parties, anti-union legislation, etc.) as well as internal factors (pluralism, union structure, etc.). The contribution rightly concludes that any strong union, if not able to retain its members and recruit new ones, can very easily become a small union with no remaining voice at all. K. Sugeno (University of Tokyo) describes how, since the considerable collapse of the Japanese economy since 1992, the govern- ment, by amending company law, made the upheaval easier to bear without considerably decreasing workers rights. The contribution shows how German and EU legal principles on information and consultation played a major role in this policy. It therefore also shows the usefulness of comparative studies of labour law. In her lengthy contribution on the principle of good faith in labour law, E. Barak (National Labour Court, Israel) describes the manifold ways this principle applies or might apply in both individual as well as collective labour relations. The contribution shows that labour relations and good faith are closely connected. The notion of good faith brings a balance in the different interests as well as helping to reduce paternalistic viewpoints in labour relations. In the last contribution, and based on an extensive analysis of the differentiated level of protection of blue- and white-collar workers in Belgium, C. Engels (University of Louvain) cannot find any argument to justify this difference, in particular since this distinction has been abolished or has never existed in other countries in the world. What is questionable, however, is why governments and social partners are apparently still reluctant to resolve the problem. This book, given its many interesting articles by leading labour lawyers on a wide range of labour law topics, should be on the bookshelves of every labour lawyer or university social law library. Stefan Clauwaert ETUI 728 TRANSFER 4/02 </meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Labour law, human rights and social justice - Liber Amicorum in Honour of Ruth Ben-Israel</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Labour law, human rights and social justice - Liber Amicorum in Honour of Ruth Ben-Israel</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stefan</namePart><namePart type="family">Clauwaert</namePart><affiliation>ETUI</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Sage UK: London, England</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2002-11</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2002</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">1024-2589</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1996-7284</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">TRS</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">sptrs</identifier><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>8</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>724</start><end>728</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">277E67C1B76307B4AFC5BE216DE26724A7D3A47E</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1177/102425890200800414</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_102425890200800414</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SAGE</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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