Book Review: Freshwater contamination
Identifieur interne : 000592 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000591; suivant : 000593Book Review: Freshwater contamination
Auteurs : Kate HeppellSource :
- Progress in Physical Geography [ 0309-1333 ] ; 1998-12.
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DOI: 10.1177/030913339802200417
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name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">spppg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PPG</journal-id><journal-title>Progress in Physical Geography</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0309-1333</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Sage Publications</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/030913339802200417</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.1177_030913339802200417</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Book Review: Freshwater contamination</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Heppell</surname><given-names>Kate</given-names></name><aff>University College London</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>1998</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>574</fpage><lpage>576</lpage><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Reviews</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value> strongly since the sum of the five papers fails to reflect the range of activities in Focus 2: the opening paper by Shugart argues that ecosystem structure is important indeed, followed by a general paper on patch models, a case study on fire modelling in Yellowstone National Park, an interesting treatise on the human dimensions of global change, and a case study on landscape diversity and vegetation response to climate change in the Pacific northwest of the USA. Based on these contributions, it is difficult to appreciate what has been achieved in Focus 2 of GCTE with respect to predicting ecosystem struc- ture at the patch, landscape, and global scales. Most readers will not have the time to read every paper in the book. I missed abstracts of the papers, which would allow the reader to estimate in a few minutes whether a specific paper is worthwhile reading. Together with the fact that some papers are not overly well structured, I found it sometimes difficult to find out what a paper was really about without reading half of it. Perhaps a more rigorous review/editing process would have been helpful here. Similarly, it is disappointing to see so few crossreferences to other chapters in the book, although if all were included there would probably be too many. This applies, for example, to the effects of CO2 in the papers by KoÈrner, Gifford et al. and Bazzaz et al., Mooney dealing with the importance of remote sensing without referring to the review paper on that topic by Fischer et al., or the problem of data availability discussed by Woodward without mentioning the review of this issue by Cramer and Fischer. In spite of these shortcomings, the bulk of the papers are very good. The highlights of the book, from my perspective, are Christian KoÈrner's paper on the response of complex multispecies systems to CO2 , giving an excellent overview of the pitfalls of spatial and temporal upscaling from small-scale experiments; Ian Noble's paper about linking human dimensions to landscape dynamics, giving a very good explanation of why social and natural scientists have difficulties in working together, leading to a general con- sideration of the limits to predictability, which are judged fundamentally differently in the two disciplines; Jan Goudriaan's paper on predicting crop yields under global change, highlighting the value of quantitative model comparisons and the problem of applying models to study ecosystem, behaviour under changed climatic conditions; and Terry Chapin et al.'s paper on the functional role of species in ecosystems, which provides a stimulating framework for addressing the relationship between complexity and ecosys- tem function. On the other hand, a few papers are fairly weak, partly because they are structured badly or fail to contain a complete documentation of the methods used. For example, the paper by Holling et al. is fascinating, but it is not possible to scrutinize which models are used ± there is neither a description nor a reference to the literature in this respect, so the reader is left with the feeling 'believe it or leave it', which is unfortunate given the potential power of the analyses in that paper. Similarly, Smith and Shugart's paper, which is drawn from working group reports of a patch model workshop, is not easily understood by readers who are unfamiliar with patch models, and the references are not sufficient to look things up in the literature. In the concluding chapter, Brian Walker, GCTE chairman from 1990±96, does an excellent job of pulling together the achievements and future challenges for GCTE research. I would recommend reading this paper first, or at least after having read the introductory chapter by Walker and Steffen, which explains the goals and structure of GCTE. It is a pity that the concluding chapter does not refer to any of the contributions in the book; again, crossreferences would have been useful here. It is practically unfeasible to edit a book composed of 29 chapters with different authors to the point that is free of weakness. 'Global change and terrestrial ecosystems' gives a good overview of GCTE science, and together with the two special issues of Journal of Biogeography (Volume 22 issues 2/3 and 4/5), which contain the contributed papers of the first GCTE science conference, it is possible to get an exhaustive summary of the results from the first phase of GCTE. I think the volume by Walker and Steffen deserves a prominent place on the bookshelves of scientists dealing with terrestrial ecosystem aspects of global change. Harald Bugmann Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research Boulder, CO Webb, B., editor, 1997: Freshwater contamination. Wallingford: IAHS Press. x 398 pp. £50.00 paper. ISBN 0 901502 20 1. Freshwater contamination is the proceedings of an international symposium held during the 574 Book reviews Fifth Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS); and was convened jointly by the International Commission on Water Quality (ICWQ) and International Commission on Groundwater (both are Commissions of the IAHS). The aim of the meeting was to consolidate studies of both surface and groundwater quality in order that contamination from both point and diffuse sources should be better understood and that available options for the prevention and reme- diation of contaminated water could be ex- plored. The book contains papers on a wide variety of topics which have been submitted from many regions of the world. In common with many such conference proceedings, the quality of papers and the standard of referencing varies considerably throughout. However, the book presents both a wide diversity of water quality problems and a general overview on the current state of knowledge on the subject of freshwater contamination, which more than compensate for differences in the standard of individual contributions. The 41 papers in the proceedings are split into eight sections; each of which tackles a different aspect of water contamination. The first section, 'Freshwater contamination and spatial scale', which aims to highlight freshwater contami- nation at world, regional and catchment scales, seems unnecessary. Throughout the book, con- tamination issues are studied at a variety of spatial scales and the three papers chosen for this section could have been accommodated, without discrepancy, in other sections. One paper in this section, however, is notable for its use of biological, in addition to chemical, indicators for monitoring the presence and effect of freshwater contamination (Soulsby et al.). This type of transdisciplinary approach to studying water contamination has also been used by Foster et al. in Section IV (entitled 'Nutrients in surface waters'). In their paper both nutrient concentrations and planktonic biomass were measured during a study of eutrophication in the basin of the river Avon (UK). The second section groups those papers which studied contaminants which may be transported in sediment-associated form, and covers a wide range of pollutants including organics (specifi- cally polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls), metals and nutri- ents. The section includes two interesting papers from the University of Trier (Germany) which study 1) both the spatial and the temporal changes in the patterns of organic contaminants in river-bottom sediments (Symader et al.); and 2) their associations with varying sediment particle size fractions (Schorer). Unfortunately, the former paper lacks several diagrams that would clarify for the reader the described changes in contaminant behaviour. Several papers in this section also highlight the import- ance of sampling river sediments during flood event in order to make an accurate assessment of the flux of sediment-associated contaminants. The third and fourth sections of the pro- ceedings (entitled 'Pollution and water quality degradation' and 'Nutrients in surface waters' respectively) tackle a wide variety of surface water contamination problems which occur as a result of human activity in both urban and rural environments. Heavy metals and radionuclides are amongst those contaminants discussed in the papers of Section III, while contributions to Section IV consider the pathways and occur- rence of the various species of nitrate and phosphate in surface waters. The subject of water contamination by pesticides is, however, notably absent from the papers contained in Section III. The fifth section addresses some subsurface contamination problems such as saltwater intru- sion, and the impacts of urbanization on groundwater. There are also some general investigations of groundwater quality at varying spatial scales. Overall, however, the research is not presented in as detailed a way as in previous sections. This is disappointing, since it is the only chapter dedicated to groundwater contami- nation. Section VI, entitled 'Contamination of lakes and reservoirs' shifts the emphasis back to surface waters, and section VII groups together papers which are concerned with modelling water pollution. The final section of the proceed- ings ('Managing water quality') contains only four papers, which seems too few considering that one of the aims of the conference, as described in the preface, was 'to explore the options available for the prevention and reme- diation of contaminated waters'. In summary, these proceedings contain an impressive array of studies on freshwater con- tamination from a wide number of different countries. The book succeeds in providing a general picture of the effects of human activity on water quality, but pays considerably more attention to the problems of surface, than to those of subsurface, contamination. As a general overview of some of the current problems Book reviews 575 associated with the contamination of freshwater resources, it is a useful work of reference. Kate Heppell University College London Yaalon, D.H. and Berkowicz, S., editors, 1996: History of soil science ± international perspectives. Reiskirchen: Catena Verlag. viii 444 pp. DM 264 US$ 176.00. ISBN 3 923381 40 9. I had always believed that the first observation in soil science was attributable to Vergil (70± 19 B.C.E. and who was spelt Virgil when I was at school, but apparently both spellings are acceptable according to my encyclopedia) who observed that if you dug a pit and then refilled it, a definition of a good soil was that you would not be able to fit all the (heavy) soil back into the pit. However, apparently the Greek Theophras- tus (327±287) wrote that the soil is the source of plant nutrition some years earlier. From these beginnings, the book takes us through to the present day though not in a chronological order. The 22 papers in this volume do start with an overview which takes us through Leibig, Dokuchaev, Jenny, Kubiena, Darwin and Lawes to soil mapping and classi- fication but the rest of the papers are on specific themes. They include humus, horizons, agro- geology, soil series and soil types, soil survey, soil maps, land capability classification, soil pH, soil mineralogy, soil physics and then there are sections on soil science in Germany, the Soviet Union, India, Australia and New Zealand. The book concludes with six papers on personalities: Pontoppidan, Munteanu-Murgoci, Waksman, Ellis and Ruhe. I do not think I show too much of a UK bias to say that a specific paper on Rothamsted might have been appropriate, showing how one moved from generalized beliefs to knowledge about fertility through experimentation. I certainly would have liked an index, not only of cited papers at the end of the book (essential for an edited volume of separate papers) but also of subjects and well-known names so that one could extract the themes and influences of people ± indeed I would have probably been able to find the Rothamsted story if there had been an index with all the mentions of the work there given. It is difficult for a historian of science to extract the flow of ideas in any systematic way apart from in the brief treatment of the first paper. How we know what we know is a fascinating subject ± this is readily assessed for specific themes but not easily effected for the subject as a whole. A particularly interesting paper is the one on the influence of totalitarian ideology on soil physics in central and eastern Europe. We are always influenced by the contexts in which we work and so it is especially interesting to learn of the influence of state dogma and the repression of soil physics. Indeed it appeared that the Dokuchaev Institute of Soil Science 'acted as a ''Vatican'' in terms of Soviet Soil Science' (p. 252) and with people in the official centres of soil science not paying any attention to theories developed outside their soil institutions. While we now like to believe that we are enlightened and open to new ideas, I guess that this situation which existed until compara- tively recently is still worth remembering today ± making sure that our paradigms and accepted wisdoms do not stifle innovation. This book should be given to all those who embark on soil science research ± some of the lessons are salutary and I also think the book should be encouraging to young research workers in that figures who now loom large in soil science are shown to have also had to struggle with new concepts, assess evidence and make conclusions. I certainly learnt a lot in reading it, despite the difficulties in using it; if there is a paperback ± please insert an index (or publish one in Catena). Stephen Trudgill University of Cambridge Zebrowski Jr, E. 1997: Perils of a restless planet: scienti®c perspectives on natural disasters. Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press. xii 308 pp. £16.95 US$24.95 cloth. ISBN 0 521 57374 2. On reading a particularly contentious review of one of my own works I vowed I would never again write disparagingly about someone else's labours. Undoubtably, authors set out in good faith to do their best. In any case, my publisher tells me that negative reviews are unlikely to affect the sales of a book and usually demon- strate little more than the monstrous egotism of the reviewer. What should one do then with a book that fails to meet a reasonable standard? 576 Book reviews </meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Book Review: Freshwater contamination</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Book Review: Freshwater contamination</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kate</namePart><namePart type="family">Heppell</namePart><affiliation>University College London</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1998-12</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1998</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Progress in Physical Geography</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0309-1333</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1477-0296</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">PPG</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">spppg</identifier><part><date>1998</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>22</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>574</start><end>576</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">CAF3F27677718E940624D2E097D5A0D6D32B97E3</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1177/030913339802200417</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_030913339802200417</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SAGE</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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