VOLUME 34
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- International Journal of Comparative Sociology [ 0020-7152 ] ; 2000.
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<p>VOLUME 34 377 International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 1-23 INDUSTRIALIZATION, MODERNIZATION AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE ALEX INKELES Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6010, U.S.A. At issue here is the general effect of the industrializationand modernization of society on the quality of life of national populations. Evidence from both objective and subjective measures indicates that in the overwhelming majority of cases the changes associated with these social forces have meant an improved quality of life for most people in most historical periods. This is most evident on the objective indicators. So far as concerns the subjective measures, although the trends generally hold across countries, they are often contradicted by the distinctive propensities of some national popu- lations. Within country differences on the subjective measures prove to be much less marked than one would be led to expect on the basis of common theories of strati cation. Changes in the objec- tive condition of individuals and groups are regularly re ected in short-term changes in subjectively reported satisfaction. However, there seems to be a mechanism operating which mutes these effects and leads to the differential long-term stability of reported satisfaction for any given nation. International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 24-38 STRESS AND TURNOVER INTENTION A COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG NURSES YONGQING FANG and VISHWANATH V. BABA Department of Management, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8 A three-stage linear model of turnover with role ambiguity, role con ict, and role overload as an- tecedents and stress as an intervening variable was constructed to guide this research. In addition,the moderator effects of external and internal opportunities, social support, and personal experience on the stress-turnover linkage were examined. Two samples of data were collected from nurses work- ing in both general hospitals (N = 689) and specialized hospitals (N = 441) in the Greater Montreal area, through a eld survey. Structural modelling using the LISREL technique was employed to ex- amine the t between the proposed model and the data. In addition, data from American nurses collected by Bedeian and Armenakis were reanalyzed using the proposed model to test for general- izability of our ndings across different national groups. The proposed model was found to exhibit a better t for both the Canadian and American data. All the hypothesized role stressors were signif- icant predictors of stress. While the stressors failed to predict turnover intention consistently across samples, stress in all samples yielded signi cant predictions of turnover intention. However, none of the proposed moderating variables showed signi cant effects on turnover. The implications of these ndings for future research on turnover is discussed. International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 39-55 WHEN BLACK FIRST BECAME WORTH LESS ANTON L. ALLAHAR Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada The ideas developed around the question of race can and have, indeed, assumed a life of their own, divorced from the original context in which they arose. Throughout history they have been applied in different ways to serve diverse ends and interests. Thus, whether or not the ancient Egyptians were racist towards the Ethiopians, or the colour symbolisms of the Old Testament were meant literally, they served to inform the later practices of slavery and colonialism, and to justify to the</p>
<p>378 VOLUME 34 slave owners and colonizers their historic actions. And even after the disappearance of the original roots of racism, racism itself did not disappear. Rather, new racist ideas evolved, utilizing the images of medieval thought and the colour symbolisms of Christianity to inform discriminatory practices right into the modern period. For although races are socially imagined and not biologically real categories, human beings continue to act as if they were real; and as long as they do so, race becomes real in its consequences. International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 56-74 THE ECOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS IN THE LIGHT OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS’ DEVELOPMENT THE CASES OF FOUR CONTEMPORARY INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES GUY FRECHET Department of Sociology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada BARBARA WORNDL Department of Sociology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany Social movements are de ned as a form of collective action seeking a global social change. The ecological movements, to which some attention is paid here, have already worked to initiate Social change, but the grass-roots movements are confronted with dif cult choicethe maintenance and re- inforcement of the link between ideas and concrete actions. Those movements have gone through distinct integration phases in four societies(France, the former Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), Quebec, and the U.S.A.). The Structural integration phase has been characterized by the differen- tiation process, as well of the problems as of the groups themselves, and by the institutionalization process. The political and cultural integration phrases have been characterized by the passage, at various degrees, through the electoral process and the legitimation process, International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 167-191 HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE 1870-1990 A CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISON PAUL WINDOLF Department of Social Science, University of Trier, Germany JOACHIM HAAS Department of Sociology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg The expansion of higher education is analyzed between 1870 and 1990 in ve countries (Germany, Italy, France, United States, and Japan). Spectral analysis is applied for the rst time to analyze the long-term causal relationship between the economic and the educational system. Two hypotheses are tested to explain the expansion: that of human capital and that of individual status competition. The analysis concentrates on the interaction between the educational and the economic systems, par- ticularly during times of economic crisis. Spectral analysis is used to explore the cyclical character of the expansion and the relationship between economic growth and the increasing enrollment rates in higher education. For European countries the data support the theory of status competition: uni- versities expanded particularly rapidly during times of economic recession. In the United States and Japan higher education expanded more or less space with the economic system.</p>
<p>VOLUME 34 379 International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 192-209 WAR AND MILITARISM IN THE THOUGHT OF HERBERT SPENCER WITH AN UNPUBLISHED LETTER ON THE ANGLO-BOER WAR FABRIZIO BATTISTELLI Department of Sociology, University of Rome, via Salaria 113, 00198 Rome This article re-examines Herbert Spencer’s position concerning war and militarism, using as a back- drop the ideas of the thinkers that preceded him. Both Smith and Ferguson had already forwarded their idea that a civil society may be distinguished from a primitive society by the specialization of a small part of the former for speci c defence activity. Saint Simon and Comte then introduced the military society/industrial society dichotomy. While the French pos however, based this dichotomy on an observation of history, Spencer used the observation of nature as his basis. The law of evolu- tion applies and it is this that differentiates the various active sections that go to make up the social organism; those destined to carry out the function of “sustentation” from those destined for “defence or offence.” The levels of development that these functions reach determines whether they can be classed in the “militant” or “industrial” category. The general evolutionary tendency of progression from the former type to the latter does not necessarily eliminate the occurrence of processes of in- volution. This is indeed what occurred in Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, where there arose a process of militaristic “rebarbarization”which was to culminate in the Anglo-Boer war. A previously unpublished letter and records of heated discussions in Italy bear witness to Spencer’s involvement in the political events of his time. International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 210-221 CHANGING APPROACHES IN POSTMODERN SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHT GITTA TULEA and ERNEST KRAUSZ Department of Sociology and Sociological Institute for Community Studies, Bar-Ilan University, Israel A number of crucial turning points in recent history have necessitated new approaches in sociological thought. The relevance of unpredictable events has led to the blurring of antinomies and the need for the reconceptualization of basic sociological categories. The new theoretical developments are pointing clearly to the importance of ontological explanations and a broader scienti c understanding of the changing postmodern social life. International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 222-230 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ENACTMENT UNDER THE MILITARY SOME GENERALITIES BETWEEN BRAZIL AND CHILE MARGARITA ALARIO Department of Sociology, The State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676 [ No abstract available ]</p>
<p>380 VOLUME 34 International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 231-243 COMMUNICATION MEDIA AND MEXICAN SOCIAL ISSUES A FOCUS ON ENGLISH-LANGUAGE AND U.S.-ORIGIN COMMUNICATION MEDIA ADALBERTO AGUIRRE, JR Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside,U.S.A. This paper examines the association between English-language and U.S.-origin communication me- dia and the perceptions of Mexican social issues held by Mexican border and interior residents. The ndings presented in this paper show that: (1) utilization patterns for communication media are as- sociated with a person’s place of residence in Mexico-border vs. interior; (2) communication media are not associated with a Mexican person’s perception of Mexican social issues; and (3) language of communication media has slight differential effects on the perceptions of border and interior resi- dents for the Mexican government’s treatment of national problems. International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 244-259 SUICIDE IN JAPAN AND IN THE WEST EVIDENCE OF DURKHEIM’S THEORY CHARLES R. CHANDLER and YUNG-MEI TSAI Department of Sociology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A. A recent study by Mamuro Iga relies upon psychological and attitudinal survey data to argue that contemporary Japan displays high levels of altruistic, fatalistic, and anomic suicide. We try to cor- roborate Iga using 1980 ecological data from the 47 prefectures of Japan. Our ndings are that the relationships between Japanese suicide rates and indicators of social integration-migration, per- cent religious, percent married, and the divorce rate-are generally reversed from similar relationships found in the West. These results are consistent with altruistic-fatalistic suicide. Per capita income is related to suicide in a way similar to that found in the West, consistent with Iga’s view that the Japanese are subject to anomic suicide due to unregulated aspirations. There are substantial differ- ences between the correlates of male and female suicide rates. Implications for theory and research are discussed. International Journal of Comparative Sociology Vol. 34 (1993) pp. 260-271 A STUDY OF PATTERNS IN CRIMINAL HOMICIDES IN GREECE PETER D. CHIMBOS Department of Sociology, Brescia College, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada This exploratory study describes patterns of criminal homicides in Greece during a period of three years. The data were obtained from an availability sample of 215 cases of homicide published in daily Greek newspapers which record homicides from all of Greece. According to the ndings, criminal homicide in Greece is manifested in certain patterns of age, gender, occupational status, victim-offender relationship, place of homicide occurrence, methods of in icting death, motives for homicide, and occurrence of suicide-homicide. The data also tend to support sociological arguments about variations in patterns of criminal homicide.</p>
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