Neither philopatric nor panmictic: microsatellite and mtDNA evidence suggests lack of natal homing but limits to dispersal in Pacific lamprey
Identifieur interne : 001238 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001237; suivant : 001239Neither philopatric nor panmictic: microsatellite and mtDNA evidence suggests lack of natal homing but limits to dispersal in Pacific lamprey
Auteurs : Erin K. Spice ; Damon H. Goodman ; Stewart B. Reid ; Margaret F. DockerSource :
- Molecular Ecology [ 0962-1083 ] ; 2012-06.
English descriptors
Abstract
Most species with lengthy migrations display some degree of natal homing; some (e.g. migratory birds and anadromous salmonids) show spectacular feats of homing. However, studies of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) indicate that this anadromous species locates spawning habitat based on pheromonal cues from larvae rather than through philopatry. Previous genetic studies in the anadromous Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) have both supported and rejected the hypothesis of natal homing. To resolve this, we used nine microsatellite loci to examine the population structure in 965 Pacific lamprey from 20 locations from central British Columbia to southern California and supplemented this analysis with mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on a subset of 530 lamprey. Microsatellite analysis revealed (i) relatively low but often statistically significant genetic differentiation among locations (97% pairwise FST values were <0.04 but 73.7% were significant); and (ii) weak but significant isolation by distance (r2 = 0.0565, P = 0.0450) but no geographic clustering of samples. The few moderate FST values involved comparisons with sites that were geographically distant or far upstream. The mtDNA analysis—although providing less resolution among sites (only 4.7%FST values were significant)—was broadly consistent with the microsatellite results: (i) the southernmost site and some sites tributary to the Salish Sea were genetically distinct; and (ii) southern sites showed higher haplotype and private haplotype richness. These results are inconsistent with philopatry, suggesting that anadromous lampreys are unusual among species with long migrations, but suggest that limited dispersal at sea precludes panmixia in this species.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05585.x
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Spice</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodman, Damon H" sort="Goodman, Damon H" uniqKey="Goodman D" first="Damon H." last="Goodman">Damon H. Goodman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1655 Heindon Road, Arcata, CA 95521, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reid, Stewart B" sort="Reid, Stewart B" uniqKey="Reid S" first="Stewart B." last="Reid">Stewart B. Reid</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Western Fishes, 2045 East Main Street, Ashland, OR 97520, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Docker, Margaret F" sort="Docker, Margaret F" uniqKey="Docker M" first="Margaret F." last="Docker">Margaret F. Docker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Molecular Ecology</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-294X</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2012-06">2012-06</date><biblScope unit="volume">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">12</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2916">2916</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2930">2930</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno></series><idno type="istex">48918E62DF873F53D92128F443136EBCB4A3168D</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05585.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MEC5585</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Entosphenus</term><term>Pacific lamprey</term><term>anadromy</term><term>microsatellite</term><term>philopatry</term><term>population structure</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Most species with lengthy migrations display some degree of natal homing; some (e.g. migratory birds and anadromous salmonids) show spectacular feats of homing. However, studies of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) indicate that this anadromous species locates spawning habitat based on pheromonal cues from larvae rather than through philopatry. Previous genetic studies in the anadromous Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) have both supported and rejected the hypothesis of natal homing. To resolve this, we used nine microsatellite loci to examine the population structure in 965 Pacific lamprey from 20 locations from central British Columbia to southern California and supplemented this analysis with mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on a subset of 530 lamprey. Microsatellite analysis revealed (i) relatively low but often statistically significant genetic differentiation among locations (97% pairwise FST values were <0.04 but 73.7% were significant); and (ii) weak but significant isolation by distance (r2 = 0.0565, P = 0.0450) but no geographic clustering of samples. The few moderate FST values involved comparisons with sites that were geographically distant or far upstream. The mtDNA analysis—although providing less resolution among sites (only 4.7%FST values were significant)—was broadly consistent with the microsatellite results: (i) the southernmost site and some sites tributary to the Salish Sea were genetically distinct; and (ii) southern sites showed higher haplotype and private haplotype richness. These results are inconsistent with philopatry, suggesting that anadromous lampreys are unusual among species with long migrations, but suggest that limited dispersal at sea precludes panmixia in this species.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>ERIN K. SPICE</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>DAMON H. GOODMAN</name><affiliations><json:string>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1655 Heindon Road, Arcata, CA 95521, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>STEWART B. REID</name><affiliations><json:string>Western Fishes, 2045 East Main Street, Ashland, OR 97520, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>MARGARET F. 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However, studies of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) indicate that this anadromous species locates spawning habitat based on pheromonal cues from larvae rather than through philopatry. Previous genetic studies in the anadromous Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) have both supported and rejected the hypothesis of natal homing. To resolve this, we used nine microsatellite loci to examine the population structure in 965 Pacific lamprey from 20 locations from central British Columbia to southern California and supplemented this analysis with mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on a subset of 530 lamprey. Microsatellite analysis revealed (i) relatively low but often statistically significant genetic differentiation among locations (97% pairwise FST values were >0.04 but 73.7% were significant); and (ii) weak but significant isolation by distance (r2 = 0.0565, P = 0.0450) but no geographic clustering of samples. The few moderate FST values involved comparisons with sites that were geographically distant or far upstream. The mtDNA analysis—although providing less resolution among sites (only 4.7%FST values were significant)—was broadly consistent with the microsatellite results: (i) the southernmost site and some sites tributary to the Salish Sea were genetically distinct; and (ii) southern sites showed higher haplotype and private haplotype richness. 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However, studies of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) indicate that this anadromous species locates spawning habitat based on pheromonal cues from larvae rather than through philopatry. Previous genetic studies in the anadromous Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) have both supported and rejected the hypothesis of natal homing. To resolve this, we used nine microsatellite loci to examine the population structure in 965 Pacific lamprey from 20 locations from central British Columbia to southern California and supplemented this analysis with mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on a subset of 530 lamprey. Microsatellite analysis revealed (i) relatively low but often statistically significant genetic differentiation among locations (97% pairwise FST values were <0.04 but 73.7% were significant); and (ii) weak but significant isolation by distance (r2 = 0.0565, P = 0.0450) but no geographic clustering of samples. The few moderate FST values involved comparisons with sites that were geographically distant or far upstream. The mtDNA analysis—although providing less resolution among sites (only 4.7%FST values were significant)—was broadly consistent with the microsatellite results: (i) the southernmost site and some sites tributary to the Salish Sea were genetically distinct; and (ii) southern sites showed higher haplotype and private haplotype richness. These results are inconsistent with philopatry, suggesting that anadromous lampreys are unusual among species with long migrations, but suggest that limited dispersal at sea precludes panmixia in this species.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>anadromy</term></item><item><term>Entosphenus</term></item><item><term>microsatellite</term></item><item><term>Pacific lamprey</term></item><item><term>philopatry</term></item><item><term>population structure</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2012-06">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/48918E62DF873F53D92128F443136EBCB4A3168D/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</doi><issn type="print">0962-1083</issn><issn type="electronic">1365-294X</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="MEC"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="MOLECULAR ECOLOGY">Molecular Ecology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="06112"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/mec.2012.21.issue-12</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="21">21</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="12">12</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2012-06">June 2012</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="11" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05585.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="MEC5585"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="15"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">ORIGINAL ARTICLES</title><title type="tocHeading2">Population and Conservation Genetics</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</copyright><eventGroup><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:3.1.5 mode:FullText" date="2012-06-07"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2012-05-04"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2012-05-04"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2012-06-07"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.3.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-02-25"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="2916">2916</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="2930">2930</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Margaret F. Docker, Fax: 1 204 474 7588; E‐mail: <email>dockerm@cc.umanitoba.ca</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:MEC.MEC5585.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 26 October 2011; revision received 7 March 2012; accepted 13 March 2012</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="3"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="2"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Neither philopatric nor panmictic: microsatellite and mtDNA evidence suggests lack of natal homing but limits to dispersal in Pacific lamprey</title><title type="shortAuthors">E. K. SPICE <i>ET AL.</i></title><title type="short">ALTERNATE ANADROMY IN PACIFIC LAMPREY</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>ERIN K.</givenNames><familyName>SPICE</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>DAMON H.</givenNames><familyName>GOODMAN</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>STEWART B.</givenNames><familyName>REID</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>MARGARET F.</givenNames><familyName>DOCKER</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="CA"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1655 Heindon Road, Arcata, CA 95521, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Western Fishes, 2045 East Main Street, Ashland, OR 97520, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">anadromy</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2"><i>Entosphenus</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">microsatellite</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">Pacific lamprey</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">philopatry</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">population structure</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><p><b>Table S1</b> Summary statistics for each locus in Pacific lamprey (<i>Entosphenus tridentatus</i>) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.<b>Table S2</b> Comparison of pairwise <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> values generated from original (above the diagonal) and null allele corrected (below the diagonal) data, for Pacific lamprey (<i>Entosphenus tridentatus</i>) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.<b>Table S3</b> Global <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> (g <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub>) per locus estimated with and without the ENA correction described in Chapuis & Estoup (2007).<b>Table S4</b> Comparison of pairwise <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> values calculated using GENEPOP v. 4.0.10 (Raymond & Rousset 1995; Rousset 2008) both with (above diagonal) and without (below diagonal) loci Etr‐2, Etr‐3, and Lri‐3 for Pacific lamprey (<i>Entosphenus tridentatus</i>) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.<b>Table S5</b> Results of Colony (Jones & Wang 2010) sibship analysis for Pacific lamprey (<i>Entosphenus tridentatus</i>) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.<b>Table S6</b> Jost’s <i>D</i> values calculated using SMOGD v.1.2.5 (Crawford 2010) for Pacific lamprey (<i>Entosphenus tridentatus</i>) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.<b>Table S7</b> Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) composite haplotype frequencies for Pacific lamprey (<i>Entosphenus tridentatus</i>) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America, following Goodman <i>et al.</i> (2008); haplotype richness and private haplotype richness were calculated using rarefaction implemented in HP‐Rare (Kalinowski 2005).<b>Fig. S1</b> Neighbor‐joining trees produced with: (a) original data set using POPULATIONS v. 1.2.30 (O. Langella, available from http://bioinformatics.org/~tryphon/populations/) with 500 bootstrap replications (on loci); and (b) corrected allele frequencies from FREENA (Chapuis & Estoup 2007) using TREEFIT (Kalinowski 2009). For (a), bootstrap values >50% are shown.</p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting info item" href="urn-x:wiley:09621083:media:mec5585:MEC_5585_sm_TableS1-S7-FigS1"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting info item</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Most species with lengthy migrations display some degree of natal homing; some (e.g. migratory birds and anadromous salmonids) show spectacular feats of homing. However, studies of the sea lamprey (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) indicate that this anadromous species locates spawning habitat based on pheromonal cues from larvae rather than through philopatry. Previous genetic studies in the anadromous Pacific lamprey (<i>Entosphenus tridentatus</i>) have both supported and rejected the hypothesis of natal homing. To resolve this, we used nine microsatellite loci to examine the population structure in 965 Pacific lamprey from 20 locations from central British Columbia to southern California and supplemented this analysis with mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on a subset of 530 lamprey. Microsatellite analysis revealed (i) relatively low but often statistically significant genetic differentiation among locations (97% pairwise <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> values were <0.04 but 73.7% were significant); and (ii) weak but significant isolation by distance (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.0565, <i>P </i>=<i> </i>0.0450) but no geographic clustering of samples. The few moderate <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> values involved comparisons with sites that were geographically distant or far upstream. The mtDNA analysis—although providing less resolution among sites (only 4.7%<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> values were significant)—was broadly consistent with the microsatellite results: (i) the southernmost site and some sites tributary to the Salish Sea were genetically distinct; and (ii) southern sites showed higher haplotype and private haplotype richness. These results are inconsistent with philopatry, suggesting that anadromous lampreys are unusual among species with long migrations, but suggest that limited dispersal at sea precludes panmixia in this species.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Neither philopatric nor panmictic: microsatellite and mtDNA evidence suggests lack of natal homing but limits to dispersal in Pacific lamprey</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>ALTERNATE ANADROMY IN PACIFIC LAMPREY</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Neither philopatric nor panmictic: microsatellite and mtDNA evidence suggests lack of natal homing but limits to dispersal in Pacific lamprey</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ERIN K.</namePart><namePart type="family">SPICE</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DAMON H.</namePart><namePart type="family">GOODMAN</namePart><affiliation>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1655 Heindon Road, Arcata, CA 95521, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">STEWART B.</namePart><namePart type="family">REID</namePart><affiliation>Western Fishes, 2045 East Main Street, Ashland, OR 97520, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MARGARET F.</namePart><namePart type="family">DOCKER</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012-06</dateIssued><edition>Received 26 October 2011; revision received 7 March 2012; accepted 13 March 2012</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">3</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Most species with lengthy migrations display some degree of natal homing; some (e.g. migratory birds and anadromous salmonids) show spectacular feats of homing. However, studies of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) indicate that this anadromous species locates spawning habitat based on pheromonal cues from larvae rather than through philopatry. Previous genetic studies in the anadromous Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) have both supported and rejected the hypothesis of natal homing. To resolve this, we used nine microsatellite loci to examine the population structure in 965 Pacific lamprey from 20 locations from central British Columbia to southern California and supplemented this analysis with mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on a subset of 530 lamprey. Microsatellite analysis revealed (i) relatively low but often statistically significant genetic differentiation among locations (97% pairwise FST values were <0.04 but 73.7% were significant); and (ii) weak but significant isolation by distance (r2 = 0.0565, P = 0.0450) but no geographic clustering of samples. The few moderate FST values involved comparisons with sites that were geographically distant or far upstream. The mtDNA analysis—although providing less resolution among sites (only 4.7%FST values were significant)—was broadly consistent with the microsatellite results: (i) the southernmost site and some sites tributary to the Salish Sea were genetically distinct; and (ii) southern sites showed higher haplotype and private haplotype richness. These results are inconsistent with philopatry, suggesting that anadromous lampreys are unusual among species with long migrations, but suggest that limited dispersal at sea precludes panmixia in this species.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>anadromy</topic><topic>Entosphenus</topic><topic>microsatellite</topic><topic>Pacific lamprey</topic><topic>philopatry</topic><topic>population structure</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><note type="content"> Table S1 Summary statistics for each locus in Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.Table S2 Comparison of pairwise FST values generated from original (above the diagonal) and null allele corrected (below the diagonal) data, for Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.Table S3 Global FST (g FST) per locus estimated with and without the ENA correction described in Chapuis & Estoup (2007).Table S4 Comparison of pairwise FST values calculated using GENEPOP v. 4.0.10 (Raymond & Rousset 1995; Rousset 2008) both with (above diagonal) and without (below diagonal) loci Etr‐2, Etr‐3, and Lri‐3 for Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.Table S5 Results of Colony (Jones & Wang 2010) sibship analysis for Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.Table S6 Jost’s D values calculated using SMOGD v.1.2.5 (Crawford 2010) for Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America.Table S7 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) composite haplotype frequencies for Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) collected at 20 sites along the west coast of North America, following Goodman et al. (2008); haplotype richness and private haplotype richness were calculated using rarefaction implemented in HP‐Rare (Kalinowski 2005).Fig. S1 Neighbor‐joining trees produced with: (a) original data set using POPULATIONS v. 1.2.30 (O. Langella, available from http://bioinformatics.org/~tryphon/populations/) with 500 bootstrap replications (on loci); and (b) corrected allele frequencies from FREENA (Chapuis & Estoup 2007) using TREEFIT (Kalinowski 2009). For (a), bootstrap values >50% are shown.Supporting Info Item: Supporting info item - </note><identifier type="ISSN">0962-1083</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1365-294X</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">MEC</identifier><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>21</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2916</start><end>2930</end><total>15</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">48918E62DF873F53D92128F443136EBCB4A3168D</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05585.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">MEC5585</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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