Comparative Analysis Highlights Variable Genome Content of Wheat Rusts and Divergence of the Mating Loci.
Identifieur interne : 000069 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000068; suivant : 000070Comparative Analysis Highlights Variable Genome Content of Wheat Rusts and Divergence of the Mating Loci.
Auteurs : Christina A. Cuomo ; Guus Bakkeren ; Hala Badr Khalil ; Vinay Panwar ; David Joly ; Rob Linning ; Sharadha Sakthikumar ; Xiao Song ; Xian Adiconis ; Lin Fan ; Jonathan M. Goldberg ; Joshua Z. Levin ; Sarah Young ; Qiandong Zeng ; Yehoshua Anikster ; Myron Bruce ; Meinan Wang ; Chuntao Yin ; Brent Mccallum ; Les J. Szabo ; Scot Hulbert ; Xianming Chen ; John P. FellersSource :
- G3 (Bethesda, Md.) [ 2160-1836 ] ; 2017.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Basidiomycota (genetics), Basidiomycota (pathogenicity), Genes, Mating Type, Fungal (genetics), Genome, Fungal (MeSH), Life Cycle Stages (genetics), Molecular Sequence Annotation (MeSH), Plant Diseases (genetics), Plant Diseases (microbiology), Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide (MeSH), Receptors, Pheromone (genetics), Sequence Analysis, DNA (MeSH), Triticum (genetics), Triticum (growth & development), Triticum (microbiology).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Receptors, Pheromone.
- genetics : Basidiomycota, Genes, Mating Type, Fungal, Life Cycle Stages, Plant Diseases, Triticum.
- growth & development : Triticum.
- microbiology : Plant Diseases, Triticum.
- pathogenicity : Basidiomycota.
- Genome, Fungal, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Sequence Analysis, DNA.
Abstract
Three members of the Puccinia genus, Pucciniatriticina (Pt), Pstriiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), and Pgraminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt), cause the most common and often most significant foliar diseases of wheat. While similar in biology and life cycle, each species is uniquely adapted and specialized. The genomes of Pt and Pst were sequenced and compared to that of Pgt to identify common and distinguishing gene content, to determine gene variation among wheat rust pathogens, other rust fungi, and basidiomycetes, and to identify genes of significance for infection. Pt had the largest genome of the three, estimated at 135 Mb with expansion due to mobile elements and repeats encompassing 50.9% of contig bases; in comparison, repeats occupy 31.5% for Pst and 36.5% for Pgt We find all three genomes are highly heterozygous, with Pst [5.97 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/kb] nearly twice the level detected in Pt (2.57 SNPs/kb) and that previously reported for Pgt Of 1358 predicted effectors in Pt, 784 were found expressed across diverse life cycle stages including the sexual stage. Comparison to related fungi highlighted the expansion of gene families involved in transcriptional regulation and nucleotide binding, protein modification, and carbohydrate degradation enzymes. Two allelic homeodomain pairs, HD1 and HD2, were identified in each dikaryotic Puccinia species along with three pheromone receptor (STE3) mating-type genes, two of which are likely representing allelic specificities. The HD proteins were active in a heterologous Ustilago maydis mating assay and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of the HD and STE3 alleles reduced wheat host infection.
DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.032797
PubMed: 27913634
PubMed Central: PMC5295586
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:27913634Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A" last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 cuomo@broadinstitute.org Guus.Bakkeren@agr.gc.ca john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Bakkeren, Guus" sort="Bakkeren, Guus" uniqKey="Bakkeren G" first="Guus" last="Bakkeren">Guus Bakkeren</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada cuomo@broadinstitute.org Guus.Bakkeren@agr.gc.ca john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Khalil, Hala Badr" sort="Khalil, Hala Badr" uniqKey="Khalil H" first="Hala Badr" last="Khalil">Hala Badr Khalil</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Panwar, Vinay" sort="Panwar, Vinay" uniqKey="Panwar V" first="Vinay" last="Panwar">Vinay Panwar</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Joly, David" sort="Joly, David" uniqKey="Joly D" first="David" last="Joly">David Joly</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Linning, Rob" sort="Linning, Rob" uniqKey="Linning R" first="Rob" last="Linning">Rob Linning</name>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Song, Xiao" sort="Song, Xiao" uniqKey="Song X" first="Xiao" last="Song">Xiao Song</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adiconis, Xian" sort="Adiconis, Xian" uniqKey="Adiconis X" first="Xian" last="Adiconis">Xian Adiconis</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fan, Lin" sort="Fan, Lin" uniqKey="Fan L" first="Lin" last="Fan">Lin Fan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Jonathan M" sort="Goldberg, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Goldberg J" first="Jonathan M" last="Goldberg">Jonathan M. Goldberg</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levin, Joshua Z" sort="Levin, Joshua Z" uniqKey="Levin J" first="Joshua Z" last="Levin">Joshua Z. Levin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, Sarah" sort="Young, Sarah" uniqKey="Young S" first="Sarah" last="Young">Sarah Young</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zeng, Qiandong" sort="Zeng, Qiandong" uniqKey="Zeng Q" first="Qiandong" last="Zeng">Qiandong Zeng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anikster, Yehoshua" sort="Anikster, Yehoshua" uniqKey="Anikster Y" first="Yehoshua" last="Anikster">Yehoshua Anikster</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruce, Myron" sort="Bruce, Myron" uniqKey="Bruce M" first="Myron" last="Bruce">Myron Bruce</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Meinan" sort="Wang, Meinan" uniqKey="Wang M" first="Meinan" last="Wang">Meinan Wang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yin, Chuntao" sort="Yin, Chuntao" uniqKey="Yin C" first="Chuntao" last="Yin">Chuntao Yin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccallum, Brent" sort="Mccallum, Brent" uniqKey="Mccallum B" first="Brent" last="Mccallum">Brent Mccallum</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J" last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hulbert, Scot" sort="Hulbert, Scot" uniqKey="Hulbert S" first="Scot" last="Hulbert">Scot Hulbert</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Xianming" sort="Chen, Xianming" uniqKey="Chen X" first="Xianming" last="Chen">Xianming Chen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fellers, John P" sort="Fellers, John P" uniqKey="Fellers J" first="John P" last="Fellers">John P. Fellers</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 cuomo@broadinstitute.org Guus.Bakkeren@agr.gc.ca john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Comparative Analysis Highlights Variable Genome Content of Wheat Rusts and Divergence of the Mating Loci.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A" last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 cuomo@broadinstitute.org Guus.Bakkeren@agr.gc.ca john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bakkeren, Guus" sort="Bakkeren, Guus" uniqKey="Bakkeren G" first="Guus" last="Bakkeren">Guus Bakkeren</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada cuomo@broadinstitute.org Guus.Bakkeren@agr.gc.ca john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Khalil, Hala Badr" sort="Khalil, Hala Badr" uniqKey="Khalil H" first="Hala Badr" last="Khalil">Hala Badr Khalil</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Panwar, Vinay" sort="Panwar, Vinay" uniqKey="Panwar V" first="Vinay" last="Panwar">Vinay Panwar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joly, David" sort="Joly, David" uniqKey="Joly D" first="David" last="Joly">David Joly</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Linning, Rob" sort="Linning, Rob" uniqKey="Linning R" first="Rob" last="Linning">Rob Linning</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Song, Xiao" sort="Song, Xiao" uniqKey="Song X" first="Xiao" last="Song">Xiao Song</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adiconis, Xian" sort="Adiconis, Xian" uniqKey="Adiconis X" first="Xian" last="Adiconis">Xian Adiconis</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fan, Lin" sort="Fan, Lin" uniqKey="Fan L" first="Lin" last="Fan">Lin Fan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Jonathan M" sort="Goldberg, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Goldberg J" first="Jonathan M" last="Goldberg">Jonathan M. Goldberg</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levin, Joshua Z" sort="Levin, Joshua Z" uniqKey="Levin J" first="Joshua Z" last="Levin">Joshua Z. Levin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, Sarah" sort="Young, Sarah" uniqKey="Young S" first="Sarah" last="Young">Sarah Young</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zeng, Qiandong" sort="Zeng, Qiandong" uniqKey="Zeng Q" first="Qiandong" last="Zeng">Qiandong Zeng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anikster, Yehoshua" sort="Anikster, Yehoshua" uniqKey="Anikster Y" first="Yehoshua" last="Anikster">Yehoshua Anikster</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruce, Myron" sort="Bruce, Myron" uniqKey="Bruce M" first="Myron" last="Bruce">Myron Bruce</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Meinan" sort="Wang, Meinan" uniqKey="Wang M" first="Meinan" last="Wang">Meinan Wang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yin, Chuntao" sort="Yin, Chuntao" uniqKey="Yin C" first="Chuntao" last="Yin">Chuntao Yin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccallum, Brent" sort="Mccallum, Brent" uniqKey="Mccallum B" first="Brent" last="Mccallum">Brent Mccallum</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J" last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hulbert, Scot" sort="Hulbert, Scot" uniqKey="Hulbert S" first="Scot" last="Hulbert">Scot Hulbert</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Xianming" sort="Chen, Xianming" uniqKey="Chen X" first="Xianming" last="Chen">Xianming Chen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fellers, John P" sort="Fellers, John P" uniqKey="Fellers J" first="John P" last="Fellers">John P. Fellers</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 cuomo@broadinstitute.org Guus.Bakkeren@agr.gc.ca john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<idno type="eISSN">2160-1836</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date>
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<term>Basidiomycota (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>Genes, Mating Type, Fungal (genetics)</term>
<term>Genome, Fungal (MeSH)</term>
<term>Life Cycle Stages (genetics)</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Annotation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Plant Diseases (genetics)</term>
<term>Plant Diseases (microbiology)</term>
<term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide (MeSH)</term>
<term>Receptors, Pheromone (genetics)</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA (MeSH)</term>
<term>Triticum (genetics)</term>
<term>Triticum (growth & development)</term>
<term>Triticum (microbiology)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Receptors, Pheromone</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Basidiomycota</term>
<term>Genes, Mating Type, Fungal</term>
<term>Life Cycle Stages</term>
<term>Plant Diseases</term>
<term>Triticum</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Triticum</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Diseases</term>
<term>Triticum</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Basidiomycota</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Genome, Fungal</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Annotation</term>
<term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Three members of the <i>Puccinia</i>
genus, <i>Puccinia</i>
<i>triticina</i>
(<i>Pt</i>
), <i>P</i>
<i>striiformis</i>
f.sp. <i>tritici</i>
(<i>Pst</i>
), and <i>P</i>
<i>graminis</i>
f.sp. <i>tritici</i>
(<i>Pgt</i>
), cause the most common and often most significant foliar diseases of wheat. While similar in biology and life cycle, each species is uniquely adapted and specialized. The genomes of <i>Pt</i>
and <i>Pst</i>
were sequenced and compared to that of <i>Pgt</i>
to identify common and distinguishing gene content, to determine gene variation among wheat rust pathogens, other rust fungi, and basidiomycetes, and to identify genes of significance for infection. <i>Pt</i>
had the largest genome of the three, estimated at 135 Mb with expansion due to mobile elements and repeats encompassing 50.9% of contig bases; in comparison, repeats occupy 31.5% for <i>Pst</i>
and 36.5% for <i>Pgt</i>
We find all three genomes are highly heterozygous, with <i>Pst</i>
[5.97 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/kb] nearly twice the level detected in <i>Pt</i>
(2.57 SNPs/kb) and that previously reported for <i>Pgt</i>
Of 1358 predicted effectors in <i>Pt</i>
, 784 were found expressed across diverse life cycle stages including the sexual stage. Comparison to related fungi highlighted the expansion of gene families involved in transcriptional regulation and nucleotide binding, protein modification, and carbohydrate degradation enzymes. Two allelic homeodomain pairs, HD1 and HD2, were identified in each dikaryotic <i>Puccinia</i>
species along with three pheromone receptor (<i>STE3</i>
) mating-type genes, two of which are likely representing allelic specificities. The HD proteins were active in a heterologous <i>Ustilago maydis</i>
mating assay and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of the HD and <i>STE3</i>
alleles reduced wheat host infection.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27913634</PMID>
<DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>11</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>06</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2160-1836</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>7</Volume>
<Issue>2</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>02</Month>
<Day>09</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>G3 (Bethesda, Md.)</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>G3 (Bethesda)</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Comparative Analysis Highlights Variable Genome Content of Wheat Rusts and Divergence of the Mating Loci.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>361-376</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1534/g3.116.032797</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>Three members of the <i>Puccinia</i>
genus, <i>Puccinia</i>
<i>triticina</i>
(<i>Pt</i>
), <i>P</i>
<i>striiformis</i>
f.sp. <i>tritici</i>
(<i>Pst</i>
), and <i>P</i>
<i>graminis</i>
f.sp. <i>tritici</i>
(<i>Pgt</i>
), cause the most common and often most significant foliar diseases of wheat. While similar in biology and life cycle, each species is uniquely adapted and specialized. The genomes of <i>Pt</i>
and <i>Pst</i>
were sequenced and compared to that of <i>Pgt</i>
to identify common and distinguishing gene content, to determine gene variation among wheat rust pathogens, other rust fungi, and basidiomycetes, and to identify genes of significance for infection. <i>Pt</i>
had the largest genome of the three, estimated at 135 Mb with expansion due to mobile elements and repeats encompassing 50.9% of contig bases; in comparison, repeats occupy 31.5% for <i>Pst</i>
and 36.5% for <i>Pgt</i>
We find all three genomes are highly heterozygous, with <i>Pst</i>
[5.97 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/kb] nearly twice the level detected in <i>Pt</i>
(2.57 SNPs/kb) and that previously reported for <i>Pgt</i>
Of 1358 predicted effectors in <i>Pt</i>
, 784 were found expressed across diverse life cycle stages including the sexual stage. Comparison to related fungi highlighted the expansion of gene families involved in transcriptional regulation and nucleotide binding, protein modification, and carbohydrate degradation enzymes. Two allelic homeodomain pairs, HD1 and HD2, were identified in each dikaryotic <i>Puccinia</i>
species along with three pheromone receptor (<i>STE3</i>
) mating-type genes, two of which are likely representing allelic specificities. The HD proteins were active in a heterologous <i>Ustilago maydis</i>
mating assay and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of the HD and <i>STE3</i>
alleles reduced wheat host infection.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2017 Cuomo et al.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
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<ForeName>Christina A</ForeName>
<Initials>CA</Initials>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 cuomo@broadinstitute.org Guus.Bakkeren@agr.gc.ca john.fellers@ars.usda.gov.</Affiliation>
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