In vitro antiplasmodial activities and synergistic combinations of differential solvent extracts of the polyherbal product, Nefang.
Identifieur interne : 000389 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000388; suivant : 000390In vitro antiplasmodial activities and synergistic combinations of differential solvent extracts of the polyherbal product, Nefang.
Auteurs : Protus Arrey Tarkang ; Kathrin Diehl Franzoi ; Sukjun Lee ; Eunyoung Lee ; Diego Vivarelli ; Lucio Freitas-Junior ; Michel Liuzzi ; Tsabang Nolé ; Lawrence S. Ayong ; Gabriel A. Agbor ; Faith A. Okalebo ; Anastasia N. GuantaiSource :
- BioMed research international [ 2314-6141 ] ; 2014.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Antimalarials, Plant Extracts, Solvents.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antimalarials, Plant Extracts.
- drug therapy : Malaria, Falciparum.
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Hep G2 Cells, Humans, Plasmodium falciparum.
Abstract
Nefang, a polyherbal product composed of Mangifera indica (bark and leaf), Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus sinensis, and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves), is a potential therapy against P. falciparum malaria. In vitro antiplasmodial activities of its constituent solvent extracts were analyzed on CQ-sensitive (3D7) and multidrug resistant (Dd2) P. falciparum strains. The interactions involving the differential solvent extracts were further analyzed using a variable potency ratio drug combination approach. Effective concentration 50 (EC50) values were determined by nonlinear regression curve-fitting of the dose-response data and used in calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration 50 (FIC50) and combination indices (CI) for each pair. The derived EC50 values (3D7/Dd2, μ g/mL) are Nefang-96.96/55.08, MiB-65.33/34.58, MiL-82.56/40.04, Pg-47.02/25.79, Cp-1188/317.5, Cc-723.3/141, Cs-184.4/105.1, and Og-778.5/118.9. Synergism was obtained with MiB/Pg (CI = 0.351), MiL/Pg (0.358), MiB/Cs (0.366), MiL/Cs (0.482), Pg/Cs (0.483), and Cs/Og (0.414) when analyzed at equipotency ratios. Cytotoxicity testing of Nefang and the solvent extracts on two human cell lines (Hep G2 and U2OS) revealed no significant toxicity relative to their antiplasmodial activities (SI > 20). Taken together, our data confirm the antimalarial activities of Nefang and its constituent plant extracts and identified extract pairs with promising synergistic interactions for exploitation towards a rational phytotherapeutic and evidence-based antimalarial drug discovery.
DOI: 10.1155/2014/835013
PubMed: 24877138
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:24877138Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">In vitro antiplasmodial activities and synergistic combinations of differential solvent extracts of the polyherbal product, Nefang.</title><author><name sortKey="Arrey Tarkang, Protus" sort="Arrey Tarkang, Protus" uniqKey="Arrey Tarkang P" first="Protus" last="Arrey Tarkang">Protus Arrey Tarkang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon ; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franzoi, Kathrin Diehl" sort="Franzoi, Kathrin Diehl" uniqKey="Franzoi K" first="Kathrin Diehl" last="Franzoi">Kathrin Diehl Franzoi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sukjun" sort="Lee, Sukjun" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sukjun" last="Lee">Sukjun Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Eunyoung" sort="Lee, Eunyoung" uniqKey="Lee E" first="Eunyoung" last="Lee">Eunyoung Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vivarelli, Diego" sort="Vivarelli, Diego" uniqKey="Vivarelli D" first="Diego" last="Vivarelli">Diego Vivarelli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freitas Junior, Lucio" sort="Freitas Junior, Lucio" uniqKey="Freitas Junior L" first="Lucio" last="Freitas-Junior">Lucio Freitas-Junior</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liuzzi, Michel" sort="Liuzzi, Michel" uniqKey="Liuzzi M" first="Michel" last="Liuzzi">Michel Liuzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nole, Tsabang" sort="Nole, Tsabang" uniqKey="Nole T" first="Tsabang" last="Nolé">Tsabang Nolé</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayong, Lawrence S" sort="Ayong, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Ayong L" first="Lawrence S" last="Ayong">Lawrence S. Ayong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbor, Gabriel A" sort="Agbor, Gabriel A" uniqKey="Agbor G" first="Gabriel A" last="Agbor">Gabriel A. Agbor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okalebo, Faith A" sort="Okalebo, Faith A" uniqKey="Okalebo F" first="Faith A" last="Okalebo">Faith A. Okalebo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia N" sort="Guantai, Anastasia N" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia N" last="Guantai">Anastasia N. Guantai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:24877138</idno><idno type="pmid">24877138</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/835013</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000389</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">In vitro antiplasmodial activities and synergistic combinations of differential solvent extracts of the polyherbal product, Nefang.</title><author><name sortKey="Arrey Tarkang, Protus" sort="Arrey Tarkang, Protus" uniqKey="Arrey Tarkang P" first="Protus" last="Arrey Tarkang">Protus Arrey Tarkang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon ; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franzoi, Kathrin Diehl" sort="Franzoi, Kathrin Diehl" uniqKey="Franzoi K" first="Kathrin Diehl" last="Franzoi">Kathrin Diehl Franzoi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sukjun" sort="Lee, Sukjun" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sukjun" last="Lee">Sukjun Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Eunyoung" sort="Lee, Eunyoung" uniqKey="Lee E" first="Eunyoung" last="Lee">Eunyoung Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vivarelli, Diego" sort="Vivarelli, Diego" uniqKey="Vivarelli D" first="Diego" last="Vivarelli">Diego Vivarelli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freitas Junior, Lucio" sort="Freitas Junior, Lucio" uniqKey="Freitas Junior L" first="Lucio" last="Freitas-Junior">Lucio Freitas-Junior</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liuzzi, Michel" sort="Liuzzi, Michel" uniqKey="Liuzzi M" first="Michel" last="Liuzzi">Michel Liuzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nole, Tsabang" sort="Nole, Tsabang" uniqKey="Nole T" first="Tsabang" last="Nolé">Tsabang Nolé</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayong, Lawrence S" sort="Ayong, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Ayong L" first="Lawrence S" last="Ayong">Lawrence S. Ayong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbor, Gabriel A" sort="Agbor, Gabriel A" uniqKey="Agbor G" first="Gabriel A" last="Agbor">Gabriel A. Agbor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okalebo, Faith A" sort="Okalebo, Faith A" uniqKey="Okalebo F" first="Faith A" last="Okalebo">Faith A. Okalebo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia N" sort="Guantai, Anastasia N" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia N" last="Guantai">Anastasia N. Guantai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed research international</title><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials (chemistry)</term><term>Antimalarials (pharmacology)</term><term>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</term><term>Hep G2 Cells</term><term>Humans</term><term>Malaria, Falciparum (drug therapy)</term><term>Plant Extracts (chemistry)</term><term>Plant Extracts (pharmacology)</term><term>Plasmodium falciparum</term><term>Solvents (chemistry)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Plant Extracts</term><term>Solvents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Plant Extracts</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Malaria, Falciparum</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</term><term>Hep G2 Cells</term><term>Humans</term><term>Plasmodium falciparum</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Nefang, a polyherbal product composed of Mangifera indica (bark and leaf), Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus sinensis, and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves), is a potential therapy against P. falciparum malaria. In vitro antiplasmodial activities of its constituent solvent extracts were analyzed on CQ-sensitive (3D7) and multidrug resistant (Dd2) P. falciparum strains. The interactions involving the differential solvent extracts were further analyzed using a variable potency ratio drug combination approach. Effective concentration 50 (EC50) values were determined by nonlinear regression curve-fitting of the dose-response data and used in calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration 50 (FIC50) and combination indices (CI) for each pair. The derived EC50 values (3D7/Dd2, μ g/mL) are Nefang-96.96/55.08, MiB-65.33/34.58, MiL-82.56/40.04, Pg-47.02/25.79, Cp-1188/317.5, Cc-723.3/141, Cs-184.4/105.1, and Og-778.5/118.9. Synergism was obtained with MiB/Pg (CI = 0.351), MiL/Pg (0.358), MiB/Cs (0.366), MiL/Cs (0.482), Pg/Cs (0.483), and Cs/Og (0.414) when analyzed at equipotency ratios. Cytotoxicity testing of Nefang and the solvent extracts on two human cell lines (Hep G2 and U2OS) revealed no significant toxicity relative to their antiplasmodial activities (SI > 20). Taken together, our data confirm the antimalarial activities of Nefang and its constituent plant extracts and identified extract pairs with promising synergistic interactions for exploitation towards a rational phytotherapeutic and evidence-based antimalarial drug discovery.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24877138</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2014</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>30</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>12</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2015</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>5</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2314-6141</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>2014</Volume><PubDate><Year>2014</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BioMed research international</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Biomed Res Int</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>In vitro antiplasmodial activities and synergistic combinations of differential solvent extracts of the polyherbal product, Nefang.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>835013</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1155/2014/835013</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Nefang, a polyherbal product composed of Mangifera indica (bark and leaf), Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus sinensis, and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves), is a potential therapy against P. falciparum malaria. In vitro antiplasmodial activities of its constituent solvent extracts were analyzed on CQ-sensitive (3D7) and multidrug resistant (Dd2) P. falciparum strains. The interactions involving the differential solvent extracts were further analyzed using a variable potency ratio drug combination approach. Effective concentration 50 (EC50) values were determined by nonlinear regression curve-fitting of the dose-response data and used in calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration 50 (FIC50) and combination indices (CI) for each pair. The derived EC50 values (3D7/Dd2, μ g/mL) are Nefang-96.96/55.08, MiB-65.33/34.58, MiL-82.56/40.04, Pg-47.02/25.79, Cp-1188/317.5, Cc-723.3/141, Cs-184.4/105.1, and Og-778.5/118.9. Synergism was obtained with MiB/Pg (CI = 0.351), MiL/Pg (0.358), MiB/Cs (0.366), MiL/Cs (0.482), Pg/Cs (0.483), and Cs/Og (0.414) when analyzed at equipotency ratios. Cytotoxicity testing of Nefang and the solvent extracts on two human cell lines (Hep G2 and U2OS) revealed no significant toxicity relative to their antiplasmodial activities (SI > 20). Taken together, our data confirm the antimalarial activities of Nefang and its constituent plant extracts and identified extract pairs with promising synergistic interactions for exploitation towards a rational phytotherapeutic and evidence-based antimalarial drug discovery.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arrey Tarkang</LastName><ForeName>Protus</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon ; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Franzoi</LastName><ForeName>Kathrin Diehl</ForeName><Initials>KD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Sukjun</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-6448-8103</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Eunyoung</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vivarelli</LastName><ForeName>Diego</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-1225-1299</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Freitas-Junior</LastName><ForeName>Lucio</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liuzzi</LastName><ForeName>Michel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nolé</LastName><ForeName>Tsabang</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ayong</LastName><ForeName>Lawrence S</ForeName><Initials>LS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Early Drug Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Agbor</LastName><ForeName>Gabriel A</ForeName><Initials>GA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Okalebo</LastName><ForeName>Faith A</ForeName><Initials>FA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guantai</LastName><ForeName>Anastasia N</ForeName><Initials>AN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi 0800, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>ENG</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2014</Year><Month>Apr</Month><Day>27</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Biomed Res Int</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101600173</NlmUniqueID></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000962">Antimalarials</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010936">Plant Extracts</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012997">Solvents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Int J Mol Sci. 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MajorTopicYN="Y">Antimalarials</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004353" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D056945" MajorTopicYN="N">Hep G2 Cells</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016778" MajorTopicYN="N">Malaria, Falciparum</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010936" MajorTopicYN="Y">Plant Extracts</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010963" MajorTopicYN="Y">Plasmodium falciparum</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012997" MajorTopicYN="N">Solvents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><OtherID Source="NLM">PMC4022163</OtherID></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2014</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2014</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>4</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2014</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>31</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2014</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>31</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2015</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">24877138</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1155/2014/835013</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4022163</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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