Batch and Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Boldo Leaves (Peumus boldus Mol.)
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Auteurs : Loïc Petigny ; Sandrine Périno-Issartier ; Joël Wajsman ; Farid ChematSource :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences [ 1422-0067 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Vegetal extracts are widely used as primary ingredients for various products from creams to perfumes in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutic and cosmetic industries. Having concentrated and active extract is essential, as the process must extract as much soluble material as possible in a minimum time, using the least possible volume of solvent. The boldo leaves extract is of great interest for the industry as it holds a great anti-oxidant activity due to high levels of flavonoids and alkaloids such as boldine. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) has been used to improve the efficiency of the plant extraction, reducing extraction time, increasing the concentration of the extract with the same amount of solvent and plant material. After a preliminary study, a response surface method has been used to optimize the extraction of soluble material from the plant. The results provided by the statistical analysis revealed that the optimized conditions were: sonication power 23 W/cm2 for 40 min and a temperature of 36 °C. The optimized parameters of the UAE provide a better extraction compared to a conventional maceration in terms of process time (30 min instead of 120 min), higher yield, more energy saving, cleanliness, safety and product quality.
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DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035750
PubMed: 23481637
PubMed Central: 3634473
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Batch and Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Boldo Leaves (<italic>Peumus boldus</italic> Mol.)</title><author><name sortKey="Petigny, Loic" sort="Petigny, Loic" uniqKey="Petigny L" first="Loïc" last="Petigny">Loïc Petigny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-14-05750">Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, Avignon 84000, France; E-Mails:<email>loic.petigny@univ-avignon.fr</email> (L.P.);<email>farid.chemat@univ-avignon.fr</email> (F.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-14-05750">BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, Lyon 69007, France; E-Mail:<email>joel.wajsman@basf.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perino Issartier, Sandrine" sort="Perino Issartier, Sandrine" uniqKey="Perino Issartier S" first="Sandrine" last="Périno-Issartier">Sandrine Périno-Issartier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-14-05750">Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, Avignon 84000, France; E-Mails:<email>loic.petigny@univ-avignon.fr</email> (L.P.);<email>farid.chemat@univ-avignon.fr</email> (F.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wajsman, Joel" sort="Wajsman, Joel" uniqKey="Wajsman J" first="Joël" last="Wajsman">Joël Wajsman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-14-05750">BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, Lyon 69007, France; E-Mail:<email>joel.wajsman@basf.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chemat, Farid" sort="Chemat, Farid" uniqKey="Chemat F" first="Farid" last="Chemat">Farid Chemat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-14-05750">Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, Avignon 84000, France; E-Mails:<email>loic.petigny@univ-avignon.fr</email> (L.P.);<email>farid.chemat@univ-avignon.fr</email> (F.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23481637</idno><idno type="pmc">3634473</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3634473</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3634473</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijms14035750</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F82</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000F81</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Batch and Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Boldo Leaves (<italic>Peumus boldus</italic> Mol.)</title><author><name sortKey="Petigny, Loic" sort="Petigny, Loic" uniqKey="Petigny L" first="Loïc" last="Petigny">Loïc Petigny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-14-05750">Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, Avignon 84000, France; E-Mails:<email>loic.petigny@univ-avignon.fr</email> (L.P.);<email>farid.chemat@univ-avignon.fr</email> (F.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-14-05750">BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, Lyon 69007, France; E-Mail:<email>joel.wajsman@basf.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perino Issartier, Sandrine" sort="Perino Issartier, Sandrine" uniqKey="Perino Issartier S" first="Sandrine" last="Périno-Issartier">Sandrine Périno-Issartier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-14-05750">Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, Avignon 84000, France; E-Mails:<email>loic.petigny@univ-avignon.fr</email> (L.P.);<email>farid.chemat@univ-avignon.fr</email> (F.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wajsman, Joel" sort="Wajsman, Joel" uniqKey="Wajsman J" first="Joël" last="Wajsman">Joël Wajsman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-14-05750">BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, Lyon 69007, France; E-Mail:<email>joel.wajsman@basf.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chemat, Farid" sort="Chemat, Farid" uniqKey="Chemat F" first="Farid" last="Chemat">Farid Chemat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-14-05750">Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, Avignon 84000, France; E-Mails:<email>loic.petigny@univ-avignon.fr</email> (L.P.);<email>farid.chemat@univ-avignon.fr</email> (F.C.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1422-0067</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Vegetal extracts are widely used as primary ingredients for various products from creams to perfumes in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutic and cosmetic industries. Having concentrated and active extract is essential, as the process must extract as much soluble material as possible in a minimum time, using the least possible volume of solvent. The boldo leaves extract is of great interest for the industry as it holds a great anti-oxidant activity due to high levels of flavonoids and alkaloids such as boldine. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) has been used to improve the efficiency of the plant extraction, reducing extraction time, increasing the concentration of the extract with the same amount of solvent and plant material. After a preliminary study, a response surface method has been used to optimize the extraction of soluble material from the plant. The results provided by the statistical analysis revealed that the optimized conditions were: sonication power 23 W/cm<sup>2</sup> for 40 min and a temperature of 36 °C. The optimized parameters of the UAE provide a better extraction compared to a conventional maceration in terms of process time (30 min instead of 120 min), higher yield, more energy saving, cleanliness, safety and product quality.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vogel, H" uniqKey="Vogel H">H. Vogel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, B" uniqKey="Gonzalez B">B. González</name></author><author><name sortKey="Razmilic, I" uniqKey="Razmilic I">I. Razmilic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Speisky, H" uniqKey="Speisky H">H. Speisky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cassels, B K" uniqKey="Cassels B">B.K. Cassels</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Del Valle, J M" uniqKey="Del Valle J">J.M. Del Valle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rogalinski, T" uniqKey="Rogalinski T">T. 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Vinatoru</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23481637</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3634473</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms14035750</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-14-05750</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Batch and Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Boldo Leaves (<italic>Peumus boldus</italic> Mol.)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petigny</surname><given-names>Loïc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-14-05750">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-14-05750">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Périno-Issartier</surname><given-names>Sandrine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-14-05750">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijms-14-05750">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wajsman</surname><given-names>Joël</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-14-05750">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chemat</surname><given-names>Farid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-14-05750">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijms-14-05750"><label>1</label>Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, Avignon 84000, France; E-Mails:<email>loic.petigny@univ-avignon.fr</email> (L.P.);<email>farid.chemat@univ-avignon.fr</email> (F.C.)</aff><aff id="af2-ijms-14-05750"><label>2</label>BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, Lyon 69007, France; E-Mail:<email>joel.wajsman@basf.com</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-14-05750"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>sandrine.issartier@univ-avignon.fr</email>; Tel.: +33-490-144-426; Fax: +33-490-144-441.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>3</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>5750</fpage><lpage>5764</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>28</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>05</day><month>3</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Vegetal extracts are widely used as primary ingredients for various products from creams to perfumes in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutic and cosmetic industries. Having concentrated and active extract is essential, as the process must extract as much soluble material as possible in a minimum time, using the least possible volume of solvent. The boldo leaves extract is of great interest for the industry as it holds a great anti-oxidant activity due to high levels of flavonoids and alkaloids such as boldine. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) has been used to improve the efficiency of the plant extraction, reducing extraction time, increasing the concentration of the extract with the same amount of solvent and plant material. After a preliminary study, a response surface method has been used to optimize the extraction of soluble material from the plant. The results provided by the statistical analysis revealed that the optimized conditions were: sonication power 23 W/cm<sup>2</sup> for 40 min and a temperature of 36 °C. The optimized parameters of the UAE provide a better extraction compared to a conventional maceration in terms of process time (30 min instead of 120 min), higher yield, more energy saving, cleanliness, safety and product quality.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>boldo</kwd><kwd>ultrasound</kwd><kwd>extraction</kwd><kwd>boldine</kwd><kwd>green extraction</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Yield of soluble material extracted in function of the S/L ratio.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-14-05750f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Standardized Pareto chart of optimization multivariate study.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-14-05750f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Optimization of ultrasound-assisted boldo leaves extraction by water: Yield (%) investigation in the multivariate study (<bold>a</bold>) Yield as a function of ultrasonic intensity (W/cm<sup>2</sup>) and Temperature (°C), (<bold>b</bold>) Yield as a function of ultrasonic intensity and sonication time (min), and (<bold>c</bold>) Yield as a function of temperature and sonication time.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-14-05750f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Comparison between conventional and UAE.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-14-05750f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>HPTLC chromatogram of hydrolyzed extract and boldine standard at 254 nm and 366 nm and the densitogram of a hydrolyzed extract of boldo track at 307 nm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-14-05750f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>(<bold>1</bold>,<bold>2</bold>) Boldo leaf, magnification 500 on the original picture scale; (<bold>3</bold>,<bold>4</bold>) Boldo leaf after 2 h of maceration, magnification 200 and 500, respectively, on the original picture scale; (<bold>5</bold>,<bold>6</bold>) Boldo leaf after UAE at optimized conditions, magnification 500 and 2000 respectively; on the original picture scale; (<bold>7</bold>) Representation of a cavitation bubble collapsing on the surface of the boldo leaf. (<bold>a</bold>) Plant profile with a trichome at the surface of the leaf, (<bold>b</bold>) Generation of a cavitation bubble, (<bold>c</bold>) Collapse of the cavitation bubble which generates a micro-jet directed toward the surface and (<bold>d</bold>) Abrasion of the surface, breaking of the trichome, and release of soluble material in the surrounding medium.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-14-05750f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Batch ultrasonic assisted extraction.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-14-05750f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Ultrasonic pilot continuous.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-14-05750f8"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Variables involved in the Central Composite Design (CCD) and response obtained.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Run</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sonication time (min)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature (°C)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UI <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijms-14-05750">*</xref> (W/cm<sup>2</sup>)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yield (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.8</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijms-14-05750"><label>*</label><p>UI: Ultrasound Intensity.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>ANOVA in the CCD.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Source</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sum of squares</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Df</italic></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean square</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>F</italic>-Ratio</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A:Time</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.166</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.166</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B:Temperature</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.7028</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.7028</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C:UI <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-14-05750">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.34062</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.34062</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0071</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AA</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.597778</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.597778</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3585</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AB</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53125</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53125</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1545</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AC</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21125</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21125</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5799</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BB</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.72989</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.72989</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1326</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BC</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20125</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20125</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2024</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.82983</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.82983</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0351</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total error</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.45333</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.645333</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (corr.)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.4655</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-ijms-14-05750"><label>*</label><p>UI = Ultrasound Intensity; <italic>R</italic>-squared = 0.912; <italic>R</italic>-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 0.833.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ijms-14-05750" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Summary and comparison of extractions.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method of extraction</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time of extraction (min)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yield of extraction (% of leaves boldo solubilized in the extract)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boldine (μg of boldine/g of boldo leaves)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UAE</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conventional</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UAE</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conventional</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.5</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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