Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from Schisandra chinensis Fruit
Identifieur interne : 000F79 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000F78; suivant : 000F80Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from Schisandra chinensis Fruit
Auteurs : Chunhui Ma ; Lei Yang ; Fengjian Yang ; Wenjie Wang ; Chunjian Zhao ; Yuangang ZuSource :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences [ 1422-0067 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
In this work, a multivariate study based on Box-Behnken Design was used to evaluate the influence of three major variables affecting the performance of the extraction process of
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114294
PubMed: 23203065
PubMed Central: 3509581
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> Fruit</title><author><name sortKey="Ma, Chunhui" sort="Ma, Chunhui" uniqKey="Ma C" first="Chunhui" last="Ma">Chunhui Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Lei" sort="Yang, Lei" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Lei" last="Yang">Lei Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Fengjian" sort="Yang, Fengjian" uniqKey="Yang F" first="Fengjian" last="Yang">Fengjian Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Wenjie" sort="Wang, Wenjie" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wenjie" last="Wang">Wenjie Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Chunjian" sort="Zhao, Chunjian" uniqKey="Zhao C" first="Chunjian" last="Zhao">Chunjian Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zu, Yuangang" sort="Zu, Yuangang" uniqKey="Zu Y" first="Yuangang" last="Zu">Yuangang Zu</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23203065</idno><idno type="pmc">3509581</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509581</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3509581</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijms131114294</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F80</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000F79</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> Fruit</title><author><name sortKey="Ma, Chunhui" sort="Ma, Chunhui" uniqKey="Ma C" first="Chunhui" last="Ma">Chunhui Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Lei" sort="Yang, Lei" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Lei" last="Yang">Lei Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Fengjian" sort="Yang, Fengjian" uniqKey="Yang F" first="Fengjian" last="Yang">Fengjian Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Wenjie" sort="Wang, Wenjie" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wenjie" last="Wang">Wenjie Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Chunjian" sort="Zhao, Chunjian" uniqKey="Zhao C" first="Chunjian" last="Zhao">Chunjian Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zu, Yuangang" sort="Zu, Yuangang" uniqKey="Zu Y" first="Yuangang" last="Zu">Yuangang Zu</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1422-0067</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In this work, a multivariate study based on Box-Behnken Design was used to evaluate the influence of three major variables affecting the performance of the extraction process of <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> anthocyanins. The optimum parameters were 5.5 h extraction time; 1:19 solid-liquid ratio and 260 r/min stirring rate, respectively. The extraction yield of anthocyanins was 29.06 mg/g under the optimum conditions. Moreover, many factors on the impact of heating, ultrasound, microwave treatment and ultraviolet irradiation on content and color stability of anthocyanins from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> fruit were investigated. The results show that thermal degradation reaction of anthocyanins complies with the first order reaction kinetics, and the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.9950 at 40–80 °C. Ultrasound and microwave treatment has little effect on the stability of anthocyanins, and the extraction time of ultrasound and microwave should be no more than 60 min and 5 min, respectively. The anthocyanins degradation effect of UVC ultraviolet radiation is greater than UVA and UVB; after 9 h ultraviolet radiation, the anthocyanins content degradation of UVC is 23.9 ± 0.7%, and the Δ<italic>E</italic>* was changed from 62.81 to 76.52 ± 2.3. Through LC-MS analysis, the major composition of <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> anthocyanins was cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>-xylosylrutinoside.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hancke, J L" uniqKey="Hancke J">J.L. Hancke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burgos, R A" uniqKey="Burgos R">R.A. Burgos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahumada, F" uniqKey="Ahumada F">F. Ahumada</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, X N" uniqKey="Li X">X.N. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cui, H" uniqKey="Cui H">H. Cui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Y Q" uniqKey="Song Y">Y.Q. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23203065</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3509581</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms131114294</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-13-14294</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> Fruit</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Chunhui</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Lei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijms-13-14294">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Fengjian</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Wenjie</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Chunjian</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zu</surname><given-names>Yuangang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijms-13-14294">*</xref></contrib><aff id="af1-ijms-13-14294">State Engineering Laboratory for Bioresource Eco-Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails:<email>mchmchmchmch@163.com</email> (C.M.);<email>yangfj@nefu.edu.cn</email> (F.Y.);<email>wjwang225@hotmail.com</email> (W.W.);<email>zcjsj@163.com</email> (C.Z.)</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-13-14294"><label>*</label>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: <email>ylnefu@163.com</email> (L.Y.); <email>zygnefu@163.com</email> (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-451-8219-1387 (Y.Z.); Fax: +86-451-8210-2082 (Y.Z.).</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>14294</fpage><lpage>14310</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>In this work, a multivariate study based on Box-Behnken Design was used to evaluate the influence of three major variables affecting the performance of the extraction process of <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> anthocyanins. The optimum parameters were 5.5 h extraction time; 1:19 solid-liquid ratio and 260 r/min stirring rate, respectively. The extraction yield of anthocyanins was 29.06 mg/g under the optimum conditions. Moreover, many factors on the impact of heating, ultrasound, microwave treatment and ultraviolet irradiation on content and color stability of anthocyanins from <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> fruit were investigated. The results show that thermal degradation reaction of anthocyanins complies with the first order reaction kinetics, and the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.9950 at 40–80 °C. Ultrasound and microwave treatment has little effect on the stability of anthocyanins, and the extraction time of ultrasound and microwave should be no more than 60 min and 5 min, respectively. The anthocyanins degradation effect of UVC ultraviolet radiation is greater than UVA and UVB; after 9 h ultraviolet radiation, the anthocyanins content degradation of UVC is 23.9 ± 0.7%, and the Δ<italic>E</italic>* was changed from 62.81 to 76.52 ± 2.3. Through LC-MS analysis, the major composition of <italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic> anthocyanins was cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>-xylosylrutinoside.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Schisandra chinensis</italic></kwd><kwd>anthocyanins</kwd><kwd>Box-Behnken Design</kwd><kwd>content stability</kwd><kwd>color stability</kwd><kwd>ultrasound treatment</kwd><kwd>microwave treatment</kwd><kwd>ultraviolet irradiation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Spectral character of <italic>S. chinensis</italic> fruit anthocyanin at different pH values.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Response surface for the effect of independent variables on extraction yield of <italic>S. chinensis</italic> fruit anthocyanin.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Effect of heating on content (<bold>a</bold>) and color (<bold>b</bold>) stability of <italic>S. chinensis</italic> fruit anthocyanins.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on content (<bold>a</bold>) and color (<bold>b</bold>) stability of <italic>S. chinensis</italic> fruit anthocyanins.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>HPLC-MS Chromatograms of Cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>-xylosylrutinoside. (<bold>a</bold>) MS1 chromatograms of cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>-xylosylrutinoside under ESI-MS in positive mode; (<bold>b</bold>) MS2 chromatograms of cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>-xylosylrutinoside under ESI-MS in positive mode; (<bold>c</bold>) MS1 chromatograms of cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>-xylosylrutinoside under ESI-MS in negative mode; (<bold>d</bold>) MS2 chromatograms of cyanidin-3-<italic>O</italic>-xylosylrutinoside under ESI-MS in negative mode.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f5a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-14294f5b"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Experimental design matrix to screen important variables for extraction yield of anthocyanins.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Run</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factor A</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factor B</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factor C</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Response</th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction time (h)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid-liquid ratio (g/mL)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stirring rate (r/min)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction yield (mg/g)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.43</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.86</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.37</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.13</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.61</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.33</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.92</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.30</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.60</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.97</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.84</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.66</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.60</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.67</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.65</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.25</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.77</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Test of significance for regression coefficient <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijms-13-14294">a</xref>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Source</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sum of squares</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Df</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean square</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>F</italic>-value</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-14294">b</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.74</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.64</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0552</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AB</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.74</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0012</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AC</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.062</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8110</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BC</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0749</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0576</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4423</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linear</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.91</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3010.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2FI</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3300.38</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quadratic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">527.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cubic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Residual</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lack of fit</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">527.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pure Error</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.12 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cor Total</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.38</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijms-13-14294"><label>a</label><p>The results were obtained with the Design Expert 7.0 software;</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ijms-13-14294"><label>b</label><p>A is extraction time (h), B is solid-liquid ratio (g/mL) and C is stirring rate (r/min).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Credibility analysis of the regression equations.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Index mark<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijms-13-14294">a</xref></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Values</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Std. Dev.</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.35</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C.V. %</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.77</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRESS</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R-Squared</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9832</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjust R-Squared</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9616</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Predicted R-Squared</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7321</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adequacy Precision</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.128</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-ijms-13-14294"><label>a</label><p>The results were obtained with the Design Expert 7.0 software.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Thermal degradation kinetic parameters of <italic>S. chinensis</italic> anthocyanin.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature (°C)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First-order kinetic equation</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kinetic constant (<italic>k</italic>)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Correlation coefficient (<italic>r</italic>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic> = − 0.0057 <italic>X</italic> + 1.0066</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0057</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9988</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic> = − 0.0148 <italic>X</italic> + 1.0165</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0148</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9982</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic> = − 0.0248 <italic>X</italic> + 1.0242</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0248</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9989</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic> = − 0.0298 <italic>X</italic> + 1.0140</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0298</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9969</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Y</italic> = − 0.0604 <italic>X</italic> + 1.0305</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0604</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9974</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-ijms-13-14294" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Effect of extraction time on content and color stability of <italic>S. chinensis</italic> anthocyanins.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treat time of ultrasonication (min)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C/C<sub>0</sub><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-14294">a</xref> ± SD <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ijms-13-14294">b</xref> (%)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ<italic>E</italic><sup>*</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijms-13-14294">c</xref> ± SD <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ijms-13-14294">b</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.81</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.0 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.17 ± 2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.0 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.82 ± 2.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.35 ± 1.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.45 ± 2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.54 ± 2.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.95 ± 1.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.0 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.38 ± 2.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.0 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.86 ± 2.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.0 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.88 ± 2.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Treat time of microwave (min)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>C/C</bold><bold><sub>0</sub></bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-14294">a</xref><bold>± SD</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ijms-13-14294">b</xref><bold>(%)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Δ</bold><bold><italic>E</italic></bold>* <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijms-13-14294">c</xref><bold>± SD</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ijms-13-14294">b</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.81</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.79 ± 2.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.0 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.92 ± 2.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.0 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.57 ± 2.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.0 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.90 ± 2.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.0 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.07 ± 2.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.0 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.26 ± 2.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.0 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.86 ± 1.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.0 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.49 ± 1.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.0 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.65 ± 2.5</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn4-ijms-13-14294"><label>a</label><p>C/C<sub>0</sub>: the ratio of degradation concentration and initial concentration;</p></fn><fn id="tfn5-ijms-13-14294"><label>b</label><p>SD: standard deviation;</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-ijms-13-14294"><label>c</label><p>Δ<italic>E</italic>*: total color difference.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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