The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
Identifieur interne : 000A26 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000A25; suivant : 000A27The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
Auteurs : Faezeh Tabesh [Iran] ; Hamid Sanei [Iran] ; Mansour Jahangiri [Iran] ; Amir Momenizadeh [Iran] ; Elham Tabesh [Iran] ; Kiana Pourmohammadi [Iran] ; Masoumeh Sadeghi [Iran]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
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DOI: 10.1155/2014/481904
PubMed: 25025057
PubMed Central: 4082950
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia</title><author><name sortKey="Tabesh, Faezeh" sort="Tabesh, Faezeh" uniqKey="Tabesh F" first="Faezeh" last="Tabesh">Faezeh Tabesh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanei, Hamid" sort="Sanei, Hamid" uniqKey="Sanei H" first="Hamid" last="Sanei">Hamid Sanei</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jahangiri, Mansour" sort="Jahangiri, Mansour" uniqKey="Jahangiri M" first="Mansour" last="Jahangiri">Mansour Jahangiri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momenizadeh, Amir" sort="Momenizadeh, Amir" uniqKey="Momenizadeh A" first="Amir" last="Momenizadeh">Amir Momenizadeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tabesh, Elham" sort="Tabesh, Elham" uniqKey="Tabesh E" first="Elham" last="Tabesh">Elham Tabesh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pourmohammadi, Kiana" sort="Pourmohammadi, Kiana" uniqKey="Pourmohammadi K" first="Kiana" last="Pourmohammadi">Kiana Pourmohammadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Masoumeh" sort="Sadeghi, Masoumeh" uniqKey="Sadeghi M" first="Masoumeh" last="Sadeghi">Masoumeh Sadeghi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25025057</idno><idno type="pmc">4082950</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082950</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4082950</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/481904</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A27</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A26</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia</title><author><name sortKey="Tabesh, Faezeh" sort="Tabesh, Faezeh" uniqKey="Tabesh F" first="Faezeh" last="Tabesh">Faezeh Tabesh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanei, Hamid" sort="Sanei, Hamid" uniqKey="Sanei H" first="Hamid" last="Sanei">Hamid Sanei</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jahangiri, Mansour" sort="Jahangiri, Mansour" uniqKey="Jahangiri M" first="Mansour" last="Jahangiri">Mansour Jahangiri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momenizadeh, Amir" sort="Momenizadeh, Amir" uniqKey="Momenizadeh A" first="Amir" last="Momenizadeh">Amir Momenizadeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tabesh, Elham" sort="Tabesh, Elham" uniqKey="Tabesh E" first="Elham" last="Tabesh">Elham Tabesh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pourmohammadi, Kiana" sort="Pourmohammadi, Kiana" uniqKey="Pourmohammadi K" first="Kiana" last="Pourmohammadi">Kiana Pourmohammadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Masoumeh" sort="Sadeghi, Masoumeh" uniqKey="Sadeghi M" first="Masoumeh" last="Sadeghi">Masoumeh Sadeghi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Introduction</italic>. Oats are high in soluble fibers and effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We assessed the effects of beta-glucan from oat bran on serum nitric oxide (NO) endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia. <italic>Method</italic>. Sixty hypercholesterolemic patients were randomly divided to receive an experimental bread rich in beta-glucan from oat bran (intervention) or bread rich in wheat fiber (control) for four weeks. All subjects had the same diet for two-week baseline period and hypocaloric diet for four weeks of intervention. Serum NO concentration and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were determined before and after the experiment. <italic>Results</italic>. Mean age of the participants was 51.1 ± 9.3 years and 65% (<italic>n</italic> = 39) were female. After intervention, serum NO concentration increased by 50.2 ± 19.8 <italic>μ</italic>mol/lit in the intervention group (<italic>P</italic> = 0.017), but no change was observed in the control group (17.5 ± 27.5 <italic>μ</italic>mol/lit; <italic>P</italic> = 0.530). No change of FMD was observed in the intervention (0.48 ± 0.78%; <italic>P</italic> = 0.546) or in the control group (0.59 ± 0.92%; <italic>P</italic> = 0.533). <italic>Conclusion</italic>. Consumption of oat bread for four weeks increases serum NO concentration but has no effect on FMD. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25025057</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4082950</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/481904</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tabesh</surname><given-names>Faezeh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanei</surname><given-names>Hamid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jahangiri</surname><given-names>Mansour</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Momenizadeh</surname><given-names>Amir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tabesh</surname><given-names>Elham</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pourmohammadi</surname><given-names>Kiana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sadeghi</surname><given-names>Masoumeh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Masoumeh Sadeghi: <email>sadeghimasoumeh@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Sebastian Kelle</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>481904</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>28</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Faezeh Tabesh et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Introduction</italic>. Oats are high in soluble fibers and effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We assessed the effects of beta-glucan from oat bran on serum nitric oxide (NO) endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia. <italic>Method</italic>. Sixty hypercholesterolemic patients were randomly divided to receive an experimental bread rich in beta-glucan from oat bran (intervention) or bread rich in wheat fiber (control) for four weeks. All subjects had the same diet for two-week baseline period and hypocaloric diet for four weeks of intervention. Serum NO concentration and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were determined before and after the experiment. <italic>Results</italic>. Mean age of the participants was 51.1 ± 9.3 years and 65% (<italic>n</italic> = 39) were female. After intervention, serum NO concentration increased by 50.2 ± 19.8 <italic>μ</italic>mol/lit in the intervention group (<italic>P</italic> = 0.017), but no change was observed in the control group (17.5 ± 27.5 <italic>μ</italic>mol/lit; <italic>P</italic> = 0.530). No change of FMD was observed in the intervention (0.48 ± 0.78%; <italic>P</italic> = 0.546) or in the control group (0.59 ± 0.92%; <italic>P</italic> = 0.533). <italic>Conclusion</italic>. Consumption of oat bread for four weeks increases serum NO concentration but has no effect on FMD. Further studies are warranted in this regard.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Patients flow diagram.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-481904.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparison of cardiovascular characteristics between the two groups before and after the intervention.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Groups</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value∗</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oat bread<break></break><italic>n</italic> = 30</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheat bread<break></break><italic>n</italic> = 30</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight (Kg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.2 ± 12.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.0 ± 14.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.965</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.2 ± 12.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.6 ± 13.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.911</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.9 ± 3.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.9 ± 4.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.969</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6 ± 3.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.8 ± 4.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.902</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.029</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulse rate (pulse/min)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.3 ± 6.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.7 ± 5.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.402</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.7 ± 7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.4 ± 6.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.334</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.803</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.487</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Systolic/diastolic BP (mmHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114.8 ± 10.9/77.0 ± 9.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115.1 ± 14.6/76.3 ± 10.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.921/0.797</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.5 ± 12.1/76.3 ± 8.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114.8 ± 13.5/75.3 ± 9.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.485/0.673</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.174/0.625</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.896/0.495</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hip/waist circumference (cm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105.3 ± 6.4/93.4 ± 9.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106.6 ± 10.3/97.6 ± 11.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.546/0.141</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.9 ± 6.3/93.2 ± 9.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105.9 ± 10.2/97.4 ± 11.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.626/0.133</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.231/0.623</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033/0.824</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Independent <italic>t</italic>-test, <sup>†</sup>paired <italic>t</italic>-test, BMI: body mass index, and BP: blood pressure.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of nitric oxide concentration and flow-mediated dilation between the intervention and control groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Groups</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value∗</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oat bread<break></break><italic>n</italic> = 30</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheat bread<break></break><italic>n</italic> = 30</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nitric oxide (<italic>μ</italic>mol/lit)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">263.2 ± 49.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">232.7 ± 57.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.689</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">313.4 ± 62.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250.2 ± 56.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.460</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.530</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> NO changes (<italic>μ</italic>mol/lit)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.2 ± 19.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5 ± 27.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.337</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Baseline brachial artery diameter (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.48 ± 0.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.67 ± 0.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.252</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.55 ± 0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.66 ± 0.55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.492</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.895</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brachial artery diameter after ischemia (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.15 ± 0.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.23 ± 0.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.607</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.25 ± 0.66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.24 ± 0.55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.949</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.614</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flow-mediated dilation (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1 ± 7.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.8 ± 5.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After intervention</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6 ± 7.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4 ± 7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic> value<sup>†</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.546</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.533</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> FMD changes (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48 ± 0.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59 ± 0.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.932</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Independent <italic>t</italic>-test, <sup>†</sup>paired <italic>t</italic>-test, NO: nitric oxide, and FMD: flow-mediated dilation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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