The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
Identifieur interne : 000A26 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000A25; suivant : 000A27The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
Auteurs : Faezeh Tabesh [Iran] ; Hamid Sanei [Iran] ; Mansour Jahangiri [Iran] ; Amir Momenizadeh [Iran] ; Elham Tabesh [Iran] ; Kiana Pourmohammadi [Iran] ; Masoumeh Sadeghi [Iran]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/481904
PubMed: 25025057
PubMed Central: 4082950
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<author><name sortKey="Tabesh, Faezeh" sort="Tabesh, Faezeh" uniqKey="Tabesh F" first="Faezeh" last="Tabesh">Faezeh Tabesh</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Sanei, Hamid" sort="Sanei, Hamid" uniqKey="Sanei H" first="Hamid" last="Sanei">Hamid Sanei</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Jahangiri, Mansour" sort="Jahangiri, Mansour" uniqKey="Jahangiri M" first="Mansour" last="Jahangiri">Mansour Jahangiri</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Momenizadeh, Amir" sort="Momenizadeh, Amir" uniqKey="Momenizadeh A" first="Amir" last="Momenizadeh">Amir Momenizadeh</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Tabesh, Elham" sort="Tabesh, Elham" uniqKey="Tabesh E" first="Elham" last="Tabesh">Elham Tabesh</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Pourmohammadi, Kiana" sort="Pourmohammadi, Kiana" uniqKey="Pourmohammadi K" first="Kiana" last="Pourmohammadi">Kiana Pourmohammadi</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Masoumeh" sort="Sadeghi, Masoumeh" uniqKey="Sadeghi M" first="Masoumeh" last="Sadeghi">Masoumeh Sadeghi</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia</title>
<author><name sortKey="Tabesh, Faezeh" sort="Tabesh, Faezeh" uniqKey="Tabesh F" first="Faezeh" last="Tabesh">Faezeh Tabesh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Sanei, Hamid" sort="Sanei, Hamid" uniqKey="Sanei H" first="Hamid" last="Sanei">Hamid Sanei</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jahangiri, Mansour" sort="Jahangiri, Mansour" uniqKey="Jahangiri M" first="Mansour" last="Jahangiri">Mansour Jahangiri</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Momenizadeh, Amir" sort="Momenizadeh, Amir" uniqKey="Momenizadeh A" first="Amir" last="Momenizadeh">Amir Momenizadeh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tabesh, Elham" sort="Tabesh, Elham" uniqKey="Tabesh E" first="Elham" last="Tabesh">Elham Tabesh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pourmohammadi, Kiana" sort="Pourmohammadi, Kiana" uniqKey="Pourmohammadi K" first="Kiana" last="Pourmohammadi">Kiana Pourmohammadi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Masoumeh" sort="Sadeghi, Masoumeh" uniqKey="Sadeghi M" first="Masoumeh" last="Sadeghi">Masoumeh Sadeghi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title>
<idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Introduction</italic>
. Oats are high in soluble fibers and effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We assessed the effects of beta-glucan from oat bran on serum nitric oxide (NO) endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia. <italic>Method</italic>
. Sixty hypercholesterolemic patients were randomly divided to receive an experimental bread rich in beta-glucan from oat bran (intervention) or bread rich in wheat fiber (control) for four weeks. All subjects had the same diet for two-week baseline period and hypocaloric diet for four weeks of intervention. Serum NO concentration and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were determined before and after the experiment. <italic>Results</italic>
. Mean age of the participants was 51.1 ± 9.3 years and 65% (<italic>n</italic>
= 39) were female. After intervention, serum NO concentration increased by 50.2 ± 19.8 <italic>μ</italic>
mol/lit in the intervention group (<italic>P</italic>
= 0.017), but no change was observed in the control group (17.5 ± 27.5 <italic>μ</italic>
mol/lit; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.530). No change of FMD was observed in the intervention (0.48 ± 0.78%; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.546) or in the control group (0.59 ± 0.92%; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.533). <italic>Conclusion</italic>
. Consumption of oat bread for four weeks increases serum NO concentration but has no effect on FMD. Further studies are warranted in this regard.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="other"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25025057</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4082950</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/481904</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>The Effects of Beta-Glucan Rich Oat Bread on Serum Nitric Oxide and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tabesh</surname>
<given-names>Faezeh</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanei</surname>
<given-names>Hamid</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jahangiri</surname>
<given-names>Mansour</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Momenizadeh</surname>
<given-names>Amir</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tabesh</surname>
<given-names>Elham</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pourmohammadi</surname>
<given-names>Kiana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sadeghi</surname>
<given-names>Masoumeh</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>
Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</aff>
<aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>
Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram Avenue, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</aff>
<aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>
Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</aff>
<aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>
Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Isfahan, Iran</aff>
<aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>
Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Masoumeh Sadeghi: <email>sadeghimasoumeh@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Sebastian Kelle</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2014</volume>
<elocation-id>481904</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>28</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Faezeh Tabesh et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p><italic>Introduction</italic>
. Oats are high in soluble fibers and effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We assessed the effects of beta-glucan from oat bran on serum nitric oxide (NO) endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia. <italic>Method</italic>
. Sixty hypercholesterolemic patients were randomly divided to receive an experimental bread rich in beta-glucan from oat bran (intervention) or bread rich in wheat fiber (control) for four weeks. All subjects had the same diet for two-week baseline period and hypocaloric diet for four weeks of intervention. Serum NO concentration and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were determined before and after the experiment. <italic>Results</italic>
. Mean age of the participants was 51.1 ± 9.3 years and 65% (<italic>n</italic>
= 39) were female. After intervention, serum NO concentration increased by 50.2 ± 19.8 <italic>μ</italic>
mol/lit in the intervention group (<italic>P</italic>
= 0.017), but no change was observed in the control group (17.5 ± 27.5 <italic>μ</italic>
mol/lit; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.530). No change of FMD was observed in the intervention (0.48 ± 0.78%; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.546) or in the control group (0.59 ± 0.92%; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.533). <italic>Conclusion</italic>
. Consumption of oat bread for four weeks increases serum NO concentration but has no effect on FMD. Further studies are warranted in this regard.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Patients flow diagram.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-481904.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Comparison of cardiovascular characteristics between the two groups before and after the intervention.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Groups</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
value∗</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oat bread<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
= 30</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheat bread<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
= 30</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight (Kg)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.2 ± 12.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.0 ± 14.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.965</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.2 ± 12.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.6 ± 13.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.911</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>
)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.9 ± 3.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.9 ± 4.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.969</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6 ± 3.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.8 ± 4.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.902</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.029</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulse rate (pulse/min)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.3 ± 6.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.7 ± 5.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.402</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.7 ± 7.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.4 ± 6.4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.334</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.803</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.487</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Systolic/diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114.8 ± 10.9/77.0 ± 9.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115.1 ± 14.6/76.3 ± 10.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.921/0.797</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.5 ± 12.1/76.3 ± 8.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114.8 ± 13.5/75.3 ± 9.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.485/0.673</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.174/0.625</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.896/0.495</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hip/waist circumference (cm)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105.3 ± 6.4/93.4 ± 9.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106.6 ± 10.3/97.6 ± 11.6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.546/0.141</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.9 ± 6.3/93.2 ± 9.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105.9 ± 10.2/97.4 ± 11.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.626/0.133</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.231/0.623</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033/0.824</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Independent <italic>t</italic>
-test, <sup>†</sup>
paired <italic>t</italic>
-test, BMI: body mass index, and BP: blood pressure.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Comparison of nitric oxide concentration and flow-mediated dilation between the intervention and control groups.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Groups</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
value∗</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oat bread<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
= 30</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheat bread<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
= 30</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nitric oxide (<italic>μ</italic>
mol/lit)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">263.2 ± 49.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">232.7 ± 57.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.689</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">313.4 ± 62.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250.2 ± 56.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.460</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.530</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> NO changes (<italic>μ</italic>
mol/lit)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.2 ± 19.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5 ± 27.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.337</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Baseline brachial artery diameter (mm)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.48 ± 0.68</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.67 ± 0.54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.252</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.55 ± 0.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.66 ± 0.55</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.492</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.895</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brachial artery diameter after ischemia (mm)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.15 ± 0.65</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.23 ± 0.54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.607</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.25 ± 0.66</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.24 ± 0.55</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.949</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.614</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flow-mediated dilation (%)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1 ± 7.3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.8 ± 5.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6 ± 7.9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4 ± 7.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>P</italic>
value<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.546</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.533</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> FMD changes (%)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48 ± 0.78</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59 ± 0.92</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.932</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Independent <italic>t</italic>
-test, <sup>†</sup>
paired <italic>t</italic>
-test, NO: nitric oxide, and FMD: flow-mediated dilation.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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