Antimycotic Activity and Genotoxic Evaluation of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia Essential Oils
Identifieur interne : 000462 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000461; suivant : 000463Antimycotic Activity and Genotoxic Evaluation of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia Essential Oils
Auteurs : Nancy J. Ruiz-Pérez ; Marisela González-Ávila ; Jaime Sánchez-Navarrete ; Julia D. Toscano-Garibay ; Mario A. Moreno-Eutimio ; Teresa Sandoval-Hernández ; Myriam Arriaga-AlbaSource :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) of
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DOI: 10.1038/srep25371
PubMed: 27137128
PubMed Central: 4853807
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Nancy J. Ruiz-Pérez<affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. Av. Normalistas # 800 Col. Colinas de la Normal</institution>, Guadalajara, Jal. México C.P. 44270</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Jal. México C.P. 44270</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Antimycotic Activity and Genotoxic Evaluation of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> and <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> Essential Oils</title><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Perez, Nancy J" sort="Ruiz Perez, Nancy J" uniqKey="Ruiz Perez N" first="Nancy J." last="Ruiz-Pérez">Nancy J. Ruiz-Pérez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Vila, Marisela" sort="Gonzalez Vila, Marisela" uniqKey="Gonzalez Vila M" first="Marisela" last="González-Ávila">Marisela González-Ávila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. Av. Normalistas # 800 Col. Colinas de la Normal</institution>, Guadalajara, Jal. México C.P. 44270</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Jal. México C.P. 44270</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Navarrete, Jaime" sort="Sanchez Navarrete, Jaime" uniqKey="Sanchez Navarrete J" first="Jaime" last="Sánchez-Navarrete">Jaime Sánchez-Navarrete</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toscano Garibay, Julia D" sort="Toscano Garibay, Julia D" uniqKey="Toscano Garibay J" first="Julia D." last="Toscano-Garibay">Julia D. Toscano-Garibay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno Eutimio, Mario A" sort="Moreno Eutimio, Mario A" uniqKey="Moreno Eutimio M" first="Mario A." last="Moreno-Eutimio">Mario A. Moreno-Eutimio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sandoval Hernandez, Teresa" sort="Sandoval Hernandez, Teresa" uniqKey="Sandoval Hernandez T" first="Teresa" last="Sandoval-Hernández">Teresa Sandoval-Hernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arriaga Alba, Myriam" sort="Arriaga Alba, Myriam" uniqKey="Arriaga Alba M" first="Myriam" last="Arriaga-Alba">Myriam Arriaga-Alba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27137128</idno><idno type="pmc">4853807</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853807</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4853807</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep25371</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000463</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000462</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Antimycotic Activity and Genotoxic Evaluation of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> and <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> Essential Oils</title><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Perez, Nancy J" sort="Ruiz Perez, Nancy J" uniqKey="Ruiz Perez N" first="Nancy J." last="Ruiz-Pérez">Nancy J. Ruiz-Pérez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Vila, Marisela" sort="Gonzalez Vila, Marisela" uniqKey="Gonzalez Vila M" first="Marisela" last="González-Ávila">Marisela González-Ávila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. Av. Normalistas # 800 Col. Colinas de la Normal</institution>, Guadalajara, Jal. México C.P. 44270</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Jal. México C.P. 44270</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Navarrete, Jaime" sort="Sanchez Navarrete, Jaime" uniqKey="Sanchez Navarrete J" first="Jaime" last="Sánchez-Navarrete">Jaime Sánchez-Navarrete</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toscano Garibay, Julia D" sort="Toscano Garibay, Julia D" uniqKey="Toscano Garibay J" first="Julia D." last="Toscano-Garibay">Julia D. Toscano-Garibay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno Eutimio, Mario A" sort="Moreno Eutimio, Mario A" uniqKey="Moreno Eutimio M" first="Mario A." last="Moreno-Eutimio">Mario A. Moreno-Eutimio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sandoval Hernandez, Teresa" sort="Sandoval Hernandez, Teresa" uniqKey="Sandoval Hernandez T" first="Teresa" last="Sandoval-Hernández">Teresa Sandoval-Hernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arriaga Alba, Myriam" sort="Arriaga Alba, Myriam" uniqKey="Arriaga Alba M" first="Myriam" last="Arriaga-Alba">Myriam Arriaga-Alba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">México D.F. C.P. 07650</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> (<italic>C. sinensis</italic>) and <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> (<italic>C. latifolia</italic>) against five <italic>Candida</italic> species: <italic>Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida lusitaniae</italic> and <italic>Candida guilliermondii</italic>; and perform its genotoxic evaluation. The EOs of <italic>C. sinensis</italic> and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> were obtained from the peel by hydro-distillation. The major components determined by GC-MS were in <italic>C. sinensis</italic>, d-limonene (96%) and α-myrcene (2.79%); and in <italic>C. latifolia</italic>, d-limonene (51.64%), β-thujene (14.85%), β-pinene (12.79%) and γ-terpinene (12.8%). Antifungal properties were studied by agar diffusion method, where <italic>C. sinensis</italic> presented low activity and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> essential oil was effective to inhibit growing of <italic>C. lusitaniae</italic> and <italic>C. guilliermondii</italic> with IC50 of 6.90 and 2.92 μg respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for <italic>C. sinensis</italic> were in a range of 0.42–3.71 μg and for <italic>C. latifolia</italic> of 0.22–1.30 μg. Genotoxic evaluation was done by Ames test where none of the oils induced point mutations. Flow cytometry was used to measure toxicity in human oral epithelial cells, <italic>C. sinensis</italic> was not cytotoxic and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> was toxic at 21.8 μg. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27137128</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4853807</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep25371</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep25371</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Antimycotic Activity and Genotoxic Evaluation of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> and <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> Essential Oils</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ruiz-Pérez</surname><given-names>Nancy J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>González-Ávila</surname><given-names>Marisela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sánchez-Navarrete</surname><given-names>Jaime</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Toscano-Garibay</surname><given-names>Julia D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moreno-Eutimio</surname><given-names>Mario A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sandoval-Hernández</surname><given-names>Teresa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arriaga-Alba</surname><given-names>Myriam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Laboratorio de Investigación microbiológica, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. Av. Normalistas # 800 Col. Colinas de la Normal</institution>, Guadalajara, Jal. México C.P. 44270</aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650</aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 5160 Col. Magdalena de las Salinas</institution>, México D.F. C.P. 07650.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>arriaga_alba@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>25371</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> (<italic>C. sinensis</italic>) and <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> (<italic>C. latifolia</italic>) against five <italic>Candida</italic> species: <italic>Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida lusitaniae</italic> and <italic>Candida guilliermondii</italic>; and perform its genotoxic evaluation. The EOs of <italic>C. sinensis</italic> and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> were obtained from the peel by hydro-distillation. The major components determined by GC-MS were in <italic>C. sinensis</italic>, d-limonene (96%) and α-myrcene (2.79%); and in <italic>C. latifolia</italic>, d-limonene (51.64%), β-thujene (14.85%), β-pinene (12.79%) and γ-terpinene (12.8%). Antifungal properties were studied by agar diffusion method, where <italic>C. sinensis</italic> presented low activity and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> essential oil was effective to inhibit growing of <italic>C. lusitaniae</italic> and <italic>C. guilliermondii</italic> with IC50 of 6.90 and 2.92 μg respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for <italic>C. sinensis</italic> were in a range of 0.42–3.71 μg and for <italic>C. latifolia</italic> of 0.22–1.30 μg. Genotoxic evaluation was done by Ames test where none of the oils induced point mutations. Flow cytometry was used to measure toxicity in human oral epithelial cells, <italic>C. sinensis</italic> was not cytotoxic and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> was toxic at 21.8 μg. These properties might bestow different odontological applications to each essential oil.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Gas chromatography of the essential oils of (<bold>a</bold>) <italic>Citrus Sinensis</italic> and (<bold>b</bold>) <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep25371-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Antimycotic activity of EO of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> and <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> against <italic>Candida albicans</italic>.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep25371-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Antimycotic activity of EO of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> and <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> against <italic>Candida tropicalis</italic>.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep25371-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Antimycotic activity of EO of <italic>C. sinensis</italic> and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> against <italic>Candida glabrata.</italic></title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep25371-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title>Antimycotic activity of EO of <italic>C. sinensis</italic> and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> against <italic>C. lusitaniae.</italic></title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep25371-f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><title>Antimycotic activity of EO of <italic>C. sinensis</italic> and <italic>C. latifolia</italic> against <italic>C. guilliermondii.</italic></title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep25371-f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><title>Mutagenic evaluation of EOs.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Ames test on <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> strain TA98. Spontaneous reversion: 24.67 + 1.7; 2AA: 2-amino-antraceno; PA: picrolonic acid. (<bold>b</bold>) Ames test on <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> strain TA100. Spontaneous reversion: 121.44 + 8.32; 2AA: 2-amino-anthracene; MNNG: metil-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. (<bold>c</bold>) Ames test on <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> strain TA102. Spontaneous reversion: <italic>305.33</italic> + <italic>57.12;</italic> 2AA: 2-amino-anthracene; 4NQO: 4-nitro-quinone-oxide.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep25371-f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><title>Viability of human epithelial cells.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) After treatment with EO of <italic>Citrus sinensis.</italic> (<bold>b</bold>) After treatment with EO of <italic>Citrus latifolia.</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep25371-f8"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Doses employed for antimycotic and cytotoxicity assays.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> (μg/50 μl)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> (μg/50 μl)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">4.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">5.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">10.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">21.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">21.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">42.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">43.6</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Doses employed on the <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> Ames test.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> (ng/petri dish)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> (ng/petri dish)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">0.842</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.872</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0842</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0872</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00842</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00872</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Chemical compositions of <italic>Citrus sinensi</italic>s and <italic>Citrus latifolia</italic> EOs by GC-MS analysis.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">RETENTION TIME</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">COMPOUND</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ABUNDANCE (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>COMPOSITION OF</bold><italic><bold>C. sinensis</bold></italic><bold>ESSENTIAL OIL</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 5.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">α-pinene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.799</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 6.36</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">β -pinene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.358</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 6.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">α -myrcene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.796</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 7.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">d-limonene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">96.046</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>COMPOSITION OF</bold><italic><bold>C. latifolia</bold></italic><bold>ESSENTIAL OIL</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 5.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">α-thujene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.48</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 5.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">α-pinene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 6.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">β-thujene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">14.85</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 6.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">β -pinene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.79</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 6.69</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">α -myrcene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.43</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 7.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">d-limonene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">51.64</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 7.99</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">γ-terpinene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.80</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 11.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Citral B</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.56</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 11.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>3,7-Nonadien-2-one, 8-methyl-, (E)</italic>-</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.93</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 13.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">geranyl propionate</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.99</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 14.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">β -farnesene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.40</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 14.71</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">α -bergamote</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.96</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 15.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">β-bisabolene</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.25*10<sup>−5</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t3-fn1"><p>Retention times were measured in minutes. Abundance percentage was calculated as a ratio of the area under the curve of each peak and the total area.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Inhibitory Concentration at 50% of growth (IC<sub>50</sub>) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC).</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center" char="."></col><col align="center" char="."></col><col align="center" char="."></col><col align="center" char="."></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>C. sinensis</italic><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>C. latifolia</italic><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">MIC</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">MIC</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. albicans</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">8.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">1.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">4.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.40</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. tropicalis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">5.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.72</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">7.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">1.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. glabrata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">3.82</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">3.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.22</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. lusitaniae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">12.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">3.71</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">6.90</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">1.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. guilliermondii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.19</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t4-fn1"><p>All concentrations are expressed as total μg added. 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