Herbal Remedies for Coccidiosis Control: A Review of Plants, Compounds, and Anticoccidial Actions
Identifieur interne : 000416 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000415; suivant : 000417Herbal Remedies for Coccidiosis Control: A Review of Plants, Compounds, and Anticoccidial Actions
Auteurs : Thangarasu Muthamilselvan [Taïwan] ; Tien-Fen Kuo [Taïwan] ; Yueh-Chen Wu [Taïwan] ; Wen-Chin Yang [Taïwan]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Coccidiosis is the bane of the poultry industry causing considerable economic loss.
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/2657981
PubMed: 27429634
PubMed Central: 4939967
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Herbal Remedies for Coccidiosis Control: A Review of Plants, Compounds, and Anticoccidial Actions</title><author><name sortKey="Muthamilselvan, Thangarasu" sort="Muthamilselvan, Thangarasu" uniqKey="Muthamilselvan T" first="Thangarasu" last="Muthamilselvan">Thangarasu Muthamilselvan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuo, Tien Fen" sort="Kuo, Tien Fen" uniqKey="Kuo T" first="Tien-Fen" last="Kuo">Tien-Fen Kuo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Yueh Chen" sort="Wu, Yueh Chen" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Yueh-Chen" last="Wu">Yueh-Chen Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Wen Chin" sort="Yang, Wen Chin" uniqKey="Yang W" first="Wen-Chin" last="Yang">Wen-Chin Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27429634</idno><idno type="pmc">4939967</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4939967</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4939967</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/2657981</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000417</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000416</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Herbal Remedies for Coccidiosis Control: A Review of Plants, Compounds, and Anticoccidial Actions</title><author><name sortKey="Muthamilselvan, Thangarasu" sort="Muthamilselvan, Thangarasu" uniqKey="Muthamilselvan T" first="Thangarasu" last="Muthamilselvan">Thangarasu Muthamilselvan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuo, Tien Fen" sort="Kuo, Tien Fen" uniqKey="Kuo T" first="Tien-Fen" last="Kuo">Tien-Fen Kuo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Yueh Chen" sort="Wu, Yueh Chen" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Yueh-Chen" last="Wu">Yueh-Chen Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Wen Chin" sort="Yang, Wen Chin" uniqKey="Yang W" first="Wen-Chin" last="Yang">Wen-Chin Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Coccidiosis is the bane of the poultry industry causing considerable economic loss.<italic> Eimeria</italic> species are known as protozoan parasites to cause morbidity and death in poultry. In addition to anticoccidial chemicals and vaccines, natural products are emerging as an alternative and complementary way to control avian coccidiosis. In this review, we update recent advances in the use of anticoccidial phytoextracts and phytocompounds, which cover 32 plants and 40 phytocompounds, following a database search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Four plant products commercially available for coccidiosis are included and discussed. We also highlight the chemical and biological properties of the plants and compounds as related to coccidiosis control. Emphasis is placed on the modes of action of the anticoccidial plants and compounds such as interference with the life cycle of<italic> Eimeria</italic>, regulation of host immunity to<italic> Eimeria</italic>, growth regulation of gut bacteria, and/or multiple mechanisms. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27429634</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4939967</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/2657981</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Herbal Remedies for Coccidiosis Control: A Review of Plants, Compounds, and Anticoccidial Actions</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Muthamilselvan</surname><given-names>Thangarasu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-9134</contrib-id><name><surname>Kuo</surname><given-names>Tien-Fen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Yueh-Chen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6410-2581</contrib-id><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Wen-Chin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Wen-Chin Yang: <email>wcyang@gate.sinica.edu.tw</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Seung-Il Jeong</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>20</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>2657981</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Thangarasu Muthamilselvan et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Coccidiosis is the bane of the poultry industry causing considerable economic loss.<italic> Eimeria</italic> species are known as protozoan parasites to cause morbidity and death in poultry. In addition to anticoccidial chemicals and vaccines, natural products are emerging as an alternative and complementary way to control avian coccidiosis. In this review, we update recent advances in the use of anticoccidial phytoextracts and phytocompounds, which cover 32 plants and 40 phytocompounds, following a database search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Four plant products commercially available for coccidiosis are included and discussed. We also highlight the chemical and biological properties of the plants and compounds as related to coccidiosis control. Emphasis is placed on the modes of action of the anticoccidial plants and compounds such as interference with the life cycle of<italic> Eimeria</italic>, regulation of host immunity to<italic> Eimeria</italic>, growth regulation of gut bacteria, and/or multiple mechanisms. Biological actions, mechanisms, and prophylactic/therapeutic potential of the compounds and extracts of plant origin in coccidiosis are summarized and discussed. </p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Plant compounds target different stages of the life cycle of<italic> Eimeria</italic> species.<italic> Eimeria</italic> species take 4–7 days to complete their life cycles. They have 3 different developmental stages in poultry: sporogony, merogony, and gametogony. This scheme is modified from the previous publication [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. Different phytocompounds inhibit the growth of<italic> Eimeria</italic> species at sporogony and merogony stages.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Immune and prebiotic modulation underlying anticoccidial compounds. In the lumens of bird guts, bacteria and<italic> Eimeria</italic> species interact with each other. Particularly, some beneficial bacteria can reduce gut lesions caused by<italic> Eimeria</italic> species. Gut-associated T cells, macrophages, and other immune cells can mount immune responses to harmful<italic> Eimeria</italic> and bacteria. Phytocompounds from plants can inhibit the multiplication of<italic> Eimeria</italic>, expand the growth of beneficial bacteria, and/or boost immunity, leading to controlling<italic> Eimeria</italic> infection in the gut of poultry.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Anticoccidial properties of plants. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant species (usage)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Usage<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> species</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parameter measured</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. flavescens</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑, OC ↓, BD ↓, LS ↓, and M ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. acutum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑, OC ↓, BD ↓, LS ↓, and M ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Q. indica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and M ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. koreana</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and LS ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>U. macrocarpa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LS ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. asiatica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and LS ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>G. japonica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LS ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. azedarach</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and LS ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9, 10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. nigrum </italic>and<italic> U. dioica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanolic extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. sieberi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petroleum ether extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, BD ↓, LS ↓, and M ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>–<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. sativum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanolic extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, M ↓, and WG ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>F. vulgare</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground leaves powder</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, M ↓, WG ↑, and BD ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. lucida</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground leaves powder</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and OC ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. swynnertonii</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanolic resinous extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, M ↓, and WG ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetone leaves extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and OC ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Origanum </italic>spp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, M ↓, and WG ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. nobilis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, M ↓, and WG ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. stoechas</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, M ↓, and WG ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. paradisiaca</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanolic extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓ and PCV ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. stenopetala</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground leaves powder</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, and WG ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. nigrum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and FC ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. arvensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and FC ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. indica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WG ↑ and FC ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. azedarach</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh juice</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixed species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>T. violacea</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetone extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, and FC ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>V. vinifera</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetone extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, and FC ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. afra</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetone extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, and FC ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>G. rhois</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground powder</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, M ↓, and WG ↑</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30, 31, 32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Q. infectoria</italic>, <italic>R. chinensis</italic>, and<italic> T. chebula</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et, Em, and Ea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OC ↓, LS ↓, and M ↓</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Et: <italic>E. tenella</italic>; Ea: <italic>E. acervulina</italic>; Ema: <italic>E. maxima</italic>; Eb: <italic>E. brunetti</italic>; En: <italic>E. necatrix</italic>; Emi: <italic>E. mivati</italic>; WG: body weight gain; OC: oocyst count; FC: feed consumption; M: mortality; EO: essential oil; BD: bloody diarrhea; FCR: feed conversion ratio; LS: lesion scores; ↑: improvement/increase/higher; ↓: decrease/lower; PCV: packed cell volume; <italic>∗</italic>: whole plants and/or aerial parts of plants were used for tests unless indicated otherwise; ?: unknown.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Phytochemicals interfering with the life cycle of <italic>Eimeria</italic> species.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Structure and formula</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mechanism</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> species</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisinin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i001.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. annua</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of oocyst wall formation and sporulation via oxidative stress</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et, Ea, and Ema</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>–<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tannin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i002.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. radiata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of sporulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et, Ea, and Ema</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Allicin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i003.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. sativum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of sporozoites</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyacetylene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i004.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. pilosa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of sporozoites; immune modulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Berberine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i005.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. lyceum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of sporozoites by oxidative stress</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N-3 fatty acids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i006.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. usitatissimum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxidative stress</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flavonoid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i007.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. conyzoides</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxidative stress</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vernoside</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i008.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>V. amygdalina</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxidative stress</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i009.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. papaya</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digestion of sporozoites in caeca</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Betaine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i010.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. vulgare</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stabilizing intestinal structure and function</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et, Ea, and Ema</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil (carvacrol, thymol, and terpinene-<italic>γ</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i011.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. compactum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Destruction of sporozoites</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil (<italic>β</italic>-thujone, 1,8-cineol, and p-cymene)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i012.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. absinthium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prevention of oocyst development</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>, <xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil (cineol, <italic>α</italic>-pinene, and bornyl acetate)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i013.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antioxidant and destruction of oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>, <xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>, <xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saponin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i014.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. cordifolia</italic>, <italic>M. citrifolia</italic>, <italic>M. arboreus</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragonoloba</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Destruction of oocysts and parasites</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil (eugenol and eugenyl acetate)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i015.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. aromaticum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Destruction of oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>, <xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil (terpinen-4-ol and terpinene-<italic>γ</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i016.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. alternifolia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Destruction of oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>, <xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil (limonene and linalool)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i017.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Destruction of oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>, <xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil (thymol and p-cymene)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i018.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>T. vulgaris</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Destruction of oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> oocysts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin (diferuloylmethane)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i019.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. longa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of sporozoites; immune modulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et and Ema</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>, <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maslinic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i020.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. europaea</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proanthocyanidin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i021.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Grape seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antioxidant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selenium</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of sporulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et, Ea, and Ema</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Febrifugine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab2.i022.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. febrifuga</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of multiplication</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Et: <italic>E. tenella</italic>; Ea: <italic>E. acervulina</italic>; Ema: <italic>E. maxima</italic>; Eb: <italic>E. brunetti</italic>; En: <italic>E. necatrix</italic>; Emi: <italic>E. mivati</italic>; ?: unknown.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Phytochemicals regulating host immunity against <italic>Eimeria</italic> species.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Structure and formula</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mechanism</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria</italic> species</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arabinoxylans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab3.i001.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>T. aestivum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune stimulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et, Ea, Ema, and En</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cinnamaldehyde</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab3.i002.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. cassia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune modulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et, Ea, and Ema</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>, <xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acemannan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab3.i003.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. vera</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune stimulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria </italic>spp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>, <xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lectin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab3.i004.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>F. fraxinea</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune stimulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Propyl thiosulfinate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab3.i005.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. sativum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protective immunity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>, <xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tannin (pedunculagin)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab3.i006.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. officinalis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune stimulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria </italic>spp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicoric acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab3.i007.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E. purpurea</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune stimulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eimeria </italic>spp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>, <xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mushroom polysaccharide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. edodes </italic>and <italic>T. fuciformis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune stimulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Et</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 32 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phenolics compounds</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. salicina</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune stimulation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>, <xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Et: <italic>E. tenella</italic>; Ea: <italic>E. acervulina</italic>; Ema: <italic>E. maxima</italic>; Eb: <italic>E. brunetti</italic>; En: <italic>E. necatrix</italic>; ?: unknown.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Phytochemicals with prebiotic function for gut microbiota.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prebiotics</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical structure</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effects on poultry microbiota</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inulin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab4.i001.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicory</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhancing gut microflora, morphology, and immunity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>, <xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mannan-oligosaccharides</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab4.i002.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fungi and yeast</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increasing digestion and gut microbiota</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>, <xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xylooligosaccharides</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab4.i003.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bamboo shoots, fruits, vegetables, and wheat bran</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increasing <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> in colon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isomaltooligosaccharides</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ECAM2016-2657981.tab4.i004.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Starch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increasing cecal probiotics and fatty acids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>, <xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soy oligosaccharides</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soybean</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Changing microbiota</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pyrodextrins</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sucrose</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increasing gut microbiota and growth performance</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oligofructose</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asparagus, sugar beet, garlic, onion, chicory, and artichoke</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increasing digestion and gut microbiota</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>, <xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>, <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arabinoxylooligosaccharides</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheat bran</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increasing digestion and gut microbiota</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>–<xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>?: unknown.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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