General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Identifieur interne : 000355 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000354; suivant : 000356General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Auteurs : Ernesto Robayo Camacho ; Juang-Horng ChongSource :
- Journal of Integrated Pest Management [ 2155-7470 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
We summarize the economic importance, biology, and management of soft scales, focusing on pests of agricultural, horticultural, and silvicultural crops in outdoor production systems and urban landscapes. We also provide summaries on voltinism, crawler emergence timing, and predictive models for crawler emergence to assist in developing soft scale management programs. Phloem-feeding soft scale pests cause direct (e.g., injuries to plant tissues and removal of nutrients) and indirect damage (e.g., reduction in photosynthesis and aesthetic value by honeydew and sooty mold). Variations in life cycle, reproduction, fecundity, and behavior exist among congenerics due to host, environmental, climatic, and geographical variations. Sampling of soft scale pests involves sighting the insects or their damage, and assessing their abundance. Crawlers of most univoltine species emerge in the spring and the summer. Degree-day models and plant phenological indicators help determine the initiation of sampling and treatment against crawlers (the life stage most vulnerable to contact insecticides). The efficacy of cultural management tactics, such as fertilization, pruning, and irrigation, in reducing soft scale abundance is poorly documented. A large number of parasitoids and predators attack soft scale populations in the field; therefore, natural enemy conservation by using selective insecticides is important. Systemic insecticides provide greater flexibility in application method and timing, and have longer residual longevity than contact insecticides. Application timing of contact insecticides that coincides with crawler emergence is most effective in reducing soft scale abundance.
Url:
DOI: 10.1093/jipm/pmv016
PubMed: 26823990
PubMed Central: 4725186
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)</title><author><name sortKey="Camacho, Ernesto Robayo" sort="Camacho, Ernesto Robayo" uniqKey="Camacho E" first="Ernesto Robayo" last="Camacho">Ernesto Robayo Camacho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chong, Juang Horng" sort="Chong, Juang Horng" uniqKey="Chong J" first="Juang-Horng" last="Chong">Juang-Horng Chong</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26823990</idno><idno type="pmc">4725186</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725186</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4725186</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/jipm/pmv016</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000356</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000355</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)</title><author><name sortKey="Camacho, Ernesto Robayo" sort="Camacho, Ernesto Robayo" uniqKey="Camacho E" first="Ernesto Robayo" last="Camacho">Ernesto Robayo Camacho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chong, Juang Horng" sort="Chong, Juang Horng" uniqKey="Chong J" first="Juang-Horng" last="Chong">Juang-Horng Chong</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Integrated Pest Management</title><idno type="eISSN">2155-7470</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We summarize the economic importance, biology, and management of soft scales, focusing on pests of agricultural, horticultural, and silvicultural crops in outdoor production systems and urban landscapes. We also provide summaries on voltinism, crawler emergence timing, and predictive models for crawler emergence to assist in developing soft scale management programs. Phloem-feeding soft scale pests cause direct (e.g., injuries to plant tissues and removal of nutrients) and indirect damage (e.g., reduction in photosynthesis and aesthetic value by honeydew and sooty mold). Variations in life cycle, reproduction, fecundity, and behavior exist among congenerics due to host, environmental, climatic, and geographical variations. Sampling of soft scale pests involves sighting the insects or their damage, and assessing their abundance. Crawlers of most univoltine species emerge in the spring and the summer. Degree-day models and plant phenological indicators help determine the initiation of sampling and treatment against crawlers (the life stage most vulnerable to contact insecticides). The efficacy of cultural management tactics, such as fertilization, pruning, and irrigation, in reducing soft scale abundance is poorly documented. A large number of parasitoids and predators attack soft scale populations in the field; therefore, natural enemy conservation by using selective insecticides is important. Systemic insecticides provide greater flexibility in application method and timing, and have longer residual longevity than contact insecticides. Application timing of contact insecticides that coincides with crawler emergence is most effective in reducing soft scale abundance.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abd Elhalim Moharum, F" uniqKey="Abd Elhalim Moharum F">F. Abd-Elhalim Moharum</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abd Rabou, S" uniqKey="Abd Rabou S">S. Abd-Rabou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, N" uniqKey="Ali N">N. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Integr Pest Manag</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Integr Pest Manag</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jipm</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">jipm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Integrated Pest Management</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2155-7470</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26823990</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4725186</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jipm/pmv016</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pmv016</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Profiles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Camacho</surname><given-names>Ernesto Robayo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chong</surname><given-names>Juang-Horng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="pmv016-COR1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><aff>Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 2200 Pocket Road, Florence, SC 29506 (<email>crobayo@g.clemson.edu</email>;<email>juanghc@clemson.edu</email>).</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="pmv016-COR1"><sup>1</sup>Cortresponding author, e-mail: <email>juanghc@clemson.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>17</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" license-type="creative-commons"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>We summarize the economic importance, biology, and management of soft scales, focusing on pests of agricultural, horticultural, and silvicultural crops in outdoor production systems and urban landscapes. We also provide summaries on voltinism, crawler emergence timing, and predictive models for crawler emergence to assist in developing soft scale management programs. Phloem-feeding soft scale pests cause direct (e.g., injuries to plant tissues and removal of nutrients) and indirect damage (e.g., reduction in photosynthesis and aesthetic value by honeydew and sooty mold). Variations in life cycle, reproduction, fecundity, and behavior exist among congenerics due to host, environmental, climatic, and geographical variations. Sampling of soft scale pests involves sighting the insects or their damage, and assessing their abundance. Crawlers of most univoltine species emerge in the spring and the summer. Degree-day models and plant phenological indicators help determine the initiation of sampling and treatment against crawlers (the life stage most vulnerable to contact insecticides). The efficacy of cultural management tactics, such as fertilization, pruning, and irrigation, in reducing soft scale abundance is poorly documented. A large number of parasitoids and predators attack soft scale populations in the field; therefore, natural enemy conservation by using selective insecticides is important. Systemic insecticides provide greater flexibility in application method and timing, and have longer residual longevity than contact insecticides. Application timing of contact insecticides that coincides with crawler emergence is most effective in reducing soft scale abundance.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>biological control</kwd><kwd>chemical control</kwd><kwd>crawler emergence</kwd><kwd>cultural control</kwd><kwd>voltinism</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="22"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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