Host Plants Identification for Adult Agrotis ipsilon, a Long-Distance Migratory Insect
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Auteurs : Yongqiang Liu ; Xiaowei Fu ; Limi Mao ; Zhenlong Xing ; Kongming WuSource :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences [ 1422-0067 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
In this study, we determined the host relationship of
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060851
PubMed: 27271592
PubMed Central: 4926385
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Host Plants Identification for Adult <italic>Agrotis ipsilon</italic>, a Long-Distance Migratory Insect</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Yongqiang" sort="Liu, Yongqiang" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yongqiang" last="Liu">Yongqiang Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851">State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Xiaowei" sort="Fu, Xiaowei" uniqKey="Fu X" first="Xiaowei" last="Fu">Xiaowei Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851">State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mao, Limi" sort="Mao, Limi" uniqKey="Mao L" first="Limi" last="Mao">Limi Mao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-17-00851">Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;<email>lmmao@nigpas.ac.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xing, Zhenlong" sort="Xing, Zhenlong" uniqKey="Xing Z" first="Zhenlong" last="Xing">Zhenlong Xing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851">State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Kongming" sort="Wu, Kongming" uniqKey="Wu K" first="Kongming" last="Wu">Kongming Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851">State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27271592</idno><idno type="pmc">4926385</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926385</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4926385</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijms17060851</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000345</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000344</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Host Plants Identification for Adult <italic>Agrotis ipsilon</italic>, a Long-Distance Migratory Insect</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Yongqiang" sort="Liu, Yongqiang" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yongqiang" last="Liu">Yongqiang Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851">State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Xiaowei" sort="Fu, Xiaowei" uniqKey="Fu X" first="Xiaowei" last="Fu">Xiaowei Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851">State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mao, Limi" sort="Mao, Limi" uniqKey="Mao L" first="Limi" last="Mao">Limi Mao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-17-00851">Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;<email>lmmao@nigpas.ac.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xing, Zhenlong" sort="Xing, Zhenlong" uniqKey="Xing Z" first="Zhenlong" last="Xing">Zhenlong Xing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851">State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Kongming" sort="Wu, Kongming" uniqKey="Wu K" first="Kongming" last="Wu">Kongming Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851">State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1422-0067</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In this study, we determined the host relationship of <italic>Agrotis ipsilon</italic> moths by identifying pollen species adhering them during their long-distance migration. Pollen carried by <italic>A. ipsilon</italic> moths was collected from 2012 to 2014 on a small island in the center of the Bohai Strait, which is a seasonal migration pathway of this pest species. Genomic DNA of single pollen grains was amplified by using whole genome amplification technology, and a portion of the chloroplast <italic>rbcL</italic> sequence was then amplified from this material. Pollen species were identified by a combination of DNA barcoding and pollen morphology. We found 28 species of pollen from 18 families on the tested moths, mainly from Angiosperm, Dicotyledoneae. From this, we were able to determine that these moths visit woody plants more than herbaceous plants that they carry more pollen in the early and late stages of the migration season, and that the amounts of pollen transportation were related to moth sex, moth body part, and plant species. In general, 31% of female and 26% of male moths were found to be carrying pollen. Amounts of pollen on the proboscis was higher for female than male moths, while the reverse was true for pollen loads on the antennae. This work provides a new approach to study the interactions between noctuid moth and their host plants. Identification of plant hosts for adult moths furthers understanding of the coevolution processes between moths and their host plants.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Futuyma, D J" uniqKey="Futuyma D">D.J. Futuyma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agrawal, A A" uniqKey="Agrawal A">A.A. Agrawal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Forister, M L" uniqKey="Forister M">M.L. Forister</name></author><author><name sortKey="Novotny, V" uniqKey="Novotny V">V. Novotny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panorska, A K" uniqKey="Panorska A">A.K. Panorska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baje, L" uniqKey="Baje L">L. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27271592</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4926385</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms17060851</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-17-00851</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Host Plants Identification for Adult <italic>Agrotis ipsilon</italic>, a Long-Distance Migratory Insect</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Yongqiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-17-00851">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname><given-names>Xiaowei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-17-00851">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mao</surname><given-names>Limi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-17-00851">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xing</surname><given-names>Zhenlong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-17-00851">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Kongming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-17-00851">1</xref><xref rid="c1-ijms-17-00851" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Maffei</surname><given-names>Massimo</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijms-17-00851"><label>1</label>State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;<email>lyq364467268@163.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>fxw1983@126.com</email> (X.F.);<email>longtaitou100@126.com</email> (Z.X.)</aff><aff id="af2-ijms-17-00851"><label>2</label>Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;<email>lmmao@nigpas.ac.cn</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-17-00851"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>wukongming@caas.cn</email>; Tel.: +86-10-8210-5551</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>851</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>In this study, we determined the host relationship of <italic>Agrotis ipsilon</italic> moths by identifying pollen species adhering them during their long-distance migration. Pollen carried by <italic>A. ipsilon</italic> moths was collected from 2012 to 2014 on a small island in the center of the Bohai Strait, which is a seasonal migration pathway of this pest species. Genomic DNA of single pollen grains was amplified by using whole genome amplification technology, and a portion of the chloroplast <italic>rbcL</italic> sequence was then amplified from this material. Pollen species were identified by a combination of DNA barcoding and pollen morphology. We found 28 species of pollen from 18 families on the tested moths, mainly from Angiosperm, Dicotyledoneae. From this, we were able to determine that these moths visit woody plants more than herbaceous plants that they carry more pollen in the early and late stages of the migration season, and that the amounts of pollen transportation were related to moth sex, moth body part, and plant species. In general, 31% of female and 26% of male moths were found to be carrying pollen. Amounts of pollen on the proboscis was higher for female than male moths, while the reverse was true for pollen loads on the antennae. This work provides a new approach to study the interactions between noctuid moth and their host plants. Identification of plant hosts for adult moths furthers understanding of the coevolution processes between moths and their host plants.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Agrotis ipsilon</italic></kwd><kwd>pollen</kwd><kwd>molecular identification</kwd><kwd>“insect-host plant” coevolution</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="ijms-17-00851-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microphotographs of the examined pollen species. 1. <italic>Castanea mollissima</italic>; 2. <italic>Prunus yedoensis/Prunus subhirtella/Prunus serrulata</italic>; 3. <italic>Ligustrum lucidum/Ligustrum sempervirens</italic>; 4. <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>; 5. <italic>Melia azedarach</italic>; 6. <italic>Flueggea virosa</italic>; 7. <italic>Hoboellia parviflora/Hoboellia grandiflora</italic>; 8. <italic>Olea europaea</italic>; <italic>9. Amorpha fruticosa</italic>; 10. <italic>Alniphyllum fortunei</italic>; 11. <italic>Robinia pseudoacacia</italic>; 12. <italic>Llex cornuta/Ilex corallina</italic>; 13. <italic>Pterocarya rhoifolia</italic>; 14. <italic>Castanopsis echinocarpa</italic>; 15. <italic>Taraxacum officinale/Taraxacum platypecidium</italic>; 16. <italic>Pinus tabuliformis/Pinus thunbergii/Pinus nigra/Pinus densiflora/Pinus kesiya/Pinus sylvestris/Pinus tropicalis</italic>; 17. <italic>Brassica rapa/Brassica napus/Brassica oleracea/Brassica juncea</italic>; 18. <italic>Elaeagnus umbellata</italic>; 19. <italic>Helianthus annuus</italic>; 20. <italic>Adenophora trachelioides/Adenophora remotiflora</italic>; 21<italic>. Smilax</italic> L.; 22. <italic>Chenopodium album</italic>; 23<italic>.</italic> Rosaceae; 24. Rosaceae; 25. Violaceae (close to <italic>Viola</italic>); 26. Compositae (close to Coreopsis, <italic>Sigebeckia</italic>); 27. Compositae (also similar to <italic>Cosmos</italic>, <italic>Kalimeris</italic>, <italic>Aster</italic>); 28. <italic>Aster</italic> L. (also similar to <italic>Chrysanthemum</italic>, <italic>Matricaria</italic>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-17-00851-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijms-17-00851-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Frequencies of pollen deposition on female and male proboscises, antennae and total (proboscis and antennae) of <italic>A. ipsilon</italic> moths; (<bold>B</bold>) Frequencies of pollen deposition on proboscis and antennae of female, male and total (female and male) of <italic>A. ipsilon</italic> moths. Double asterisks (<bold>**</bold>) indicates there was significant difference at the 1% level as determined by a <italic>t</italic>-test, and ns indicates there was no significant difference.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-17-00851-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijms-17-00851-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Frequencies of pollen deposition on migratory <italic>A. ipsilon</italic> near the Bohai Sea area in different migration stages during 2012–2014. Bars sharing the same letter mean there were no significant differences at the 5% level by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) tests.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-17-00851-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijms-17-00851-f004" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>The characteristic of pollen source plants of migratory <italic>A. ipsilon</italic> during 2012–2014. Single asterisk (*) or double asterisks (**) indicates there was significant difference at the 5% or 1% level as determined by chi-squared test.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-17-00851-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="ijms-17-00851-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-17-00851-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Molecular and morphological identification of plant species by identifying pollen.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identified Plants</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>rbcL</italic>-Molecular Identification</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pollen Morphology Identification</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distributed in China</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Castanea mollissima</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Castanea mollissima</italic>/<italic>Castanea sativa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Castanea</italic> Mill./<break></break><italic>Castanopsis</italic> Spach.<italic>/Lithocarpus</italic> Bl.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Castanea mollissima</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus yedoensis/</italic><break></break><italic>Prunus subhirtella/</italic><break></break><italic>Prunus serrulata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Prunus yedoensis/</italic><break></break><italic>Prunus subhirtella/Prunus serrulata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus yedoensis/</italic><break></break><italic>Prunus subhirtella/</italic><break></break><italic>Prunus serrulata</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ligustrum lucidum/</italic><break></break><italic>Ligustrum sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ligustrum lucidum/Ligustrum sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oleaceae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ligustrum lucidum/</italic><break></break><italic>Ligustrum sempervirens</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Citrus maxima/Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus maxima/Citrus sinensis</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melia azedarach</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Melia azedarach</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melia</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melia azedarach</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Flueggea virosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Flueggea virosa/Flueggea neowawraea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eucommiaceae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Flueggea virosa</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hoboellia parviflora/</italic><break></break><italic>Hoboellia grandiflora</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Stauntonia duclouxii/</italic><break></break><italic>Hoboellia parviflora/Hoboellia grandiflora/</italic><break></break><italic>Parvatia brunoniana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Holboellia</italic> Wall.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stauntonia duclouxii/</italic><break></break><italic>Hoboellia parviflora/</italic><break></break><italic>Hoboellia grandiflora/</italic><break></break><italic>Parvatia brunoniana</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea europaea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Olea europaea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oleaceae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea europaea</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amorpha fruticosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Amorpha fruticosa/Amorpha canescens</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amorpha</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amorpha fruticosa</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alniphyllum fortunei</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Alniphyllum fortunei</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alniphyllum fortunei</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alniphyllum fortunei</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Robinia pseudoacacia</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Robinia pseudoacacia</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Robinia</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Robinia pseudoacacia</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Llex cornuta/Ilex corallina</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Llex cornuta/Ilex corallina</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Llex</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Llex cornuta/Ilex corallina</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pterocarya rhoifolia</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Pterocarya rhoifolia</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pterocarya</italic> Kunth.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pterocarya rhoifolia</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Castanopsis echinocarpa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Castanopsis echinocarpa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Castanea</italic> Mill.<italic>/Castanopsis</italic> Spach./<break></break><italic>Lithocarpus</italic> Bl.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Castanopsis echinocarpa</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Taraxacum officinale/</italic><break></break><italic>Taraxacum platypecidium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Taraxacum alpinum/</italic><break></break><italic>Taraxacum officinale/Taraxacum platypecidium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Taraxacum</italic> Weber</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Taraxacum officinale/</italic><break></break><italic>Taraxacum platypecidium</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus tabuliformis/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus thunbergii/Pinus nigra/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus densiflora/Pinus kesiya/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus sylvestris/Pinus tropicalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Pinus tabuliformis/Pinus thunbergii/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus nigra/Pinus densiflora/Pinus densata/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus hwangshanensis/Pinus kesiya/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus sylvestris/Pinus tropicalis/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus yunnanensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus tabuliformis/Pinus thunbergii/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus nigra/Pinus densiflora/Pinus kesiya/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus sylvestris/Pinus tropicalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus tabuliformis/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus thunbergii/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus nigra/Pinus densiflora/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus kesiya/Pinus sylvestris/</italic><break></break><italic>Pinus tropicalis</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica rapa/Brassica napus/</italic><break></break><italic>Brassica oleracea/Brassica juncea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Brassica rapa/Brassica napus/</italic><break></break><italic>Brassica oleracea/Brassica juncea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cruciferae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica rapa/Brassica napus/</italic><break></break><italic>Brassica oleracea/</italic><break></break><italic>Brassica juncea</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elaeagnus umbellata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Elaeagnus umbellata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elaeagnus</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elaeagnus umbellata</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Helianthus</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Helianthus</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compositae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Helianthus</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Adenophora trachelioides/</italic><break></break><italic>Adenophora remotiflora</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Adenophora trachelioides/</italic><break></break><italic>Adenophora remotiflora/Hanabusaya asiatica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Adenophora</italic> Flash.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Adenophora trachelioides/</italic><break></break><italic>Adenophora remotiflora</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Smilax</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Smilax</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Smilax</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Smilax</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chenopodium album</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sister to <italic>Chenopodium ficifolium/</italic><break></break><italic>Chenopodium album</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chenopodium album</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chenopodium ficifolium/</italic><break></break><italic>Chenopodium album</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentifiable</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentifiable</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Violaceae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentifiable</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Violaceae (close to <italic>Viola</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Violaceae</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compositae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentifiable</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compositae (close to Coreopsis, <italic>Sigebeckia</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compositae</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compositae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentifiable</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compositae (also similar to <italic>Cosmos</italic>, <italic>Kalimeris</italic>, <italic>Aster</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compositae</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aster</italic> L.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentifiable</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aster</italic> L. (also similar to <italic>Chrysanthemum</italic>, <italic>Matricaria</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aster</italic> L.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijms-17-00851-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-17-00851-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Chi-squared test and a Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test for tested frequencies of pollen deposition on <italic>A. ipsilon.</italic></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Female and Male Pollen Carrier Rate of <italic>A. ipsilon</italic> Moths</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Proboscis and Antennae Pollen Carrier Rate of <italic>A. ipsilon</italic> Moths</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="12" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Proboscis</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.30</td><td rowspan="12" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.46</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.038</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.56</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.09</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.57</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.75</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012–2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.57</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012–2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.25</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Antennae</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.11</td><td rowspan="12" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.52</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.39</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.84</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.036</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.89</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.34</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012–2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.73</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012–2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.62</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.059</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Proboscis and antennae</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.049</td><td rowspan="12" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Female and male</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.560</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.10</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.54</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.74</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.74</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.053</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012–2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">2012–2014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.09</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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