Gelatinomyces siamensis gen. sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, incertae sedis) on bamboo in Thailand
Identifieur interne : 000F62 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000F61; suivant : 000F63Gelatinomyces siamensis gen. sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, incertae sedis) on bamboo in Thailand
Auteurs : Niwat Sanoamuang ; Wuttiwat Jitjak ; Sureelak Rodtong ; Anthony J. S. WhalleySource :
- IMA Fungus [ 2210-6340 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.08
PubMed: 23898414
PubMed Central: 3719209
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PMC:3719209Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> gen<italic>.</italic> sp. nov. (<italic>Ascomycota</italic>, <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>, <italic>incertae sedis</italic>) on bamboo in Thailand</title><author><name sortKey="Sanoamuang, Niwat" sort="Sanoamuang, Niwat" uniqKey="Sanoamuang N" first="Niwat" last="Sanoamuang">Niwat Sanoamuang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jitjak, Wuttiwat" sort="Jitjak, Wuttiwat" uniqKey="Jitjak W" first="Wuttiwat" last="Jitjak">Wuttiwat Jitjak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodtong, Sureelak" sort="Rodtong, Sureelak" uniqKey="Rodtong S" first="Sureelak" last="Rodtong">Sureelak Rodtong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">School of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whalley, Anthony J S" sort="Whalley, Anthony J S" uniqKey="Whalley A" first="Anthony J. S." last="Whalley">Anthony J. S. Whalley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Bldg. 3, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23898414</idno><idno type="pmc">3719209</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3719209</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3719209</idno><idno type="doi">10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.08</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F62</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> gen<italic>.</italic> sp. nov. (<italic>Ascomycota</italic>, <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>, <italic>incertae sedis</italic>) on bamboo in Thailand</title><author><name sortKey="Sanoamuang, Niwat" sort="Sanoamuang, Niwat" uniqKey="Sanoamuang N" first="Niwat" last="Sanoamuang">Niwat Sanoamuang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jitjak, Wuttiwat" sort="Jitjak, Wuttiwat" uniqKey="Jitjak W" first="Wuttiwat" last="Jitjak">Wuttiwat Jitjak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodtong, Sureelak" sort="Rodtong, Sureelak" uniqKey="Rodtong S" first="Sureelak" last="Rodtong">Sureelak Rodtong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">School of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whalley, Anthony J S" sort="Whalley, Anthony J S" uniqKey="Whalley A" first="Anthony J. S." last="Whalley">Anthony J. S. Whalley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Bldg. 3, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">IMA Fungus</title><idno type="ISSN">2210-6340</idno><idno type="eISSN">2210-6359</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> gen. sp. nov., <italic>incertae sedis</italic> within <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>, the Siamese jelly-ball, is described. The fungus was collected from bamboo culms and branches in Nam Nao National Park, Phetchabun, Thailand. It presents as a ping-pong ball-sized and golf ball-like gelatinous ascostroma. The asci have numerous ascospores, are thick-walled, and arise on discoid apothecia which are aggregated and clustered to form the spherical gelatinous structures. An hyphomycete asexual morph is morphologically somewhat phialophora-like, and produces red pigments. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis based on rRNA, SSU, and LSU gene sequences, the lineage is closest to <italic>Collophora</italic><italic>rubra</italic>. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">IMA Fungus</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">IMA Fungus</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IMA Fungus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>IMA Fungus</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2210-6340</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2210-6359</issn><publisher><publisher-name>International Mycological Association</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23898414</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3719209</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.08</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title><italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> gen<italic>.</italic> sp. nov. (<italic>Ascomycota</italic>, <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>, <italic>incertae sedis</italic>) on bamboo in Thailand</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanoamuang</surname><given-names>Niwat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="COR1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jitjak</surname><given-names>Wuttiwat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rodtong</surname><given-names>Sureelak</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Whalley</surname><given-names>Anthony J.S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>School of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Bldg. 3, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</aff><author-notes><corresp id="COR1">corresponding author e-mail: <email>niwatsanoa@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>71</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 International Mycological Association</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode"><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:</license-p><license-p><bold>Attribution:</bold> You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).</license-p><license-p><bold>Non-commercial:</bold> You may not use this work for commercial purposes.</license-p><license-p><bold>No derivative works:</bold> You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.</license-p><license-p>For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode</ext-link>. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><p><italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> gen. sp. nov., <italic>incertae sedis</italic> within <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>, the Siamese jelly-ball, is described. The fungus was collected from bamboo culms and branches in Nam Nao National Park, Phetchabun, Thailand. It presents as a ping-pong ball-sized and golf ball-like gelatinous ascostroma. The asci have numerous ascospores, are thick-walled, and arise on discoid apothecia which are aggregated and clustered to form the spherical gelatinous structures. An hyphomycete asexual morph is morphologically somewhat phialophora-like, and produces red pigments. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis based on rRNA, SSU, and LSU gene sequences, the lineage is closest to <italic>Collophora</italic><italic>rubra</italic>. However, ITS sequences place the fungus on a well-separated branch from that fungus, and the morphological and ecological differences exclude it from <italic>Collophora</italic>.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Bambusa</italic></kwd><kwd>Bambusicolous fungi</kwd><kwd><italic>Collophora</italic></kwd><kwd>Gelatinous ascostroma</kwd><kwd>Kao-niew ling</kwd><kwd>Siamese jelly-ball</kwd><kwd>Molecular phylogeny</kwd><kwd>Polyspored asci</kwd><kwd>Red pigments</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Five specimens of a rarely encountered fungus were collected by N. S. from twigs of a bamboo (“Bong”; <italic>Bambusa nutans</italic>) in Nam-Nao National Park, Thailand, in August and September 2009–2011. The local name, “Siamese jelly-ball” or “kao-niew ling”, recalls the dark, golf ball-like and gelatinous ascostromata, and it is claimed to be edible. It has only been found on bamboo, and was not seen on any other plants in the area. It occurs at 390–840 m, where the average temperature is generally less than at lower and flatter localities.</p><p>Numerous bambusicolous fungi have been reported, with the number of fungal genera reportedly greater in the tropical regions than other regions due to the higher number of bamboo species. More than 630 species of fungi are known from bamboo, most of which are ascomycetes; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">Eriksson & Yue (1998)</xref> discuss 587 names of pyrenomycetes described on bamboo, and approximately 200 species occur in south-east Asia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">Hyde <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). However, few produce distinctive to sometimes very large ascostroma similar to those seen in the Thai fungus. <italic>Daldinia</italic><italic>bambusicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Ju <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>) has a black, smooth surface, and relatively smaller ascostromata. <italic>Engleromyces goetzei</italic> produces very large ascostromata, up to 4.5 kg in weight, and <italic>E. sinensis</italic> is also considerably larger than <italic>Gelatinomyces</italic>; these two species appear to be confined to particular bamboo species normally found on very high mountains (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">Whalley <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>). The hypocrealean fungi, <italic>Ascopolyporus philodendrus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Bischoff <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>)<italic>, Moelleriella</italic><italic>gaertneriana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Chaverri <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>), and <italic>Mycomalus</italic><italic>bambusinus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">Bischoff & White 2003</xref>), produce rather pale, smooth-walled or brain-like ascostromata and are probably associated with insects. <italic>Munkia martyris</italic>, <italic>Neomunkia sydowii</italic> and <italic>Ustilaginoidea virens</italic> are other hypocrealean fungi in the tribe <italic>Ustilaginoideae</italic> producing large asexual stromata on bamboo twigs but their relationships have not yet been resolved (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Bischoff <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>). In addition, <italic>Shiraia bambusicola</italic> (<italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, <italic>Pleosporomycetidae</italic>) produces spectacular pinkish orange ascostromata (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). All taxa mentioned above have perithecoid or flask-shaped ascomata, 8-spored asci, ascospores that are not to several septate, may or may not have interascal filaments, and occur on living leaves or branches.</p><p>Since the Siamese jelly-ball fungus is distinct from any previously scientifically named fungus, it is described as a monotypic new genus here. It does, however, have some affiliation to <italic>Collophora,</italic> but molecular evidence supports its separation.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="s2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="s2a"><title>Collecting and field sites</title><p>Five specimens were collected from <italic>Bambusa nutans,</italic> along creeks in Nam Nao National Park, Thailand, at an altitude of 390–840 m. The first specimen was found behind the Nam Nao Tourist Service area in late September 2009, and the next four specimens were from bamboo along the main road in August and September 2011. Bamboo branches or culms with specimens were cut off from the main culms, wrapped in newspaper and brought back to the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, for isolation into pure culture. Dried reference specimens and living cultures have been deposited at the Khon Kaen University Culture Collection (KKUK), at Biotec Culture Collection (GESIASCO), CBS and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (K; GESI).</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>Isolation, spore discharge, and germination</title><p>Two isolation techniques were employed to obtain pure cultures: tissue transplanting from parts of ascomata, and ascospores forced to eject directly from asci by exposing a piece of ascomata to incandescent light, Phillips 220V, 15W, for a few minutes. Ejected ascospores were collected on PDA plates or in sterile Petri dishes. The ejected ascospores on PDA plates were allowed to germinate directly to form colonies, while those in the empty Petri dishes were diluted in sterilized water and subsequently plated out on PDA plates to obtain single ascospore isolates. All white colonies forming within 3–4 d, with diffusible red pigment in the agar on the reverse side of these colonies were then selected and maintained for further study.</p></sec><sec id="s2c"><title>Morphological investigation</title><p>Fresh gelatinous ascostromata and thin sections of ascomata embedded in paraffin wax were examined by light microscopy (Olympus Model BX51 and DP21-LPT) equipped with anOlympus Nomarski Slider for Transmitted Light U-DICT (Olympus Model U-DICT) to record the detailed morphology of the sexual and asexual morphs. Slide cultures of representative isolates, from stroma, single ascus, and single ascospore isolations, were also examined microscopically for the development of asexual structures and for the production of crystals of insoluble pigment. Structures were mounted in water, and 30 measurements (at 1 000 ×) made of each feature. The 5<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles were defined for all measurements, and the extremes are given in parentheses, including the value of the mean ± <sc>SD</sc> and L/W ratio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">Gramaje <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). To investigate discrete conidiomata production, water agar culture plates with sterile pine needles were placed under conditions defined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">Gramaje <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref> for 4–5 wk. Ascospores and conidia were suspended in distilled water then air dried on cellulose acetate filter paper (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Bohemia, NY) for scanning electron microscopy. The samples were sputter-coated with a film of gold using a Polaron Range SC7620 sputter coater and examined under a LEO 145OVP scanning electron microscope.</p></sec><sec id="s2d"><title>DNA extraction, PCR amplification, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis</title><p>The genomic DNA of representative strains isolated from single asci and single ascospores was extracted from active growing mycelia on PDA plates using a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Jeewon <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Cai <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). The whole and partial sequences from three different regions of the rDNA molecules; the ribosomal small subunit (SSU), large subunit (LSU), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), characterised by different rates of evolution, were amplified by PCR using primers having sequences and target regions shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1.</xref> Whole sequences of SSU were cloned using pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI) and <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> DH5α as a host. The amplification conditions were performed in a 50 μL reaction volume as follows: 1 × PCR buffer (Invitrogen™ Life Technologies, Foster, CA), 0.2 mM each dNTP, 0.3 μM of each primer, 1.5 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 0.8 units <italic>Tag</italic> DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen™ Life Technologies), and 100 ng DNA. PCR parameters for all the regions were as follows: initial denaturation at 94 <sup>°</sup>C for 3 min, 30 cycles of 94 <sup>°</sup>C for 1 min, 52 <sup>°</sup>C for 50 s, and 72 <sup>°</sup>C for 1 min, and final extension of 72 <sup>°</sup>C for 10 min. The PCR amplified products were examined by electrophoresis using 1 % agarose gel containing ethidium bromide (0.5 μzzg mL). The separated PCR products were then observed under short wavelength UV light. DNA sequencing was performed using the primers as mentioned above in an Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA Analyser at Macrogen Inc (#60-24, Gasan-dang, Geumchen-gu, Seoul, Korea). Since we could not assign or differentiate the fungus to known taxa, we used SSU, LSU and ITS for sequence comparisons and in BLASTn searches (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</ext-link>). The rDNA sequences of the new fungus have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers JX219377 and JX219378 (SSU), JX219381 and JX219382 (LSU), and JX219379 and JX219380 (ITS regions including 5.8S rDNA) for isolates KKUK1 and KKUK2, respectively.</p><p>To construct the phylogenetic tree, the analysis was modified from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">Greif <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>, instead of using two taxa, <italic>Orbilia auricolor</italic> and <italic>Scutellinia scutellata</italic> as outgroup, only <italic>O. auricolor</italic> was employed. The sequence data of the Siamese Jelly-ball were aligned by ClustalX2 with sequences of 60 species retrieved from GenBank (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</ext-link>) representing different classes of ascomycete fungi, including <italic>Arthoniomycetes</italic>, <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, <italic>Eurotiomycetes</italic>, <italic>Le-canoromycetes</italic>, <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>, <italic>Lichinomycetes,</italic> and <italic>Sor-dariomycetes,</italic> where both SSU and LSU sequences data were available (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>), and manually edited by MEGA 5.05. A data set comprising all known species of <italic>Collophora</italic> with available ITS sequences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>) was used for comparison and the outgroups for this dataset were <italic>Neobulgaria pura</italic> and <italic>Leotia lubrica</italic>. A maximum parsimony analysis was conducted using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Swofford 1998</xref>). A heuristic search was performed using parsimony as the optimality criterion. Gaps were treated as missing data. Starting trees were obtained at random via stepwise addition with tree-bisection-reconnection as the branch-swapping algorithm, and with the MulTrees option in effect. After 100 stepwise additional sequences were completed, confidence in the branches of the resulting trees was evaluated by bootstrap analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">Felsenstein 1985</xref>) using 1000 replicates. The resultant tree was visualized using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Swofford 1998</xref>). Additionally, Bayesian analysis using MrBayes version 3.2.1 which approximates posterior probabilities of clades using a Markov chain-Monte Carlo (MCMC) method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">Huelsenbeck & Ronquist 2001</xref>) were performed. Four chains for a total of 2 500 000 generations for SSU and LSU datasets and 600 000 generations for ITS dataset with phylogenetic trees sampled every 100 generations were applied to all searches. The general time-reversible model with invariant sites and gamma distribution (GTR + I + Γ) were used. Scores in Baysian analyses were estimated as posterior probabilities calculated from the posterior distribution of trees excluding 25 % burn-in trees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">Huelsenbeck & Rannala 2004</xref>). Nodes obtained from both analysis were considered well supported by bootstrap values greater than or equal to 70 % and posterior probabilities greater than or equal to 0.95 (Spatafora <italic>et al.</italic> 2007).</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>The total number of characters in the SSU analysis was 2954, including gaps. All characters were given equal weight. The number of constant characters was 1122, and 1039 were parsimony-informative. The maximum parsimony analysis yielded a single tree with 4968 characters. The scores of the tree were as following; Consistency index (CI) = 0.623, Retention index (RI) = 0.468, Rescaled consistency index (RC) = 0.291, and Homoplasy index (HI) = 0.377. In the partial LSU sequence, the total number of characters from the alignment was 644 with gaps; 268 and 299 out of these 644 characters were constant and parsimony-informative, respectively. Only one tree was generated by maximum parsimony analysis from the LSU data set, with CI = 0.338, RI = 0.635, RC = 0.215, and HI = 0.622.</p><p>In the SSU tree, only members of one class of fungi grouped in the same clade as isolates KKUK1 and KKUK2. These belonged to <italic>Leotiomycetes,</italic> with a bootstrap score of 70 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>). This suggests that the two isolates KKUK1 and KKUK2 are <italic>Leotiomycetes.</italic> To ascertain their closest sequenced relatives, the SSU sequences were also compared to those available in GenBank using the standard nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST program. Isolates KKUK1 (JX219377) and KKUK2 (JX219378) had the highest sequence similarity with <italic>Collophora rubra</italic> (GQ154628) at 97 %. The LSU tree gave a similar result, with the studied isolates KKUK1 and KKUK2 clustered in <italic>Leotiomycetes,</italic> with a bootstrap score of 72 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>). BLASTn searches of SSU and LSU sequences of the isolates confirmed these results.</p><p>To determine whether the bamboo fungus was a <italic>Collophora</italic> species or not, an additional ITS tree was constructed; this had 638 characters, of which 380 were constant characters and 100 parsimony informative. The tree was parsimoniously constructed with <italic>Neobugaria pura</italic> and <italic>Leotia lubrica</italic> as outgroups (CI = 0.893, RI = 0.886, RC = 0.791, and HI = 0.107). KKUK1 and KKUK2 clustered together (bootstrap score = 100) and were separated from six <italic>Collophora</italic> species with bootstrap support at 99 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref>).</p><p>The SSU and LSU trees inferred by Bayesian analysis gave phylogenetic relationship results similar to those employed by maximum parsimony, although the topologies of the trees were different (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>). The KKUK1 and KKUK2 isolates were grouped in <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>, with posterior probability values of 1.0. Similarly, the additional tree inferred from ITS information using the same dataset employed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref> produced a tree with similar topology and support values which indicated that <italic>Collophora</italic> species were clustered separately from KKUK1 and KKUK2.</p><p>On the basis of the DNA sequence analyses from the SSU, LSU, and ITS regions, and the sexual and asexual characters of the fungus, we conclude that Siamese jelly-ball, found on bamboo in Nam Nao National Park, Thailand, is new to science and represents a previously undescribed genus and species, named <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> here.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>TAXONOMY</title><p><bold>Gelatinomyces</bold> Sanoamuang, Jitjak, Rodtong & Whalley, <bold>gen. nov.</bold></p><p>MycoBank MB804026</p><p><italic>Diagnosis</italic>: <italic>Ascostromata</italic> ball-shaped, ping pong ball-sized, gelatinous, dark coloured when mature, with red pigmentation inside. <italic>Ascomata</italic> apothecia, aggregated, containing thick-walled multi-spored asci.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Recalling the gelatinous nature of the ball shaped ascostromata, and <italic>myces</italic> = fungus.</p><p><italic>Type</italic>: <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> N. Sanoamuang <italic>et al</italic>. 2013.</p><p><italic>Description</italic>: <italic>Stromata</italic> present, pale grey to dark coloured, soft gelatinous in texture. <italic>Ascomata</italic> apothecia, aggregated but well separated, translucent, pale grey, convex or cushion-shaped, ± globose or pulvinate when young, later becoming brown-black to black and discoid, flattened or slightly depressed when mature. <italic>Apothecia</italic> sessile, the exciple dark and gelatinous, well-developed, ± glabrous. <italic>Hymenial layer</italic> composed of interascal filaments, asci, and with a gelatinous layer at the surface; interascal tissue poorly developed, composed of simple, branched paraphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical, tapered at the base, without an operculum or any opening characters at the tip, non-amyloid apical ring, multi-spored, persistent. <italic>Ascospores</italic> minute, hyaline, globose to ovoid shaped with smooth walls.</p><p><italic>Colonies</italic> slow-growing, white, moist at first then becoming dry with age, lacking aerial mycelium. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, of two types, either with very short conidiogenous cells on hyphal cells, or longer conidiogenous cells arising at branching points where a septum forms. <italic>Conidia</italic> vary in shape and size at first, aggregated in masses around hyphae on the agar surface, becoming ovoid, minute, and powdery with age. No discrete conidiomata observed on sterilized pine needles on the surface of water agar.</p><p><bold>Gelatinomyces siamensis</bold> Sanoamuang, Jitjak, Rodtong & Whalley, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank MB804027</p><p>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figs 6</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7</xref>)</p><p><italic>Diagnosis: Stromata</italic> gelatinous, ball shaped, 3-4 cm diam, surface with many discoid ascomata, aggregated but separate, pale greenish to pinkish grey, becoming black when mature, a band of red pigmented in the interior. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate with a short stipe, unitunicate in structure, multispored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> tiny, globose to slightly ovoid. <italic>Asexual morph Phialosphora</italic>-like, conidia produced on very short conidiogenous cells on hyphal cells and also on longer conidiogenous cells. <italic>Colonies</italic> white, but with a distinctive red pigmented underside, the red pigment diffusing into agar.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the country of origin.</p><p><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Thailand:</bold><italic>Phetchabun Province</italic>: Nam Nao National Park, on bamboo culms and branches, 11 Sept. 2011, <italic>Sanoamuang</italic> (KKUK – <bold>holotype</bold>; KKUK1, 2, 3, 4.... 100 – ex-holotype cultures; Biotec Culture Collection codes: Gesiasco 6, 11, 18, and 19; CBS 135071, 135072, 135073 and 135074; K – Gesi01, 02 and 03 – isotypes).</p><p><italic>Description: Stromata</italic>, 3–4 cm across, pale grey to brown black, soft and highly gelatinous, inner tissue repeatedly folded, up to golf-ball size when fresh, dark to black, hard and sclerotium-like when dry; 300–560 discoid ascomata aggregated, but separate, embedded in the surface of a single gelatinous stromatic ball. <italic>Ascomata</italic> apothecia, usually 100–200 μm tall and 340–600 μm diam in surface view, translucent, greyish green, sometimes pale pink, convex or cushion-shaped when young, ± globose or pulvinate, brown-black to black, discoid, flattened or slightly depressed when mature, sessile. <italic>Hymenium</italic> dark and gelatinous, well-developed, the exciple is smooth, interascal ascal tissues poorly developed, composed of simple, branched paraphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> (79.5−)84.5–175(−178) × (15−)15.5–31(−31.5) μm, clavate, tapered at the base, without an operculum or any opening structures at the tip, apical ring non-amyloid, multispored, persistent, thick walled but unitunicate in structure, 1–3 μm (av. 1.5 ± 0.5 μm) measured at the central part of asci, slightly thickening towards the tip, penetrating through the gelatinous layer covering asci to forcibly eject ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, globose to ovoid, smooth-walled, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm, mean ± <sc>SD</sc> = 2.2 ± 0.25 × 1.8 ± 0.19 μm, L/W=1.2:1.</p><p><italic>Colonies</italic> slow-growing, white, moist at first then dry with age, lacking aerial mycelium. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, of two types: (1) Conidiophores reduced to very short conidiogenous cells or conidiogenous pegs arising from hyphal cells, ~1 μm long; and (2) Longer conidiogenous cells, (10−)12.0–46.0(−48) × 2.0–3.0 μm, produced at the branching points where the septum appears. <italic>Conidia</italic> are single-celled and colourless. Conidia produced on very short conidiogenous cells on hyphal cells, vary in shape and size, (2.5−)3–11.5(−12) x 2.0–5.0 μm, mean ± <sc>SD</sc> = 6.29 ± 0.32 × 2.79 ± 0.25 μm, L/W=2.3:1, aggregated in masses around the hyphae or around the apex of, annellide-like conidiogenous cells and on the agar surface from conidiogenous pegs. <italic>Conidia</italic> produced on the longer conidiogenous cells, nearly ovoid, 2.0–4.0 × 2–2.5 μm, mean ± <sc>SD</sc> = 2.27 ± 0.19 x 2.12 ± 0.16 μm, L/W=1.1:1, similar to conidia obtained from old cultures. Swollen hypha also present.</p><p>An unidentified red pigment is always associated with ascostromatic structures and the asexual morph in artificial culture. Patches of red pigment are accumulated inside the ascostroma, visible when cut. The red pigment appears in culture as both diffusible and water insoluble substances. The soluble red pigment stains the medium soon after the establishment of the colony starting under the fungal colonies and covers the whole Petri dish within a week, whereas the insoluble red pigment appears as crystals on the surface of the fungal colony (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7a</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">c</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Bamboos are the only known habitat for a wide range of fungi, to which can be added <italic>Gelatinomyces</italic><italic>siamensis</italic>. As mentioned in the Introduction, the majority of bamboo fungi reported to produce large stromata are in <italic>Sordariomycetes</italic> and <italic>Dothideomycetes,</italic> whereas molecular analyses show that <italic>G. siamensis</italic> belongs in <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>), with bootstrap values of 70 and 72 in both SSU and LSU trees, respectively. Further, all the previously reported taxa with large stromata produce perithecioid structures immersed in ascostromatic tissue, whereas <italic>G. siamensis</italic> produces discoid apothecia on the surface of a gelatinous ascostromatic ball. The discoid apothecia are sessile or very short stalked, and contain thick-walled asci with numerous ascospores originating from the same level in a single layer inside the apothecium. Branched and septate interascal filaments grow between the asci. In the parsimonious tree derived from SSU sequence data, <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic> diverged before <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> and <italic>Sordariomycetes.</italic></p><p>The ascus type is one of the essential morphological characters used to classify and identify ascomycete fungi. There is a wide range of ascus types, e.g. operculate, poricidal, non-poricidal, deliquescent, fissitunicate and rostrate, based on how ascospores are discharged (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">Bellemère 1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>). In <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic>, the ascospores are forcibly released when exposed under light through the thick-walled, and apparently multi-layered ascus which is functionally unitunicate. However, there is no evidence that the asci are operculate or porous. Therefore, the <italic>G. siamensis</italic> ascus is best termed rostrate because when discharging ascospores, the apical part of the ascus is broken to release the spores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">Schoch <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p>In terms of the ascostromatal texture, the gelatinous nature of apothecia is one of the key characteristics mentioned by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (2006a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">b)</xref> to indicate membership of <italic>Helotiaceae,</italic> and is seen, for example, in <italic>Ascocoryne, Ascotremella</italic> and <italic>Neobulgaria</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">Seaver 1930</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">Petersen & Læssøe 2012</xref>). An additional feature recognized in this family is an endophytic lifestyle. However, <italic>G. siamensis</italic> does not appear to be endophytic as the ascostromata are superficially attached to the pole surface and are easily removed without any apparent damage to either the trees or the ascostromata. <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> seems to be associated only with bamboo and its biological role requires further investigation.</p><p>Generally, the number of ascospores in an ascus is eight, whereas <italic>G. siamensis</italic> has numerous ascospores in a single mature ascus. Polyspored asci can originate as a result of one of several different mechanisms: fragmentation of eight originally multiseptate spores, repeated mitotic divisions following meiosis leading to numerous spores being then cut simultaneously from the ascus protoplast, or the direct formation of conidia from ascospores while still in the ascus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Hawksworth 1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Raju 2002</xref>). Polyspory is a diagnostic character in some families and genera in diverse classes and orders of ascomycetes, while in other cases it is phylogenetically informative only at the species level, arising in particular species within genera otherwise comprising 8-spored species. An example from the <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic> is <italic>Thelebolus stercoreus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">de Hoog <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>). This feature should, therefore, not be over-emphasized in the recognition of the genus <italic>Gelatinomyces,</italic> especially as the ontogeny of ascosporogenesis in this fungus has not yet been determined</p><p>As the phylogenetic trees obtained from SSU and LSU sequence data and BLASTn results hinted that <italic>Collophora rubra</italic> was the most closely related species, an ITS dataset containing various ITS sequences from all six known <italic>Collophora</italic> species was compiled (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>). Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis of these data confirmed that <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> occupied an isolated position well-separated from the <italic>Collophora</italic> clade. The separation was supported by bootstrap scores of 99 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref>). As no sexual morph is currently known in any of the described <italic>Collophora</italic> species, we speculated that <italic>G. siamensis</italic> could be a sexual morph of <italic>Collophora,</italic> but this possibility is excluded by molecular and morphological comparisons.</p><p>Further, while bamboos are the natural habitat for <italic>G. siamensis,</italic> and the ascostromata can easily be detached from the poles, <italic>Collophora</italic> species live inside peach and almond trees and can be pathogenic. We attempted induction of conidiomata in our cultures, under conditions applied to <italic>C. hispanica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">Gramaje <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> did not produce any discrete conidiomata, but only separate tiny conidia instead. In addition, the development of internal conidia inside hyphae, as seen in <italic>Collophora</italic>, did not occur. On the other hand, conidiogenous cells arose at septal points and swollen hypha were microscopically seen in <italic>G. siamensis,</italic> whereas <italic>Collophora</italic> species have not been shown to have either of these characteristics. A comparison of the significant features exhibited by <italic>G. siamensis</italic> and <italic>Collophora</italic> species is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">5</xref>.</p><p>On the grounds of morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny of the fungus, <italic>G. siamensis</italic> belongs in phylum <italic>Ascomycota</italic>, class <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>, but cannot be referred to any accepted order at this time; i.e. it has to be treated as <italic>incertae sedis</italic> within the class. It is conceivable that future molecular data on this and other genera of <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic> might indicate that a new order is appropriate, but we consider that this would be premature at this time.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>Grateful acknowledgement is made to the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission, through the Holistic Watershed Management Cluster of Khon Kaen University. We are deeply grateful to SUT Research Center for Microbial Cultures for Food and Bioplastics Production, and Narumol Mothong for supporting and assisting with the DNA work. 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In: <source>PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications</source> (<person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Innis</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Gelfand</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name><name><surname>Sninsky</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>TJ</given-names></name></person-group>, eds): <fpage>315</fpage>–<lpage>322</lpage><publisher-loc>San Diego</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic tree from maximum parsimony analysis based on SSU sequences showing the position of <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> isolates KKUK1&2 (arrow), which is grouped closely in <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>. Bootstrap support values > 50 % are shown above branches.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ima-4-1-71-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic tree obtained from Bayesian analysis inferred from SSU sequences showing phylogenetic relationship among fungal species selected from <italic>Ascomycota</italic> and <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> isolates KKUK1&2. Posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 yielded from a Bayesian analysis shown at nodes. <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> is grouped in <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic> (arrow).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ima-4-1-71-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic tree from maximum parsimony analysis based on LSU sequences showing the position of <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> isolates KKUK1&2 (arrow), which clusters very close to <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic>. Bootstrap support values > 50 % are shown above branches.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ima-4-1-71-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic tree obtained from Bayesian analysis inferred from LSU sequences showing phylogenetic relationship among fungal species selected from Ascomycota and <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> isolates KKUK1&2. Posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 shown at nodes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ima-4-1-71-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 5.</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic tree from maximum parsimony analysis based on ITS sequences showing the position of <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> isolates KKUK1&2 (arrow) which clusters very close to <italic>Collophora</italic> spp. Bootstrap support values > 50 % are shown above the branches.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ima-4-1-71-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 6.</label><caption><p>Sexual morph of <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> (A–C, F, G holotype; D, E isotype). <bold>A.</bold> Ascostromata. <bold>B.</bold> Apothecia. <bold>C.</bold> Red pigments accumulated inside ascostroma. <bold>D.</bold> Ascal arrangement on gelatinous apothecium covered by dark matter. <bold>E.</bold> Asci and paraphyses. <bold>F.</bold> Single ascus. <bold>G.</bold> Ascospores under scanning electron microscope (arrow).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ima-4-1-71-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 7.</label><caption><p>Microscopic characteristics of the asexual morph of <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic> (ex-holotype). <bold>A, B.</bold> Fungal colonies on PDA producing red pigments into the media. <bold>C.</bold> Red crystals generated by mycelia. <bold>D.</bold> Hyphal coil. <bold>E.</bold> Hyphal pairing, condia from short conidiogenous cells directly from mycelium. <bold>F.</bold> Conidia cluster at the apex of the tapered annellides and long, thick-walled, septate conidiophores. <bold>G.</bold> Conidia with internal inclusions. <bold>H.</bold> Swollen hypha. <bold>I.</bold> Dried conidia under scanning electron microscope (arrow).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ima-4-1-71-g007"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><caption><p><bold>Table 1.</bold>PCR primers used for obtaining DNA sequences of the <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis.</italic></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Name</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sequence (5’-3’)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Target region<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1"><sup>a</sup></xref></bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reference</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SSU 20-38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">White <italic>et al.</italic> (1990)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CTTCCGTCAATTCCTTTAAG</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SSU 1150-1131</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">White <italic>et al</italic>. (1990)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SR8R</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAACCAGGACTTTTACCTT</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SSU 732-749</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Vilgalys & Hester (1990)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TCCGCAGGTTCACCTACGGA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SSU 1788-1768</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">White <italic>et al.</italic> (1990)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions LSU 60-41</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">White <italic>et al.</italic> (1990)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SSU 1744-1763</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">White <italic>et al.</italic> (1990)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NL1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAG</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Domain of large subunit (LSU) rDNA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">O’Donnell (1993)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NL4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D1/D2 domain of LSU rDNA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">O’Donnell (1993)</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1"><p><sup>a</sup><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> numbering.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><caption><p><bold>Table 2.</bold>Fungal taxa used for phylogenetic analysis with GenBank accession numbers for small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) sequences, including their main characteristics.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ingroup</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GenBank accession no. (SSU, LSU)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Origin (substrate, country)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Main characteristics</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reference</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Class <italic>Sordariomycetes</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cainia graminis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF431948, AF431949</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sesleria albicans</italic>, France</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stromatic perithecial, unitunicate with pore, saprophytic, plant parasitic or endophytic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chaetomium globosum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AB048285, AY346272</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indoor environment, Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huhndorf <italic>et al.</italic> (2004), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Okane <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diatrype disciformis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ471012, DQ470964</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decayed wood, Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Spatafora <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypocrea americana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY544693, AY544649</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fomitopsis pinicola</italic>, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sordaria fimicola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY545724, AY545728</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dung, Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Cai <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xylaria acuta</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY544719, AY544676</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decayed wood, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Rogers (1984)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xylaria hypoxylon</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY544692, AY544648</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Downed rotting wood, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Spatafora <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Class <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryotinia fuckeliana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY544695, AY544651</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apothecial or cleistothecial, unitunicate and inoperculate, saprophytic, plant parasitic, some species known only anamorphic i.e. <italic>Collophora</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Hirschhauser & Frohlich (2007)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bulgaria inquinans</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ471008, DQ470960</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Spatafora <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Collophora rubra</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154628, GQ154608</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood necrosis close to pruning wound, South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Crinula calciiformis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY544729, AY544680</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monilinia fructicola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY544724, AY544683</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Fulton & Brown (1997)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofabraea malicorticis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY544706, AY544662</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apples, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pezicula carpinea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ471016, DQ470967</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carpinus caroliniana</italic>, Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Spatafora <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Potebniamyces pyri</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ470997, DQ470949</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cankered bark, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Spatafora <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Class <italic>Lecanoromycetes</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diploschistes thunbergianus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF274112, AF274095</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apothecial, unitunicate, rostrate asci, mostly lichenized</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lobaria scrobiculata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY584679, AY584655</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trapella placodioides</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF119500, AF274103</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wall, UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Class <italic>Lichinomycetes</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lempholemma polyanthes</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY548805, AF356691</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apothecial, fissitunicate, lichenized</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Peltula auriculata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ832332, DQ832330</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">Miadlikowska <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Peltula umbilicata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ782887, AF356689</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">Miadlikowska <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Class <italic>Eurotiomycetes</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eremascus albus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M83258, AY004345</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dried fruit, UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cleistothecial, non-fissitunicate, saprophytic or plant parasitic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Berbee & Taylor (1992)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eurotium rubrum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U00970, AY004346</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005a)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Penicillium expansum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ912698, AF003359</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">Seifert & Louis-Seize (2000)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Exophiala dermatitidis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ823107, DQ823100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">James <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glyphium elatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF346419, AF346420</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salix, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">Lindemuth <italic>et al</italic>. (2001)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ramichloridium anceps</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ823109, DQ823102</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil under <italic>Thuja plicata,</italic> Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">James <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Class <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Order <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria ribis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678000, DQ678053</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ribes</italic>, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudothecial, fissitunicate asci, saprophytic or plant parasitic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria stevensii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678012, DQ678064</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fraxinus excelsior</italic>, Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia bidwellii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678034, DQ678085</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Parthenocissus tricuspidata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Order <italic>Capnodiales</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Catenulostroma abetis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678040, DQ678092</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Abies</italic>, Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudothecial, fissitunicate asci, saprophytic or plant parasitic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora beticola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678039, DQ678091</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Beta vulgaris</italic>, Italy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Microxyphium citri</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016340, AY004337</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>, Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella punctiformis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ471017, DQ470968</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dead fallen leaves of <italic>Quercus robur</italic>, Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Spatafora <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scorias spongiosa</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678024, DQ678075</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aphid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Order <italic>Dothideales</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aureobasidium pullulans</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ471004, DQ470956</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit of <italic>Vitis vinifera,</italic> France</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudothecial, fissitunicate asci, pseudoparaphyses absent, mainly saprophytic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Spatafora <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Delphinella strobiligena</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016341, AY016358</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cone of <italic>Pinus halepensis,</italic> Greece</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Discosphaerina fagi</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016342, AY016359</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf of <italic>Populus</italic>, UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothidea ribesia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016343, AY016360</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cult of <italic>Ribes,</italic> Switzerland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stylodothis puccinioides</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016353, AY004342</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Viburnum lantana</italic>, Switzerland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Order <italic>Myriangiales</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678004, DQ678057</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf of <italic>Arundo</italic>, England</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudothecial, fissitunicate globose asci, non-ostiolar, saprophytic or plant parasitic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Davidiella tassiana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678022, DQ678074</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human skin, Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe centrolobi</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678041, DQ678094</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Centrolobium robustum</italic>, Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myriangium duriaei</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016347, DQ678059</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomphalus aonidium</italic>, Argentina</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Order <italic>Pleosporales</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arthopyrenia salicis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY538333, AY538339</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark of <italic>Salix</italic>, Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Perithecoid pseudothecial, ostiolar, non-lichenized or lichenized with fissitunicate asci and pseudoparaphyses present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cucurbitaria elongata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678009, DQ678061</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cytisus sessilifolius</italic>, France</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrographa leucophaea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY548803, AY548810</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lecanactis abietina</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY548805, AY548812</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neotestudina rosatii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ384069, DQ384107</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed of <italic>Cuminum cyminum</italic> imported from India, Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">Kruys <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pleospora herbarum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ247812, DQ247804</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf of <italic>Medicago sativa</italic>, India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Setosphaeria monoceras</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016352, AY016368</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trematosphaeria heterospora</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016354, AY016369</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iris, Switzerland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Westerdykella cylindrica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY016355, AY004343</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cow dung, Kenya</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Order <italic>Incertae sedis</italic>, Family <italic>Tubeufiaceae</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Helicomyces lilliputeus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY856942, AY856899</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rotten dicotyledonous wood, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudothecial, fissitunicate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">Tsui & Berbee (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Helicomyces roseus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ678032, DQ678083</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Submerged bark, Switzerland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tubeufia cerea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY856947, AY856903</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">Tsui & Berbee (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Class <italic>Arthoniomycetes</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arthonia dispersa</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY571379, AY571381</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syringa vulgaris</italic>, Sweden</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fissitunicate, mostly lichenized</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Lumbsch <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrographa leucophaea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY548803, AY548810</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lecanactis abietina</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY548805, AY548812</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Lutzoni <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Unknown</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bambusa nutans,</italic> Thailand</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apothecial, aggregated, embedded in gelatinous ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isolate KKUK1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX219377, JX219381</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isolate KKUK2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX219378, JX219382</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Outgroup Class <italic>Orbiliomycetes</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Orbilia auricolor</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ471001, DQ470953</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil, UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apothecial, non-fissitunicate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Spatafora <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><caption><p><bold>Table 3.</bold>Fungal taxa in the <italic>Collophora</italic> species, <italic>Leotiomycetes</italic> used for phylogenetic analysis with GenBank accession numbers for ITS sequences, including their main characteristics.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Species</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GenBank accession no. (ITS)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Origin (substrate, country)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Main characteristics</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reference</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Order <italic>Incertae sedis</italic>, Family <italic>Incertae sedis</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Collophora africana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154570</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic>, South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hyphae carry short necks or mere collarettes that release conidia; discrete conidiomata present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. capensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154571</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic>, South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As above</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154572</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154573</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154574</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. hispanica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JN808840</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus dulcis,</italic> Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As above</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">Gramaje <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JN808841</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JN808842</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. paarla</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154586</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic>, South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As above</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. pallida</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154578</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic>, South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As above</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154580</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154582</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154584</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. rubra</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154562</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic>, South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As above</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154564</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154566</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ154568</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bambusa nutans</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sexual morph present, asexual conidia produced on short and long conidiogenous cells</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isolate KKUK1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX219379</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isolate KKUK2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX219380</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>Outgroup<italic>-Leotiales</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leotia lubrica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU222296</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neobulgaria pura</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM051080</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><caption><p><bold>Table 4.</bold> Ecological and morphological characteristics of <italic>Collophora</italic> spp. in comparison to <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis.</italic></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Characteristics</bold></th><th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Species</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Gelatinomyces</italic></bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Collophora</italic></bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Associated plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bamboo species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus</italic> spp. and almond</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Position</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Attached to the point where bud breaks, culms or branches</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Deep inside the heart of the wood, with heart rot symptom</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Teleomorph</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apothecia aggregate in a ball-like cluster</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red pigment crystalline in pure culture</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Numerous, parallelogram or rhombus in shape</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent, not mentioned</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conidiogenous pegs, intercalary</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conidiogenous cells at the septal point</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swollen hypha as conidial mother cells</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conidia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various sizes and shapes but turn slightly ovoid in shape and minute in size when age</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Consistency in shape and size</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><caption><p><bold>Table 5.</bold> Characteristics of <italic>Collophora</italic> spp. in culture media in comparison to <italic>Gelatinomyces siamensis.</italic></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Species</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Spore size (μm)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Discrete conidiomata</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pigment</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Endo-conidia</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sexual morph</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. africana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.5−)3.5–5.5(−8) × 1–2(−2.5)<break></break>L/W = 3:1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. capense</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4−)4.5–6.5(−9) × 1–1.5(−2)<break></break>L/W = 3.7:1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. hispanica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.5−)3.5–5(−6.5) × (1−)1.5(−2)<break></break>L/W = 2.9:1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. paarla</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3−)4–7.5(−11) × (0.5−)1–2(−3)<break></break>L/W = 4.1:1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellow, red</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. pallida</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.5−)3–5(−7) × 1–1.5(−2)<break></break>L/W = 3.5:1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. rubra</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.5−)4–5.5(−8) × 1–2(−3.5)<break></break>L/W = 3.2:1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>G. siamensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.0−)2.1–3.9(−4) × (2−)2–2.5(−2.5)<break></break>L/W=1.1:1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apothecia</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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